HB 207.

3:2005
ISO/TR 14047:2003

HB 207.3:2005
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Handbook
Environmental management Part 3: Life cycle impact assessment Examples of application of ISO 14042

HB 207.3:2005 This Joint Australian/New Zealand Handbook was prepared by Joint Technical Committee EV-005, Life Cycle AnalysisEnvironmental. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 10 January 2005 and on behalf of the Council of Standards New Zealand on 21 January 2005. This Handbook was published on 14 February 2005.

The following are represented on Committee EV-005: Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Consumer & Specialty Products Association Australian Industry Group Engineers Australia National Environment Protection and Heritage Council RMIT University Waste Management Association of Australia

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HB 207.3:2005

Australian/New Zealand Standard

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Environmental management Part 3: Life cycle impact assessment Examples of application of ISO 14042

First published as HB 207.3:2005.

COPYRIGHT Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the publisher. Jointly published by Standards Australia, GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001 and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020

ISBN 0 7337 6467 3

ii

PREFACE
This Handbook was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee EV005, Life Cycle AnalysisEnvironmental. It is an identical adoption of ISO/TR 14047, Environmental managementLife cycle impact assessmentExamples of application of ISO 14042. The objective of this Handbook is to provide examples to illustrate current practice in carrying out a life cycle impact assessment in accordance with ISO 14042. As this publication has been reproduced from an international publication, the following modifications apply: (a) (b)
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Its number appears on the cover and title page while the international Standard number appears only on the cover. A full point substitutes for a comma when referring to a decimal marker. The words this Handbook should replace the words this Technical Report wherever they appear.

(c)

References to international Standards should be replaced by equivalent Australian/New Zealand Standards, as follows: ISO 14040 Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentPrinciples and framework Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentLife cycle impact assessment AS/NZS ISO 14040 Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentPrinciples and framework Environmental managementLife cycle assessmentLife cycle impact assessment

14042

14042

iii

ISO/TR 14047:2003(E)

CONTENTS

Contents

Page Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................ iv Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................v i 1 2 3

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Scope...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Normative references ........................................................................................................................... 1 Abbreviated terms................................................................................................................................. 1 Organization of examples in ISO/TR 14047 ........................................................................................ 3 Mandatory and optional elements ....................................................................................................... 3 Scope of examples................................................................................................................................ 3 Organization of document and route map.......................................................................................... 4 Elements of LCIA as illustrated in the examples ............................................................................... 6 General ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Mandatory elements ............................................................................................................................. 6 Optional elements (related to ISO 14042:2000, Clause 6)............................................................... 15 Examples of the mandatory elements of LCIA ................................................................................ 17 General ................................................................................................................................................. 17 Example 1 Use of two different materials for gas pipelines ...................................................... 17 Example 2 Two acidification impact category indicators ............................................................ 24 Example 3 Impacts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon sinks on forestry activities ............................................................................................................................................... 29 Example 4 Assessment of endpoint category indicators ............................................................ 38 Example 5 Choice of material for a wind spoiler in car design study ........................................ 45 Examples of the optional elements of LCIA..................................................................................... 51 General ................................................................................................................................................. 51 Example 1 Application of optional elements in ISO 14042:2000, 6.2 Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results relative to reference information (normalization) .................................................................................................................................... 51 Example 2 Application of optional elements in ISO 14042:2000, 6.2 Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results relative to reference information (normalization) .................................................................................................................................... 52 Example 6 Normalization of LCIA indicator results for the use of different refrigerator gases in ISO 14042:2000, 6.2 Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results relative to reference information (normalization). ........................................................................... 54 Example 7 Normalization in a waste management study using ISO 14042:2000, 6.2 Calculating the magnitude of the category indicator results relative to reference information (normalization)................................................................................................................ 61 Example 1 Application ................................................................................................................... 68 Example 5 Application of ISO 14042:2000. 6.4 Weighting.......................................................... 69 Example 8 A technique for the determination of weighting factors using ISO 14042:2000, 6.4 Weighting ....................................................................................................................................... 70 Example 1 Application ................................................................................................................... 75 Example 5 Application of ISO 14042:2000, Clause 7 Data quality analysis ............................. 77 Example 1 Application ................................................................................................................... 78

4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11

Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 85

ISO 2003 All rights reserved

iii

iv

ISO/TR 14047:2003(E)

INTRODUCTION

Introduction
The heightened awareness of the importance of environmental protection, and the possible environmental significance of a product system1), has increased the interest in development of methods to better understand this significance. One of the techniques being developed for this purpose is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is the third phase of life cycle assessment, and its purpose is to assess a product system's life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) results to better understand its environmental significance. It models selected environmental issues called impact categories and, through the use of category indicators which help condense and explain the LCI results, portrays the aggregate emissions or resources used for each impact category to reflect their potential environment impacts.
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This Technical Report provides examples to illustrate the application of ISO 14042, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment. It uses several examples concerning key areas of ISO 14042 in order to enhance the understanding of its requirements.

1)

In this Technical Report the term product system also includes service systems.

ISO 2003 All rights reserved

1 1 AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND HANDBOOK

Environmental management Part 3: Environmental management Life cycle impact assessment

Examples of assessmentExamples of application of ISO 14042 Life cycle impactapplication of ISO 14042

Scope

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This Technical Report provides examples to illustrate current practice in carrying out a life cycle impact assessment in accordance with ISO 14042. These are only examples of the total possible ways to satisfy the provisions of ISO 14042. They reflect the key elements of the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) phase of the LCA.
NOTE The examples presented in this Technical Report are not exclusive; other examples exist to illustrate the methodological issues described.

Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 14040:1997, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework ISO 14042:2000, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment

Abbreviated terms

The following is a non-exhaustive list of abbreviated terms found in this Technical Report. ADI AP CFC CML COD DALY DLY E EBIR EDIP allowable dose intake acidification potential chlorofluorocarbon Centre of Environmental Science, Leiden University chemical oxygen demand disability-affected life years disability life years exponent equal benefit incremental reactivity environmental design of industrial products

COPYRIGHT

ISO 2003 All rights reserved

COPYRIGHT

ISO/TR 14047:2003(E)

EL ELU EPS ETP FU GWP IIASA IPPC

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environmental load environmental load unit environmental priorities strategy eco-toxicity potential functional unit global warming potential International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis integrated pollution prevention and control Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change life cycle assessment life cycle inventory analysis life cycle impact assessment medium density fibreroad maximum incremental reactivity maximum ozone incremental reactivity nutrification potential ozone depletion potential oriented standard board polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon potentially disappeared fraction predicted environmental concentration predicted no-effect concentration photochemical ozone creation potential National Institute of Public Heath and the Environment sensitive ecosystem category indicator uniform system for the evaluation of substances volatile organic compound World Meteorological Organization years of life lost

IPCC LCA LCI LCIA MDF MIR MOIR NP ODP OSB PAH PDF PEC PNEC POCP RIVM SE USES VOC WMO YLL

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HB 207.3:2005, Environmental management Life cycle impact assessment - Examples of application of ISO 14042

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