Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Luc Uyttersprot
Crossing of an area which is too wide for an overhead line span Examples : river, lake, fjord, etc... Crossing of an urbanised area This can be the case for an existing substation originally located outside the city but today included in the conurbation Difficulties to insure clearances associated with an overhead line Here are some examples : Connection of several circuits to a Gas Insulated Substation; Connection of a generation plant to the grid Speeding up the process to gain permission It is normally easier to get the permission for an underground cable circuit than for an overhead line. This can be critical for an industrial plant or for a generation plant seeking a connection with the grid
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Configurations
2-ended circuit with cable section at one end
A B
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3-ended circuit with a transformer tap at one end connected with an underground cable
A B
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De /km GMRc
With : R = conductor AC resistance; GMRc = geometric mean radius of a single conductor 216 f = frequency De = equivalent spacing of the earth return path = With p= earth resistivity (cm/cm) Mutual inductance between 2 conductors :
p f
De /km D
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V = Z * I Va Zaa Zab Zac Zan Ia Ia Vb Zba Zbb Zbc Zbn Ib Zcc Zcn Ib Vc = Zca Zcb Zcc Zcn * Ic = Zcn Znn * Ic 0 Zna Znb Znc Znn In In
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Va Ia Vb = Zred * Ib Vc Ic
with
1 1 A = 1 a 2 1 a
1 a a2
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4. Examples :
Characteristics Section Type (mm) 150 kV OHL 504 & 445 AMS-Z & AMS 150 kV OHL 445 AMS 230 kV OHL 380 kV OHL 2 * 705 AMS-2Z Item Circuit double double single double Calculations (/km) Z1 Z0 0,082 + 0,078 + 0,060 + 0,031 + j j j j 0,403 0,409 0,472 0,304 0,254 + j 0,304 + j 1,261 0,230 + j 1,590 0,226 + j 0,867 Measurements (/km) Z1 Z0 0,067 + j 0,419 0,099 + j 0,470 0,176 + j 0,929 0,401 + j 1,396
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Calculation of sequence impedances of underground cable 1. Grounding methods for the sheaths
Single point bonding
+ : no heating effect due to circulating currents in the sheath - : overvoltages at the free end dangerous ground potential difference between both ends is limited by the presence of a ground conductor
earth continuity conductor
Surge arrestors
Solid bonding
Cross bonding
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3.
Primitive impedance matrix We have to take into account following impedances : Self impedance of each conductor Mutual impedance between 2 conductors Self impedance of the sheath Mutual mpedance between conductor and shield
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Va
Va
Vb
s2 Zbc
Zs2s2
Vb
Zcc
Vc
s3
Zs3s3
Vc
Zas3 Ia Ia Zbs3 Ib Ib Zcb Zcc Zcs1 Zcs2 Zcs3 Ic Zcc Zcs Ic * = Zcs Zss * Is1 Zs1b Zs1c Zs1s1 Zs1s 2 Zs1s3 Is1 Zs2b Zs2c Zs2s1 Zs2s 2 Zs2s3 Is2 Is2 Is3 Zs3b Zs3c Zs3s1 Zs3s 2 Zs3s3 Is3 Zab Zbb Zac Zbc Zas1 Zbs1 Zas2 Zbs2
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with
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Zseq = A 1 * Zred * A
with
6.
