Gss

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 introduction of R.V.P.N.L

Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited (RVPN) has been established under companies Act 1956 by Govt. of Rajasthan and registered with Registrar of Companies as "RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its Registered Office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, JYOTI NAGAR, JAIPUR-302005.The RERC vide No.RERC/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001 dated 30.4.2001 granted RVPN a license for transmission and bulk supply and RVPN has discharging its function as a Transmission and Bulk Supply License in the State. Under the provision of the Electricity Act, 2003 effective from 10th June, 2003, RVPN has been declared as State Transmission Utility (STU) by the State government. Section 39(1) of Electricity Act 2003, prohibits the STU to undertake business of trading of electricity. Further, the State Government has decided that the RVPN will be continuing its function of bulk supply of electricity up to 31st March 2004 under the provisions of the existing license. Thereafter, from 1st April 2004 the Distribution Companies shall be directly contracting with the Generating Companies as per the share allocated by the State Government. The main functions carried out by RVPN are :
Construction and Maintenance of EHV lines and Grid Sub-stations SLDC operation. Sharing of power from jointly owned projects
R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)
(A) EHV Lines & Grid Sub-stations As on 31.03.2006 the details of EHV lines and GSS maintained are as given below: Rating 400 kV 220 kV 132 kV Lines (in Circuit Kms.) 620.183 8273.090 11782.379 Grid Substations (MVA Nos.) 2955/4 9805/52 10487/250
(B) Annual Plan 2006-07 (Proposed)
EHV works a) Lines b) Sub-station a) Lines b) Sub-station a) Lines b) Sub-station Capacitors Augmentation
Unit ckt.km. MVA / Nos. ckt.km. MVA / Nos. ckt.km. MVA / Nos. MVAR MVA
Physical Target 2006-2007 425 350 200/02 300 300 / 12 60 500
In the annual plan 2006-2007, there is a budget provision of Rs. 290.00 crores for transmission works with following physical targets: (C) Shared Power Projects: Name of Power House Shared with Total Installed capacity (MW) Satpura TPS Gandhi Sagar RPS Jawahar Sagar Bhakra Beas Complex
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Rajasthan Share(MW) 125 57.5 86 49.5 654.96
M.P. M.P. M.P. M.P. Punjab/Haryana
312.5 115 172 99 2866.30
RSEB AND POWER MAP

The progress made in the field of power in Rajasthan can be estimated from the fact
that in 1949 when Rajasthan was formed by the integration of 19 small princely states, there were 15 state owned power houses with a total installed capacity of 13.27 MW and only 26 cities/towns and 16 villages electrified. At that time no well was electrified. Total circuit length of 33 kV lines were 137 Km and that of 11 kV 193 Km Total consumers were 34518 Nos. A single Harijan Basti was electrified. During first five year plan in 1951-56, 15 crores were spent on power development, which resulted in an increase in installed capacity to 34.90 MW. Villages electrified 36 Nos., wells electrified 47 Nos. and 51205 consumers with per capita consumption of energy 2.8 unit. Following statement depicts progress at a glance in various fields of Power in Rajasthan in past 5 years. Government of Rajasthan on 19th July 2000, issued a gazette notification unbundling Rajasthan State Electricity Board into Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd., which will be the generation Company; Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd., which will be the transmission Company and the three regional distribution
companies namely Jaipur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd., ; Ajmer Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd. and Jodhpur Vidyut Vitran Nigam Ltd.
Fig1.1 -: Power map of r.v.p.n.l:-
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220 KV GSS BHILWARA
The incoming and outgoing feeders of 220 kv GSS Bhilwara are as given below : Voltage Level (kv) 220 220 220 220 220 220 220 132 132 132 132 132 132 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 11 11
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
Name of Feeder Anta I,II Kota I,II Chittor Pali(Jodhpur) Bali(Sirohi) Kankroli Beawer RPS I RPS II(Suwana) Gulabpura Hamirgarh Devgarh Rayla Mandal Laduwas RIICO I,II BSL Jodhras Sawaipur Azadnagar RIICO I,II Meza
Length(km) 187.0 134.6 48.6 195.4 140.7 81.8 93.0 115.2 115.2 40.1 48.6 8.1 32.6 -
Incoming/Outgoing Incoming Incoming Incoming Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Incoming Incoming Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
Power House II Gandhinagar City I,II Industrial Telephone Ex. Kheri, Pansal
11 11 11 11 11 11
Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing
Fig 1.2-: Single line diagram of 220 KV gss Bhilwara:-
CHAPTER 2 SWITCH YARD

