A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence. There seem to be three basic types of conjunctions.

They are: coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses, subordinating conjunctions used to establish the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence, and correlative conjunctions which always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. Need a list of the various conjunction types? http://www.virtualsalt.com/conjunct.htm

DIFFERENCE OF CONJUNCTIONS TO PREPOSITIONS:

Conjunction joins clauses, phrases, or words in a sentence . eg. " The dog ate the burger AND the cake" Prepositions link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. eg. "The cat sat ON the table" " The dog was sitting BESIDE the couch" A prepositional phrase is words like without, upon, throught, between, past, into, like, ect...

THREE (3) TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence. The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR - is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause AND - joins two similar ideas together NOR - The conjunction nor is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor BUT - joins two contrasting ideas together OR - joins two alternative ideas YET - is very similar to 'but' as it also joins two contrasting ideas together SO - shows that the second idea is the result of the first An easy way to remember these six conjunctions is to think of the word FANBOYS. Each of the letters in this somewhat unlikely word is the first letter of one of the coordinating conjunctions. Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are AND, BUT and OR.

EXAMPLES OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/coconj1.htm 1. Jaewon was cold, so he put on a coat. 2. Maria tried to read a novel in French, but it was too difficult. 3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, or you can ride the ferry. 4. I bought a bottle of wine, and we drank it together. 5. The waiter was not very nice, but the food was delicious. 6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, but the shop didn't have it. 7. Anna needed some money, so she took a part-time job.

8. There's so much rain lately! Maybe it's because of El Nino, or maybe it's just coincidence. 9. Julie has a guitar, and she plays it really well. 10. The concert was cancelled, so we went to a nightclub instead.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS A subordinating conjunction is a word which joins together a dependent clause and an independent clause. There are numerous subordinating conjunctions. The more commonly used ones are listed below. For a more comprehensive list see http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/conjunctions.htm#nor BECAUSE, AS, SINCE - are used to introduce the cause in a cause effect relationship between two ideas SO - introduces an effect in a cause effect relationship between two ideas ALTHOUGH, (even) THOUGH, WHEREAS, WHILE - are used to express contrast between ideas AFTER - is used to show time EXAMPLES OF SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Many species of wildlife are becoming extinct, since the rainforests are being destroyed. Since logging provides jobs and profits, the government is reluctant to control it. Hemp can be used to make paper, so it could reduce the need for logging. Hemp was grown throughout history due to its versatility; it can be used to make many different things. Hemp is related to the marijuana plant; as a result, it is illegal in many countries. Hemp cannot be used to produce marijuana, because of its low THC content. Marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco.Therefore, some people believe it should be legalized. As Canada has legalized hemp farming, we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from hemp very soon.

COrrelative CONJUNCTIONS
Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal. Here is a brief list of common correlative conjunctions. both . . . and not only . . . but also not . . . but either . . . or neither . . . nor whether . . . or as . . . as

EXAMPLES OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: http://www.english-for-students.com/Correlative-Conjunctions.html Correlative Conjunctions are those conjunctions which are in the form of pair of words. The common Correlative Conjunctions are: 1. Either or Example: Either John or George must have done this mischief. 2. Neithernor Example: Neither peter nor Andrew has passed the test. 3. Bothand Example: For seeking admission in a US university, you should sit for both GRE and TOEFL. 4. Whetheror Example: I do not know whether my father is arriving by the 8oclock flight or 9oclock flight. 5. Not onlybut also Example: She not only wrote the screenplay for the movie but also acted a role in it. 6. Suchas Example: I see only such movies as have good songs. 7. Suchthat Example: Such was the weather the whole of today that I decided to stay indoors. 8. Asas Example: If you are as intelligent as your father, it will not be difficult for you to run your family business. 9. Asso Example: As you sow, so you reap. 10. Hardlywhen Example: I had hardly sat down for dinner, when the phone rang. 11. Sothat

Example: I left home early so that I would not miss the 7oclock train to the city. 12. Scarcelywhen Example: Clinton had scarcely reached the platform when the train started moving. 13. Betweenand Example: The meeting will take place between 5 p.m and 6 p.m. 14. As many as Example: There are as many chairs as there are students. 15. Fromto Example: Application will be issued by the college from 9 am to 4 pm. Examples: Never before in the history of music have musical superstars been able to command such extraordinary fees of the kind as they do today. After five years of military service, graduate of the USA must decide whether to continue his career as officer or leave the military. Such a Correlative Conjunction should be used properly to complete the sentence beautifully.

