AS/NZS 4274:1995

IEC 336:1993

Australian/New Zealand Standard

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X-ray tube assemblies for medical

diagnosis—Characteristics of
focal spots
 AS/NZS 4274:1995

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical Committee
HT/23, Medical Diagnostic Imaging Equipment. It was approved on behalf of the Council
of Standards Australia on 21 December 1994 and on behalf of the Council of Standards
New Zealand on 7 February 1995. It was published on 5 May 1995.

The following interests are represented on Committee HT/23:

Australasian College of Physical Scientists and Engineers in Medicine

Australian Academy of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiologists
Australian and New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine
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Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Australian Dental Association
Australian Dental Industry Association
Australian Institute of Radiography
Australian Radiation Laboratory
Department of Defence, Australia
Environment Protection Authority, N.S.W.
Health Department, W.A.
Ministry of Commerce, New Zealand
Public Works Department, N.S.W.
Queensland Health
Radiation Health Standing Committee
Royal Australasian College of Radiologists
South Australian Health Commission
United Dental Hospital of Sydney
University of Sydney
University of Waikato, New Zealand

Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/

New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue
of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users
ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards
Australia and Standards New Zealand Catalogue of Publications; this information is
supplemented each month by the magazines ‘The Australian Standard’ and ‘Standards
New Zealand’, which subscribing members receive, and which give details of new
publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Joint Standards, addressed to the head office of either
Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand, are welcomed. Notification of any
inaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 94285.

 AS/NZS 4274:1995

Australian/New Zealand Standard

This is a free 7 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

X-ray tube assemblies for medical

diagnosis—Characteristics of
focal spots

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
1 The Crescent,
Homebush NSW 2140 Australia

STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Level 10, Radio New Zealand House,
155 The Terrace,
Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7262 9570 1
 ii

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee
HT/23 on Medical Diagnostic Imaging Equipment, as a Joint Standard under the terms of the Active
Cooperation Agreement between Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand.
This Standard is identical with and has been reproduced from IEC 336:1993, X-ray tube assemblies
for medical diagnosis — Characteristics of focal spots.
Under arrangements made between Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand and the IEC, as well
as certain other Standards organizations, users of this Standard are advised that the number of this
Standard is not reproduced on each page; its identity is shown only on the cover and title page.
The sources for terms in capital letters are listed in Annex C.
For the purpose of this Standard, the IEC text should be modified as follows:
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(a) Terminology The words ‘this Australian/New Zealand Standard’ should replace the words ‘this
International Standard’ wherever they appear.
(b) Decimal marker Substitute a full point for a comma where it appears as a decimal marker.
(c) References The references to international Standards should be replaced by references to the
following Australian or Joint Australian/New Zealand Standards:
Reference to International Standard Australian/New Zealand Standard
or other Publication

IEC AS/NZS
417 Graphical symbols for use on —
equipment. Index, survey and
compilation of the single sheets

417G Graphical symbols for use on —

equipment. Index, survey and
compilation of the single sheets—
Seventh supplement

601 Medical electrical equipment 3200 Approval and test specification—

Medical electrical equipment

601-2-28 Part 2-28: Particular requirements 3200.2.28 Part 2.28: Particular requirements
for the safety of X-ray source for safety—X-ray source assemblies
assemblies and X-ray tube and X-ray tube assemblies for
assemblies for medical diagnosis medical diagnosis

613 Electrical, thermal and loading —

characteristics of rotating anode
X-ray tubes for medical diagnosis

788 Medical radiology—Terminology —

The term ‘informative’ has been used in this Standard to define the application of the Annexes to
which they apply. An ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.

First publi shed as Joint Standard AS/NZS 4274:1995.

 iii

CONTENTS
Clause SECTION 1: GENERAL Page

1.1 Scope and object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

SECTION 2: FOCAL SPOT SLIT RADIOGRAMS

2.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Test equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3 Test arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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2.5 Production of the FOCAL SPOT SLIT RADIOGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.6 Statement of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

SECTION 3: FOCAL SPOT PINHOLE RADIOGRAMS

3.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Test equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 Test arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 Production of the FOCAL SPOT PINHOLE RADIOGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6 Statement of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

SECTION 4: FOCAL SPOT STAR RADIOGRAMS

4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Test equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Test arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4 Operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.5 Production of the FOCAL SPOT STAR RADIOGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.6 Statement of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