2.1 Lightning arrester
A surge arrester or lightning arrester is a device connected between line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the equipment to be protected at the substation. It limits the magnitude of lightning and switching over voltages at the substation and provides a low resistance path for the surge current to flow to the ground. An ideal surge arrester should have the following characteristics: a. It should not take any current under normal conditions. b. Any abnormal transient voltage above the breakdown value must cause it to breakdown as quickly as possible in order to provide an alternative path to earth. c. Breakdown having taken place it must be able to carry the resultant discharge current without causing damage to itself and without the voltage across exceeding the breakdown value.
d. Immediately after the surge voltage falls below the breakdown value, it must interrupt
the following power frequency current instantaneously so that the circuit is avoided.
Fig 2.1 -: lightening arrester:R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)
2.2 TYPE OF LIGHTENING ARRESTER

2.2.1 Rod gap lightening arrester It is a very simple type of diverter and consists of two 1.5 cm rods, which are bent at right angles with a gap in between as shown in Fig 8. One rod is connected to the line circuit and the other rod is connected to earth. The distance between gap and insulator (i.e. distance P) must not be less than one third of the gap length so that the arc may not reach the insulator and damage it. Generally, the gap length is so adjusted that breakdown should occur at 80% of spark-voltage in order to avoid cascading of very steep wave fronts across the insulators. The string of insulators for an overhead line on the bushing of transformer has frequently a rod gap across it. Fig 8 shows the rod gap across the bushing of a transformer. Under normal operating conditions, the gap remit is a very simple type of diverter and consists of two 1.5 cm rods, which are bent at right angles with a gap in between as shown in Fig 8. One rod is connected to the line circuit and the other rod is connected to earth. The distance between gap and insulator (i.e. distance P) must not be less than one third of the gap length so that the arc may not reach the insulator and damage it. Generally, the gap length is so adjusted that breakdown should occur at 80% of spark-voltage in order to avoid cascading of very steep wave fronts across the insulators. The string of insulators for an overhead line on the bushing of transformer has frequently a rod gap across it. Fig 8 shows the rod gap across the bushing of a transformer. Under normal operating conditions, the gap remains non-conducting. On the occurrence of a high voltage surge on the line, the gap sparks over and the surge current is conducted to earth. In this way excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted to earth
2.2 -: rod gap lightening arrester:-
2.2.2 Valve type lightening arrester

Valve type arresters incorporate non linear resistors and are extensively used on systems, operating at high voltages. Fig 12 (i) shows the various parts of a valve type arrester. It consists of two assemblies (i) series spark gaps and (ii) non-linear resistor discs in series. The non-linear elements are connected in series with the spark gaps. Both the assemblies are accommodated in tight porcelain container. (i) The spark gap is a multiple assembly consisting of a number of identical spark gaps in series. Each gap consists of two electrodes with fixed gap spacing. The voltage distribution across the gap is linearised by means of additional resistance elements called grading resistors across the gap. The spacing of the series gaps is such that it will withstand the normal circuit voltage. However an over voltage will cause the gap to break down causing the surge current to ground via the non-linear resistors. (ii) The non-linear resistor discs are made of inorganic compound such as thyrite or metrosil. These discs are connected in series. The non-linear resistors have the property of offering a high resistance to current flow when normal system voltage is applied, but a low
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resistance to the flow of high surge currents. In other words, the resistance of these nonlinear elements decreases with the increase in current through them and vice-versa.
Fig 2.3 : valve type lightening arrester:Working Under normal conditions, the normal system voltage is insufficient to cause the break down of air gap assembly. On the occurrence of an over voltage, the break down of the series spark gap takes place and the surge current is conducted to earth via the nonR.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)
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linear resistors. Since the magnitude of surge current is very large, the non-linear elements will offer a very low resistance to the passage of surge. The result is that the surge will rapidly go to earth instead of being sent back over the line. When the surge is over, the non-linear resistors assume high resistance to stop the flow of current
2.2.3 Horn gap lightening arrester