How to use punctuation with conjunctions? by ADMIN on JULY 30, 2011 Using punctuation in writing can be very confusing, especially in longer sentences that also include lists of items. This article will attempt to make this issue that so many inexperienced writers struggle with somewhat easier by presenting some rules and examples of correctusage of punctuation with conjunctions. Most commonly used punctuation is certainly a comma , however, semicolon ; as well as em dash have their rightful and extremely useful place in writing. Thus, without a further ado, here are the rules and examples:

Comma 1. Commas are used to separate independent clauses when they are joined by either and, or, nor, for, so, but, or yet. Example: She never liked her new job, nor did she try to get used to the change. 2. Commas are also used after introductory words, phrases or clauses that come before the main clause. Example: While my sister was focused on doing her homework, I struggled to concentrate.

3. Pairs of commas are used to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence and could be omitted without affecting the sentence structure and meaning.

Example: Mary, the new girl in class, was proving to be very popular. 4. Commas are used to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses in the sentence. Example: Tom was friendly, kind, and trustworthy.

5. Commas are also used before phrases at the end of the sentence that refer to items in the sentence that are positioned earlier in the construct. Example: Mum was waiting for my letter, keen to hear how I got on at University.

Semicolon 1. Semicolon is used to separate two sentences where the conjunction has been omitted.Example: Tom has finished his chores; he has always been a hard worker. 2. Semicolon is also used before introductory words, such as however, therefore, thus, whereas, whereby, for example, when they introduce a complete sentence. Following the rules on comma use given above, clearly, such words will be followed by a comma. Example: I had done all I could; thus, all I could do was to sit and wait. 3. Semicolon is used to separate parts of a sentence when one or more also contain commas. Example: Maria was learning math, which she liked very much; physics, which was more of her mothers choice; and chemistry that occasionally gave her trouble. 4. Semicolon should also be used between sentences joined by a coordinating conjunction when one or more commas used in the preceding sentence might lead to confusion with respect to the meaning. Example: If I do not meet the deadline, I will be in big trouble; and if I do, we can go and celebrate. Em dash The most common usage of em dash is in place of commas, semicolons, colons, and parentheses to indicate an interruption, an abrupt change of topic, or for emphasis.

As a rule of a thumb, parentheses give the least importance to the items within, followed by commas, and finally the em dashes. However, em dashes are particularly useful when separating parts of the sentence that already contain punctuation, as this avoids confusion. Example 1: Parentheses I have to take on board all items (books, puzzles, board games, etc.) that cannot fit in my suitcase.

Em dash I have to take on board all itemsbooks, puzzles, board games, etc.that cannot fit in my suitcase.

Here, commas would not work, as the separated part of the sentence already contains a list; thus, using commas would lead to confusion.

Example 2: Parentheses Maya (who has always been a feisty girl) has decided to stand her ground.

Commas Maya, who has always been a feisty girl, has decided to stand her ground.

Em dash Mayawho has always been a feisty girlhas decided to stand her ground.

In this example, all three versions work well and which one to choose is a matter of desired emphasis.

Conjunctive adverb From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A conjunctive adverb is an adverb that connects two clauses. Conjunctive adverbs show cause and effect, sequence, contrast, comparison, or other relationships. Contents [hide]

1 Common conjunctive adverbs 2 Punctuation 3 Examples 4 See also 5 Notes [edit]Common conjunctive adverbs

accordingly additionally anyway again as a result besides certainly comparatively consequently contrarily conversely finally further furthermore elsewhere equally hence

so

[1]

subsequently still that is then thereafter therefore thus undoubtedly uniquely and

henceforth however just as in addition in comparison in contrast in fact incidentally indeed instead likewise meanwhile moreover namely nevertheless next nonetheless notably now otherwise rather similarly

[edit]Punctuation The following rules are considered to be correct punctuation for conjunctive adverbs:

Use a semicolon or period before the conjunctive adverb to separate two independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb. A conjunctive adverb is not strong enough to join two independent clauses without the aid of a semicolon.

Use a comma following the conjunctive adverb when it appears at the beginning of the second clause unless the adverb is one syllable.

Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs may move around in the clause (or sentence) in which they appear. When they appear at the end of the clause, they are preceded by a comma. If they appear in the middle of the clause, they are normally enclosed in commas, though this rule is not absolute and is not always applied to very short clauses. [edit]Examples Independent clauses:

He can leap tall buildings in a single bound; furthermore, Dwight Schrute is a hog. He can leap tall buildings in a single bound. Furthermore, Dwight Schrute is a hog.

Bret enjoys video games; therefore, he is a crazy nerd. Bret enjoys video games. He is a crazy nerd.

He went to the store; however, he did not buy anything. He went to the store. He did not buy anything.

Stephanie lent me a barrel of pickled plums; consequently, she is my friend. Stephanie lent me a barrel of pickled plums. She is consequently my friend.

I sat down alongside Adam; henceforth, he sang.

Elaine wanted to high-five the friendly giant; consequently, she had to jump to reach him.

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