SECTION 5: DETERMINATION OF FOCAL SPOT DIMENSIONS

5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
5.2 Specified NOMINAL FOCAL SPOT VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
5.3 Measurement and determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
5.4 Evaluation and statement of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17

 Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand publications and software.
Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia
or Standards New Zealand may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior
permission in writing from Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty
payment. Australian requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of
Standards Australia. New Zealand requests should be directed to Standards New Zealand.
Up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard may be copied for use exclusively in-house by purchasers of the
Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand.
Inclusion of copyright material in computer software programs is also permitted without royalty payment provided such
programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard
is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.
The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial
contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at any time.
 iv

Clause SECTION 6: MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION Page

6.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. ...... .... ..... 18

6.2 Specified MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . .. . .. ...... ..... ...... 18
6.3 Measuring equipment and measuring arrangement . . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . 18
6.4 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... .... ...... .... 19
6.5 Calculation of the MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION . . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . 20
6.6 Presentation of the MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTION . ... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. 21
6.7 Evaluation and statement of compliance . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... ..... ......... 21

SECTION 7: STAR PATTERN RESOLUTION LIMIT

7.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
7.2 Specified STAR PATTERN RESOLUTION LIMIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
7.3 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
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7.4 Determination of the STAR PATTERN RESOLUTION LIMIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23

7.5 Evaluation and statement of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24

SECTION 8: BLOOMING VALUE

8.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. ... 25
8.2 Specified BLOOMING VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. .. . 25
8.3 Determination of the BLOOMING VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. ... 25
8.4 Evaluation and statement of compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... ... 25

Figures
1 Essential dimensions of the slit diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Alignment of the SLIT CAMERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Reference dimensions and planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Directions of evaluation over distorted FOCAL SPOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5 Essential dimensions of a pinhole diaphragm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6 Alignment of the PINHOLE CAMERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7 Essential dimensions of the test pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8 Alignment of the STAR PATTERN CAMERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9 Alignment of the slit of the microdensitometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
10 Limitation of input data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11 Image of the test pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B.1 Projection of the ACTUAL FOCAL SPOT on the REFERENCE PLANE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Tables
1 Magnification for FOCAL SPOT SLIT RADIOGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 LOADING FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Dimensions of the pinhole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Magnification for FOCAL SPOT PINHOLE RADIOGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Permissible values of FOCAL SPOT dimensions for NOMINAL FOCAL SPOT VALUES . . . . . . 15
6 Standard magnification for MODULATION TRANSFER FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7 Standard magnification for STAR PATTERN RESOLUTION LIMIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8 LOADING FACTORS for the determination of the BLOOMING VALUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Annexes
A Supply of SLIT CAMERAS, PINHOLE CAMERAS and STAR PATTERN CAMERAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B Alignment to the REFERENCE AXIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
C Index of defined terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
 1

AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARD

X-RAY TUBE ASSEMBLIES FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS —

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCAL SPOTS

SECTION 1: GENERAL

1.1 Scope and object

This International Standard applies to FOCAL SPOTS in diagnostic X- RAY TUBE ASSEMBLIES for
medical use, operating at X- RAY TUBE VOLTAGES up to and including 200 kV.

This International Standard describes measuring methods and requirements for test
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arrangements to be applied for evaluating compliance with this standard together with the
means of indicating compliance both of the specified characteristics of FOCAL SPOTS and the
RADIOGRAMS prepared in checking these characteristics.

1.2 Normative references

The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions
indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to
agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below.
Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.

IEC 417:1973, Graphical symbols for use on equipment. Index, survey and compilation of
the single sheets

IEC 417G: 1985, Graphical symbols for use on equipment. Index, survey and compilation of
the single sheets — Seventh supplement

IEC 601-2-28:1993, Medical electrical equipment — Part 2: Particular requirements for the
safety of X-ray source assemblies and X-ray tube assemblies for medical diagnosis

IEC 613: 1989, Electrical, thermal and loading characteristics of rotating anode X-ray tubes
for medical diagnosis

IEC 788:1984, Medical radiology — Terminology

1.3 TermInology

1.3.1 Degree of requirements

In this standard:

— shall implies that compliance with a requirement is mandatory for compliance

with this standard;

— should implies that compliance with a requirement is strongly recommended but

is not mandatory for compliance with this standard;

COPYRIGHT
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AS/NZS 4274:1995, X-ray tube assemblies for

medical diagnosis - Characteristics of focal spots
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