Fig shows the horn gap arrester. It consists of a horn shaped metal rods A and B separated by a small air gap. The horns are so constructed that distance between them gradually increases towards the top as shown. The horns are mounted on porcelain insulators. One end of horn is connected to the line through a resistance and choke coil L while the other end is effectively grounded. The resistance R helps in limiting the follow current to a small value. The choke coil is so designed that it offers small reactance at normal power frequency but a very high reactance at transient frequency. Thus the choke does not allow the transients to enter the apparatus to be protected. The gap between the horns is so adjusted that normal supply voltage is not enough to cause an arc across the gap.
Fig 2.4 -: horn gap lightening arrester:Under normal conditions, the gap is non-conducting i.e. normal supply voltage is insufficient to initiate the arc between the gap. On the occurrence of an over voltage, spark-
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over takes place across the small gap G. The heated air around the arc and the magnetic effect of the arc cause the arc to travel up the gap. The arc moves progressively into positions 1,2 and 3. At some position of the arc (position 3), the distance may be too great for the voltage to maintain the arc; consequently, the arc is extinguished. The excess charge on the line is thus conducted through the arrester to the ground.
2.2.4 Expulsion type lightening arrester This type of arrester is also called protector tube and is commonly used on system operating at voltages up to 33kV. Fig shows the essential parts of an expulsion type lightning arrester. It essentially consists of a rod gap AA in series with a second gap enclosed within the fiber tube. The gap in the fiber tube is formed by two electrodes. The upper electrode is connected to rod gap and the lower electrode to the earth. One expulsion arrester is placed under each line conductor. Fig shows the installation of expulsion arrester on an overhead line. On the occurrence of an over voltage on the line, the series gap AA spanned and an arc is stuck between the electrodes in the tube. The heat of the arc vaporizes some of the fiber of tube walls resulting in the production of neutral gas. In an extremely short time, the gas builds up high pressure and is expelled through the lower electrode, which is hollow. As the gas leaves the tube violently it carries away ionized air around the arc. This de ionizing effect is generally so strong that the arc goes out at a current zero and will not be reestablished. Advantages: (i) They are not very expensive. (ii)They are improved form of rod gap arresters as they block the flow of power frequency follow currents (iii)They can be easily installed.
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Limitations: (1)An expulsion type arrester can perform only limited number of operations as During each operation some of the fiber material is used up. (ii) This type of arrester cannot be mounted on enclosed equipment due to discharge of gases during operation.
Fig 2.5 -: Expulsion type lightening arrester:-
2.2.5 Multi gap lightening arrester

Fig 10 shows the multigap arrester. It consists of a series of metallic (generally alloy of zinc) cylinders insulated from one another and separated by small intervals of air gaps. The first cylinder (i.e. A) in the series is connected to the line and the others to the ground through a series resistance. The series resistance limits the power arc. By the inclusion of series resistance, the degree of protection against traveling waves is reduced. In order to overcome this difficulty, some of the gaps (B to C in Fig) are shunted by resistance. Under normal conditions, the point B is at earth potential and the normal supply
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voltage is unable to break down the series gaps. On the occurrence an over voltage, the breakdown of series gaps A to B occurs. The heavy current after breakdown will choose the straight through path to earth via the shunted gaps B and C, instead of the alternative path through the shunt resistance.
fig 2.6 multi gap lightening arrestor When the surge is over, the arcs B to C go out and any power current following the surge is limited by the two resistances (shunt resistance and series resistance) which are now in series. The current is too small to maintain the arcs in the gaps A to B and normal conditions are restored. Such arresters can be employed where system voltage does not exceed 33kV.
2.3 CIRCUIT BREAKER