Example
230 kV single conductor cable 1200 mm Cu Earth resistivity : 100 m f=60 Hz Trefoil configuration Solid bonding No earth conductor External radius : 0,0538 m
1 1 A = 1 a 2 1 a
1 a a2
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Example - continued
.079 + .8169i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i Z := .0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i
.0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .079 + .8169i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .079 + .8169i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .2151 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i
.0592 + .6766i .0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .2151 + .7383i
.0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .2151 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i
.079 + .8169i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i Zcc := .0592 + .6766i .079 + .8169i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .079 + .8169i .2151 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i Zss := .0592 + .6766i .2151 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .2151 + .7383i
Zred := Zcc Zcs Zss
1
.0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i Zcs := .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .7383i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .6766i .0592 + .7383i
1 1 1 1 .5 .866i .5 + .866i A := 1 .5 + .866i .5 .866i
Zcs
Zseq := A
Zred A
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Other examples
Characteristics Type Bonding Alu (XLPE) Alu (XLPE) Cu (XLPE) Calculations (/km) Z1 Z0 0,084 + j 0,070 Measurements (/km) Z1 Z0 0,041 + j 0,124 0,023 + j 0,109 0,174 + j 0,09 0,134 + j 0,109 0,156 + j 0,124
cross bonding, 0,047 + j 0,115 earth conductor cross bonding, earth conductor solid bonding, 0,041 + j 0,132 no earth conductor
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Calculation of serie sequence impedances of underground cable - continued 8. Direct calculation of Z0 for simple configurations :
Ia0 Va0
s1
Is Ib0
Vb0
s2
Is Ic0
Vc0
s3
Is Ig
equivalent to
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Current return in the sheath only : Current return in the ground only :
High speed tripping is required because excessive heating can damage the cable Most faults on cable are single phase faults
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Distance protection applied to cable and mixed conductor circuits distance calculation
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Distance calculation
1-ph fault
Relay location Zsource Zline
V1 + V2 + V0 = Z1L * I1 + Z2L * I2 + Z0L * I0 = = Z1L * Ia + Z0L * I0 Z1L * I0 = Z0L Z1L = Z1L * Ia + In * = 3* Z1L = Z1L *[Ia + k0 * In] Va Z1L = Ia + k0 * In Z0L Z1L with k0 = 3* Z1L
V1 I1 Z1source Z1line
V2 I2 Z2source Z2line
V0 I0 Zosource Zoline
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k0 factor
k0=
Z0Z 1 3*Z 1
Z1 (/km) 0,067 + j 0,419 0,041 + j 0,124 0,060 + j 0,472 0,039 + j 0,127 Z0 (/km) 0,176 + j 0,929 0,134 + j 0,109 0,230 + j 1,590 0,172 + j 0,084 k0 0,409 -3 0,240 -81 0,792 -1,4 0,351 -91
k0 factor OHL k0 factor for cable (angle, amplitude) use of a distance protection which accepts complex k0 is mandatory
for mixed conductor circuits, the use of a distance protection with more than one k0 is mandatory
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Distance relay at A In case of an internal fault (single phase), the fault current returns in the sheath only : Z 0 = Z 0 c + Z 0s 2 * Z 0 m
Z0 is proportional to the distance to the fault which implies that k0 is a constant For an external fault, there is no current in the sheath
Z0 = Z0c Z0 m + Z0 m = Z0c
There is a discontinuity in the compensated loop impedance between internal and external fault at B :
Zcomp =
Z0int < Z0ext Zcomp int < Zcomp ext Z1 can cover the whole cable between A and B
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Distance relay at B : For an internal fault at B, the impedance measured by the relay is not zero because the fault current is returning to the source via the sheath and end A. Internal fault at A : there is no current in the sheath :
Z0 = Z0c Z0 m + Z0 m = Z0c
External fault at A : there is also no current in the sheath;
there is a continuity in the compensated loop impedance at end A between internal and external fault; it is thus not possible to cover with Z1 the whole cable
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In case of an internal fault, the fault current returns in the sheath and in the ground in parallel : 2
Z0 = Z0c Z0 m +
(Z 0 s Z 0 m ) * Z 0 m = Z 0 c Z
Z 0s
0m Z 0s
Z0 is not proportional to the distance to the fault which implies that k0 is not a constant For an external fault, there is also current in the sheats (because the sheaths are grounded at both ends) Z 2 0m
Z0 = Z0c
Z 0s
There is continuity in the compensated loop impedance between internal and external fault; it is thus not possible to cover with Z1 the whole cable nor at end A, nor at end B
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Z0 is not very well known k0 is not a cosntant for internal faults on the cable section (see solid bonding) k0 cable k0 overhead line
Distance protection can not guarantee a fast tripping for faults on the cable
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Benefits Usual benefits : Instantaneous trip of all faults between both ends; Good sensitivity for high resistance faults Benefits associated with mixed conductors circuits The uncertainty associated with the k0 factor disappears Drawbacks Necessity to have a communication All classical schemes are available : Permissive schemes (under and overreach) Blocking schemes Overreach schemes give advantage over underreach schemes : due to the low serie impedance of the cable, it is easier to set an overreach zone
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Z Tpr
E R
Z Tpr
R
Other zones Z1-t1, Z2-t2, Z3-t3
trip
&
1
&
1
trip
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IA + IB = 0
Trip characteristic
Idiff Trip
Idiff = IA + IB
Restrain Ires
Irestrain = IA + IB
Id min
Protection is stabilized against : Errors due to CTs CT saturation Errors in the measurements made by the relay Charging current in the underground cable
