chemistry

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5.1

Models of the Atom

The scale model shown is a physical model. However, not all models are physical. In fact, several theoretical models of the atom have been developed over the last few hundred years. You will learn about the currently accepted model of how electrons behave in atoms.
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Models of the Atom

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The Development of Atomic Models

The Development of Atomic Models

What was inadequate about Rutherfords atomic model?

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Models of the Atom

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The Development of Atomic Models

Rutherfords atomic model could not explain the chemical properties of elements. Rutherfords atomic model could not explain why objects change color when heated.

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Models of the Atom

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The Development of Atomic Models

The timeline shows the development of atomic models from 1803 to 1911.

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Models of the Atom

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The Development of Atomic Models

The timeline shows the development of atomic models from 1913 to 1932.

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Models of the Atom

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The Bohr Model

The Bohr Model

What was the new proposal in the Bohr model of the atom?

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Models of the Atom

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The Bohr Model

Bohr proposed that an electron is found only in specific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus.

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Models of the Atom

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The Bohr Model

Each possible electron orbit in Bohrs model has a fixed energy.

The fixed energies an electron can have are

called energy levels.

A quantum of energy is the amount of energy

required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level.

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Models of the Atom

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The Bohr Model

Like the rungs of the strange ladder, the energy levels in an atom are not equally spaced. The higher the energy level occupied by an electron, the less energy it takes to move from that energy level to the next higher energy level.
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Models of the Atom

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The Quantum Mechanical Model

The Quantum Mechanical Model

What does the quantum mechanical model determine about the electrons in an atom?

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Models of the Atom

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The Quantum Mechanical Model

The quantum mechanical model determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus.

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Models of the Atom

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The Quantum Mechanical Model

Austrian physicist Erwin Schrdinger (1887 1961) used new theoretical calculations and results to devise and solve a mathematical equation describing the behavior of the electron in a hydrogen atom. The modern description of the electrons in atoms, the quantum mechanical model, comes from the mathematical solutions to the Schrdinger equation.
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Models of the Atom

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The Quantum Mechanical Model

The propeller blade has the same probability of being anywhere in the blurry region, but you cannot tell its location at any instant. The electron cloud of an atom can be compared to a spinning airplane propeller.

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Models of the Atom

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The Quantum Mechanical Model

In the quantum mechanical model, the probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space surrounding the nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy cloud. The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is high.

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Models of the Atom

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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals
How do sublevels of principal energy levels differ?

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Models of the Atom

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Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital is often thought of as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron. Each energy sublevel corresponds to an orbital of a different shape, which describes where the electron is likely to be found.

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Models of the Atom

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Atomic Orbitals

Different atomic orbitals are denoted by letters. The s orbitals are spherical, and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped.

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Models of the Atom

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Atomic Orbitals

Four of the five d orbitals have the same shape but different orientations in space.

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Models of the Atom

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Atomic Orbitals

The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals depend on the energy sublevel.

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Models of the Atom

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Atomic Orbitals

The number of electrons allowed in each of the first four energy levels are shown here.

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Checkpoint 5.1 Complete Checkpoint 5.1 on a separate piece of paper. Write the title at the top of the page. (see red box above)

Write you name class in the upper right hand corner.

Write the question and the correct answer.

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Checkpoint 5.1.

1. Rutherford's planetary model of the atom could not explain a. any properties of elements.

b. the chemical properties of elements.

c. the distribution of mass in an atom.

d. the distribution of positive and negative charges in an atom.

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Checkpoint 5.1. 2. Bohr's model of the atom proposed that electrons are found a. embedded in a sphere of positive charge.

b. in fixed positions surrounding the nucleus.

c. in circular orbits at fixed distances from the nucleus. d. orbiting the nucleus in a single fixed circular path.
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Checkpoint 5.1. 3. What is the lowest-numbered principal energy level in which p orbitals are found? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

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END OF SHOW