The heavy short-circuit current is sensed by protective relaying which energized the trip circuit of the circuit breaker causing its moving poles to separate from the fixed poles at high speed. This is accomplished by a mechanical toggle mechanism. As the poles separate electric arc is stuck across the intervening air-gap feeding the current. The arc would extinguish at current zero and, if it does not restrike, the circuit opens successfully. The voltage across the poles is almost constant during the arcing phase. After the arc is
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extinguished, AC voltage appears across the poles which build up with passage of time as the air-gap flux in the generator recovers with the vanishing of the armature reaction.
A three phase circuit breaker comprises the following sub-assemblies: Three poles(set of contacts-one fixed, one movable); Operating mechanism; Control cabinet(indoor type breakers); and Auxiliaries.
2.3.1 OPERATING MECHANISM The purpose of operating mechanism is to change over the circuit breaker state from close to open, or vice-versa. In closed position, sufficient pressure must hold the contact together, overcoming all mechanical and electromagnetic force (caused by current flow). Opening must be fast, such that operating time between the instant of the trip signal being received to the final contact separation is of the order of 0.03 s in EHV breakers, and about 3 cycles in distribution breakers. The opening is under the relay trip signal, which energies the CB trip coil from a battery source. The mechanical energy requires for the opening operation is obtained by one of the following means. Either by Spring charge during closing operation, or, in large breakers, the spring may be kept charged during closed condition by means of an electric motor OR Hydraulic pressure energy stored in auxiliary air vessels employed in air blast circuit breakers. A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.
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Fig 2.7 trip circuit breaker 1. Circuit breaker 3. Trip coil of c.b 5. Battery 7. Potential transformer A. Auxiliary switch 2. Relay 4. trip circuit 6. relay contact 8. current transformer x. protected element
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2.4 Types of circuit breaker

Oil circuit breaker Air blast circuit Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker
Vacuum circuit breaker
2.4.1 Oil circuit breaker

These are one of the oldest type of circuit breaker the separating contacts of the breaker are made to separate within restriction of the arc after the current reaches zero point of the cycle. The main function of the OCB is to permit plant distribution too congenitally into and taken out of service. this also enable by automatic means when a fault is experienced the circuit breaker are capable of interrupting large power that result from on major power system . The oil circuit breakers are two types:Bulk oil circuit breaker, using large quantity of oil Low oil content breaker (minimum oil circuit breaker) with small quantity of oil. In the minimum oil circuit breaker, the oil service serves only for arc extinction. There current carrying parts are insulated by air and porcelain insulating materials.
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fig 2.8-:minimum oil circuit breaker:-
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2.4.2Air blast circuit breaker

Blast of air at high speed (supersonic) directed at the arc is very effective in cooling it, and in scavenging the product of ionization after current zero with consequent arc extinction within a cycle. The high speed air blast is produced by externally generated pressure (inside a pressure vessel), the pressure being of the order of 2 6MN/m2.
Fig 2.9 air blast cb construction
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Fig 2.10 -: air blast circuit breaker:-
Advantage of ABCB a. Reliable operation, because an external source of energy for arc extinction is employed.
b. The ABCBs are clean, non decomposable, and noninflammable.
c. Fresh medium is used every time.

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d. There is faster contact travel because of pneumatic operation, no stored spring energy is needed, and these are suitable for repeated use. e. Small contact travel is involved.
Disadvantages of ABCB a. High air noise while operating, making them unsuitable for urban use. b. Chopping possibility. c. Independent pressure system needed for ABCB. 2.4.3 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER SF6 is a heavy chemically inert nontoxic noninflammable gas. Its other properties, which make it ideal for circuit breaking, are: a. At atmospheric pressure its dielectric strength is two to three times that of air. Because of excellent insulating properties of the gas, reduced electrical clearances are needed. b. Its heat transferability at atmospheric pressure is 2 to 2.5 times that of air; therefore smaller conductor sizes needed. With the combination of superior insulating and arc-quenching properties, SF6 breakers have a very wide range of application- 6.6 kV to 765 kV and 20-60 kA rupturing capacity. These are becoming increasingly popular. The properties of SF6 are such that the gas blast speeds need not be as high as in ABCB. The gas is hermetically sealed inside the breaker body at a pressure of 3 atm. High pressure needed to generate the gas blast of sufficient speed is obtained by a puffer mechanism at the time the breaker is opened. While the piston remains stationary, the cylinder is moved at high speed by means of the opening mechanism, creating a high
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pressure inside the enclosed space. The gas moves out through a convergent divergent nozzle at high speed into the lower pressure region blowing the arc axially, and thereby quenching it.
Advantage of SF6 Circuit Breaker a. Low gas velocity and pressure employed prevent current chopping; capacity currents are interrupted without restriking. b. There is no exhaust of high pressure gas to atmosphere, and their operation is silent. c. No carbon deposition takes place and as such, there is no insulation tracking. d. The smaller size of conductor and clearances lead to small overall breaker size; and these have ample overload margin. e. They are noninflammable.
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Fig 2.11 -:sf6 circuit breaker:-
Fig 2.12 -: Internal Mechanism Of Sf6 Cb
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2.4.4 Vacuum circuit breaker