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Phase angle comparison between the currents at both ends When phase angle difference is above the level, there is a trip
External fault
IA
IB
87L
Communication link
87L
Internal fault
Trip
Trip
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Communication channels
Dedicated optical fibers : Immune to EMI, ground-potential rise : bit error rate is very low High bandwidth (very suitable for current differential protections) Direct optical interface on the protection relay High reliability and availability High security Maintenance costs are low Investment for the communication link is comparable to classic twisted copper pairs Not cost effective if hired optical fibers (low use of the available bw especially in case of teleprotection)
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Signal loss is higher than for OHL Signal losses due to the different characteristic impedances for the cable and the overhead line
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Majority of faults
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Protection to discriminate a fault on the cable section - With protection at the transition
Cable differential protection Phase comparison protection Distance protection with communication scheme : normally not used because it requires VTs at the transition
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Protection to discriminate a fault on the cable section - Without protection at the transition
Possible for 2-ends configurations and with the cable at one end of the circuit :
End A : Z1 covers the whole cable (a bit further) without delay; trips CB at A, blocks AR at A; sends remote tripping to B, sends blocking to AR at B; Z2 covers 80% of the circuit (cable + OHL)without delay; trips CB at A, start AR at A Z3, Z4 as usual End B : Z1 covers 80% of the OHL; trips CB at B, starts AR at B; sends remote tripping to A and start AR at A Z2 covers the busbar at A
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AR without blocking
Example : short siphon The probability to have a fault on the cable is low because the length of the cable is short Impossibility to discriminate a fault on the cable without protection at the transition Very high costs associated with the communication link to the siphon Constraints for the cable (example Elia : main 1 and main 2 protection)
Voltage (kV) Maximum allowed time to eliminate the fault Base (ms) Main 1 or main 2 Communication doesn't work link fails (ms) (ms) 100 120 120 100 120 120 100 400 400
Conclusion :
Cable conductor shall be dimensioned for a permanent external fault; absence of blocking has no impact; Cable sheath shall be dimensioned for a permanent internal fault; absence of blocking will increase the time duration of the fault current in the sheath
Maximum constraint for the cable Voltage (kV) Internal fault with Permanent AR - conductor + external fault with shield AR - conductor (ms) (ms) 380 100 + 100 100 + 100 220 120 + 400 120 + 400 150 120 + 400 120 + 400
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Example
Protections for the circuit (at each end): Main 1 : distance protection with POTT; Main 2 : current differential protection Cable fault discrimination to block the AR : Current differential protection
Block AR
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Block AR
CT : usually ring CTs Electronic equipments are installed in cabinet : Heating Ventilation (preferably natural) Good isolation (internal temperature 55 C Power supply Modern relays require DC power supply; this means a battery + charger and a source to feed the charger; different possibilities : LV connection to an utility : + : easy from a technical point of view; - : high cost if the distance to the utilitys network is high VT : + : cost is usually lower than a connection to an utility - : maintenance cost Other possibilities : windturbine, solar cels
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Possible solution
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Charger + battery
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Policy regarding AR and necessity to discriminate a fault on the cable section Elias example
General : underground cables are dimensioned to widhstand AR on fault (internal and external, conductor and sheath)
3-ended circuit with a transformer tap at one end connected with an underground cable
Autoreclose Dedicated current differential protection on the cable to block the autoreclose at all ends in case of a fault on the cable Reason : importance to restore the interconnection between A and B as soon as possible in case of fault on the cable
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L<1 km : AR without blocking for fault on the cable Reason : low risk for fault on the cable section L<40% of the circuit : AR Dedicated current differential protection on the cable to block the autoreclose at all ends in case of a fault on the cable Reason : number of faults on the OHL > number faults on the cable L>40% of the circuit and [interconnection or industrial customer] AR Dedicated current differential protection on the cable to block the autoreclose at all ends in case of a fault on the cable Reason : importance of the circuit L>40% of the circuit and [nor interconnection & nor industrial customer] No AR Reason : less importance of the circuit
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L<1 km : AR without blocking Reason : probability to have a fault on the cable is low L>1 km and [interconnection or industrial customer] AR Dedicated current differential protection on the cable to block the autoreclose at all ends in case of a fault on the cable Reason : importance of the circuit L>1 km and [nor interconnection & nor industrial customer] AR without blocking Cost to implement a dedicated protection for fault on the cable is high
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References
Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1964 Protection of High-Voltage AC Cables Demetrios A. Tziouvaras, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Cigre Working Group B5.23 Technical Brochure Short circuit protection of circuits with mixed conductor technologies in transmission networks (to be published in 2012)
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