In such breakers vacuum is used as the arc quenching medium. Since vacuum offer the highest insulating strength. it has for superior arc quenching properties than any other medium. PRINCIPLE When the contacts of the breakers are open in vacuum and arc is produced between the contacts by the isolation of material vapor of contacts. However the arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapor. Electrons and ions produced during arc rapidly condensed of other surface of the breakers contact resulting in quick recovery of dielectric strength, as soon as the arc is produced in vacuum. It is quickly extinguished due to the fast weight of recovery of dielectric strength in vacuum
CONSTRUCTION
The arc is extinguished and the conductive metal vapor condenses on the metal surfaces within a matter of microseconds. As a result, the dielectric strength in the break builds up very rapidly. The self generated field causes the arc root to travel, thereby preventing local overheating when large currents are being interrupted. Certain minimum current is necessary to maintain the metal vapor arc discharge. Current of a lesser value is chopped prior to current zero, causing unduly high voltages, as may happen during interruption of no load magnetizing currents of unloaded Transformers.
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The rapid buildup of the dielectric strength in the break enables the arc to be safely extinguished even if contact separation occurs immediately prior to current zero the maximum arcing time for the last pole to clear is stated to be 15 ms. Further the arc voltage developed in vacuum interrupter is low (say between 20 to 200 V) due to high conductivity of metal vapor plasma. For their reasons the arc energy developed in the break is very small. High Switching life is claimed on this account. Performance is claimed to be immune to pollution because of interrupters being hermetically sealed.
fig 2.13 vaccume circuit breaker
1-vaccume intruptetr 3 - Flexible connection. 5 - Operating rod. 7 - Common operating shifts. 9 - Locking cam.
2-Terminal 4 - Support insulators. 6 - Tie bar 8 - Operating corn. 10 - Making spring.
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11 - Breaking spring. 13 - Main link.
12 - Loading spring.
2.5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument transformers are used to lower the voltage or current to a measurable value. Thus they are current transformers and voltage transformers.
2.5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

These instrument transformers are connected in a.c. power circuits to feed the current coils of indicating and metering instruments (ammeter, wattmeters, and watt hour meters) and protective relays. Thus the CTs Borden the limits of measurements and maintain a watch over the currents flowing in the circuit and over the power loads. In high voltage installation CTs in addition to above, also isolate the indicating and metering instruments from high voltage. The current transformer basically consists of an iron core on which are wound a primary and one or two secondary windings. The primary is directly inserted in the power circuit (the circuit in which current is to be measured) and to the secondary winding or windings the indicating and metering instruments and relay are connected.
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Fig2.14 current transformer
2.5.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

The potential transformers are employed for voltage above 380 volts to feed the potential coils of indicating and metering instruments (volt meters, wattmeters, watt hour meters) and relays. The primary winding of the potential transformers is connected to the main bus-bars of the switch gear installation and to the secondary windings; various indicating and metering instruments and relays are connected.
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Fig 2.15 -: potential transformer:-
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Fig 2.16 -: construction of CT & PT:-
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2.5.2. CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER Capacitor voltage transformer (C.V.T) can be effectively employed as potential source of measuring protection carrier communication and other function of an available for system voltage 33 KV to 400 KV The performance of capacitance voltage transformer is inferior to that of electro magnet voltage transformer. Its performance affected by the supply frequency, switching transient magnitude of connected bus bars etc the capacitor voltage transformer are more economical then an electromagnetic voltage transformer when the normal voltage system above 66 KV. The carrier current equipment can be connected to the capacitor of CVT thereby there is no need of separate coupling capacitor. Capacitor type voltage transformer is used for voltage 66kv and above. At such voltage cost of electromagnetic type voltage transformer tends too high.
CONSTRUCTION
Capacitive divider with a suitable matching or isolating potential transformer tuned for resonance condition is often used in power system for voltage measurements. This is referred as CVT. A CVT can be connected to a low impedance device like a wattmeter pressure coil or relay coil. CVT can supply a few VA. C1 is made of a few units of high voltage condensers and the total capacitance will be around a few thousand Pico farads as against a gas filled standard condenser of about 10 pf. A matching transformer is connected between the load or meter M and C2. The transformer ratio is chosen on economic grounds, and the HV winding rating will be 10 to 30 kv with the LV winding rating from 100 to 500 v. the value of tuning chock 1 is chosen to make the equivalent circuit of the CVT purely resistive or to bring resonance condition.
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Fig2.17 capacitive voltage transformer
Fig 2.18 -: capacitive voltage transformer:-
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Advantage of CVT * Simple design and eaey installation. *frequency independence voltage distribution. * provide isolation between the high voltage terminal and low voltage metering.
2.6 EARTHIN
The Earthing is of two principal types viz. Neutral Earthing and Equipment Body Earthing
The neutral point of star-connected 3-phase winding of power transformers is connected to low resistance ground, such a connection is called 'Neutral grounding'. It gives advantages of stable neutral point, relatively simple earth fault relaying, discharge of over-voltages to earth due to lightning, control over earth fault current etc. 'Equipment grounding' is the connection between non-current carrying metallic parts in electrical installation to earth. By earthing the part, the voltage is within safe value even during earth fault. Equipment grounding is for safety and for discharging earth fault currents effectively. The star connected secondary sides of protective CTs and PTs are earthed at one point to ensure stable neutral, proper measurement of voltages and currents, kWh and kVA on secondary side measuring instruments and controls. The control circuit and battery circuits should also have a single earth point. In the Earthing System the mesh is formed by placing mild steel bars placed in X and Y directions in mesh formation in the soil at a depth of about 0.5 m below the surface of substation floor in the entire substation area except the foundations. The crossings of the horizontal bars in X and Y directions are welded. Several identical earth electrode are
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driven vertically into the soil and are welded to the earthing rods of underground mesh. Larger number of earth electrodes gives lower earth resistance.
Fig 2.19 mesh earthing

Earth electrodes are either Pipe type of Plate type. Several vertical galvanizedsteel pipes are inserted in the earth and their heads are connected solidly to the Earthing Mat by means of horizontal earthing rods/earthing strips. For low voltage, low current installations. plate electrodes may be preferred. Use of salt, charcoal, chalk powder in the earth pits surrounding the electrodes and irrigation of the soil gives lower earth resistance.
NOTE:- Neutral Points and Equipment Earthing Parts are connected to the common underground Earth via separate earthing conductors.
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2.7 ACCESSORIES
2.7.1 INSTULATORS To provide necessary clearances between the conductors and metal work, the conductors are attached to insulators mounted on cross-arms. The insulator must provide the necessary clearance against the highest voltage and worst atmospheric condition support for the conductor. The two most suitable materials for insulators are toughened glass and porcelain. In toughened glass, the outer surface is in compression and the interior is in tension. This state is achieved by rapidly cooling the glass insulator after shaping and allowing the interior to cool slowly. Glass is cheaper than porcelain in the simpler shapes. Moisture readily condenses on the surface-giving rise to high surface leakage. Another disadvantage is that in high voltage insulators the larger mass of the material combined with the irregular shape may result in internal strain after cooling thus reducing reliability. In view of this glass insulators are used very rarely and that too for lines below 25 kV. Porcelain is made from a fine homogenous mix of wet plastic clay, which is shaped, covered with glaze and then fired in a kiln. Glazing is necessary to provide a surface, which can be kept relatively free from dirt and moisture. Any sealed impurities decrease the dielectric strength. It is, therefore, essential that the porcelain must be completely air free and impervious to the entry of gases and liquids. Porcelain is mechanically stronger than glass, gives less trouble from leakage and is less affected by changes of temperature. Porcelain is the most commonly used material for manufacture of insulators. Pin type insulator: A pin type insulator is small, simple in construction and cheep. It is used on lines up to and including 33 kv lines. The conductor is bound into a groove on the top of the insulator, which is cemented on to a galvanized steel pin attached to the cross arm on the pole or tower. To avoid a direct contact between the porcelain and the metal pin, a soft metal (generally lead) thimble is used. An adequate length of leakage path is obtained by providing the insulator with two or three petticoats or rain sheds. These are so
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designed that even when the outer surface of the insulator is wet due to rain, sufficient leakage resistance is still given by the inner dry surfaces. In its electrical behavior, a pin type insulator may be compared to complicated series of condensers with resistance in series and shunt. The petticoats with the intervening air spaces from the condensers system and the leakage paths over the surface and through the body of the material are represented by the resistances. Pin type insulators are used only up to about 33 kv because for higher voltages they tend to be very heavy and more costly than suspension type insulators. Suspension type: The cost of a pin insulator increases very rapidly with increase with increase in line voltage. Therefore, suspension insulators are used for lines above 33 kv. They are also known as disc insulators or string insulators. A suspension insulator consists of porcelain disc units mounted one above the other. Each disc consists of single shed of porcelain grooved on the under surface to increase the creep age distance. The upper surface of each disc is inclined at a suitable angle to the horizontal in order to ensure free drainage of water. Each disc is provided with metal cap at the top and a metal pin underneath. The cap is recessed so as to take the pin of another unit and thus a string of any required number of units can be built up. The most commonly used disc is the cemented cap type shown in figure. The conductor is suspended below the point of support by means of the insulator string (and hence the name suspension insulator). Post insulator: These are used for supporting the bus bars, and disconnecting switches in sub-stations. A post insulator is same to a pin insulator but has a metal base and frequently a metal cap so that more than one unit can be mounted in series. In extra high voltage sub-stations (400 kv and above) polygon post insulators are used. This insulator is puncture proof, solid core insulator for outdoor use. In this insulator the porcelain elements are in the form of cones smugly fitting one inside the other and bonded by special cement. The puncture path is through many layers of porcelain cones and the voltage required to puncture this path is many times the external flashover voltage so that the insulator is almost puncture proof.
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Strain insulators: These are special mechanically strong suspension insulators and are used to take the tension of the conductors at the line terminations and at the positions where there is a change in direction of line. The discs of a strain insulator are in a vertical plane as compared to the discs of suspension insulator, which are in a horizontal plane. One extra long span, viz., at river crossing, two or three string of strain insulators, arranged in parallel, are often used. 2.7.2 LINE SUPPORTS (TOWERS) The supports for an overhead line must be capable of carrying the load due to the conductors and insulators (including the ice and wind loads on the conductors) together with the wind load on the support itself. The supports generally used are wooden poles, RCC poles, steel tabular poles and steel towers. Wooden Poles: Poles made of chemically treated wood are used for distribution lines especially in areas where ample supplies of good quality of wood are available. They are very economical but susceptible to decay. To reduce decay the wood poles are protected by aluminum or zinc cap at the top and bitumen coating over the portion of the pole in the ground. For low voltage lines only one pole is used but for 33 kv lines two poles in A or H formation are used. RCC Poles: poles made of reinforced cement concrete are stronger but more costly than wood poles. They have very long life and little maintenance. However, they are bulky and heavy. They are widely used for distribution line up to 33 kv in urban areas. They are some times preferred even for lines in remote and inaccessible areas because they can be manufactured at site. Steel Tabular Poles: These may be stepped or swaged type. A stepped is manufactured from a single tube, the diameter being reduced in parallel steps by passing the tube through a series of dies. A swaged pole is manufactured from poles of different diameters, which are swaged together when hot. They are more costly than RCC and wood poles but posses the distinct advantages of lightweight, high strength to weight ratio and long life. They are very widely used for lines up to 33 kv.
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Steel Towers: - Lines of 66 kV and above are invariably supported on steel towers. They are fabricated from painted or galvanized angle sections that can be transported separately and the erection done on site. Steel towers have the advantage of very long life and a high degree of reliability. They can withstand very severe weather conditions. The risk of service interruptions, due to damage in insulators, is greatly reduced since large spans can be used. They are very suitable for double circuit lines. Towers of many shapes and sizes are used for different types of lines. The height of tower depends on the line voltage and span length. The legs of towers are set in special concrete foundations.
38
Chapter 3 BUS-BARS ARRENGEMENT

3.1
Single bus arrangement

The switching scheme is lifeline of G.S.S. in fact, a GSS is considered. In technical
term as extension of generating unit i.e. there is the infinite source of power behind the grid so the GSS must have all features to efficiently, effectively and selectively control and monitor parameter of each network element. In straightforward terms, we may say that the GSS must have highest degree of stability, selectivity and safety. In insulation coordination; the highest B.I,L is that of the bus-bars. So the selection of bus bar arrangement be done judiciously, keeping all related requirement and codes of slandered practice in consideration. Various type of switching schemes, generally in operation, is being discussed in following paragraphs.
3.2
Single main and transfer bus scheme

This is a special type of single bus arrangement having one extra feeder with
terminal equipment to connect t he main bus bar to transfer bus bar. Whenever terminal equipment of a feeder are required to be taken out of the circuit, this special feeder called bus coupler takes over the control of the feeder and power supply to main feeder remains unaffected. The scheme is common in the urban area where continuous of power supply is prime requirement but metering to the feeder (connected to its C.T) will remain distort for the period of outage of the terminal equipment while protection of feeder shall be that of the bus coupler.
3.3
Double main bus-bars scheme

This is also a special type of single bus bar scheme having two similar main bus bar
with provision to connect a feeder to either of the main bus bar at a time. This arrangement of two buses can run in two different islanded mode of operation , if required, in case of two different source of supply as well as in integrated mode after synchronization. So this scheme is suitable where two supply is from different source are
39
available and the feeders needed flexibility foe switching from one source to the other and vice-versa. Like single bus-bar arrangement this scheme also have disadvantage of loosing of the circuit during outage of terminal equipment.
3.4
Double main and transfer bus scheme

This switching scheme is a duplicated version of main & transfer bus bar
arrangement. Generally, two independent feeder bays with control element (C.B, C.T, etc.) are provided as bus coupler and bus transfer. But due to paucity of space and economic consideration, these two arrangements are being integrated as single bays also. This bay can have flexibility to act as either bus coupler or bus transfer circuit at a time. This scheme is quite common for all H.V & E.H.V. grid sub-station universally. In this scheme, maintenance of terminal equipment of one feeder or one bus bar , at a time , is possible without loosing the circuit under maintenance.
3.5
One and half breaker scheme

As per the the single line diagram, depicted above, there are three circuit breaker in
a single bay, which control two feeders. According to the simple arithmetic each feeder is being allocated by one and a half breaker, so its name. This is a scheme having flexibility to attend any element in the switch yard without loosing the circuit. The most significant feature of the arrangement is that it occupies single bay space for two feeder oriented in diagonally opposite direction therefore ; this scheme is best suited for generating station switchyard where all incoming feeder from the generating unit are in one direction while outgoing feeder are oriented in opposite direction . Most of the EHV grid station employs this scheme, although it is costlier one, as it has got merit over the conventional double bus bar scheme. This scheme has been adopted as few 400 kv GSS in B.B.M.B and 400 kv GSS Bhilwara.
3.6
Double D bus-bar scheme

This switching scheme is a back to back version (in folded form) of one-and-a half
breaker arrangement, where space limitation is not a constraint. The bus bar unlike oneand-a half breaker scheme is centrally placed in the switchyard. This scheme has
40
Chapter 4 TRANSMISSION LINE

A transmission line is a device designed to guide electrical energy from one point to another. It is used, for example, to transfer the output energy of a transmitter to an antenna. This energy will not travel through normal electrical wire without great losses. Although the antenna can be connected directly to the transmitter, the antenna is usually located some distance away from the transmitter. On board ship, the transmitter is located inside a radio room and its associated antenna is mounted on a mast. A transmission line is used to connect the transmitter and the antenna. The transmission line has a single purpose for both the transmitter and the antenna. This purpose is to transfer the energy output of the transmitter to the antenna with the least possible power loss. How well this is done depends on the special physical and electrical characteristics (impedance and resistance) of the transmission line.
4.1 Uses of conduct

A conductor is a material that facilitates the flow of electricity (or electric current) through a transmission line. Different types of conductors are used in transmission lines. They vary in number and size, depending on the type of circuit and the transmission voltage. Steel, aluminum and copper are the most common conducting materials used in transmission lines.
41
Copper: Copper is abundantly available in nature, is an excellent conductor of electricity and can be readily spliced. Copper conductors exist in one of three forms: soft drawn (or annealed), medium drawn and hard drawn. Soft-drawn copper conductors are commonly used in short transmission line spans and to ground electrical systems. They are flexible and resistant to breaking even under high stress. Medium-drawn copper conductors are used for medium-range distribution lines, while hard-drawn copper conductors are used in longer spans (greater than 200 feet) and are the strongest of the three. Their strength, however, makes them inflexible and often difficult to work with.
42
Steel: According to "The Electronics Handbook," steel conductors are one tenth as effective as copper conductors and rust easily--due to which steel conductors are hardly used alone. Steel conductors are commonly galvanized (or coated with a layer of zinc to counteract their rusting tendency). According to "Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems," steel-based transmission conductors are three to five times stronger than copper conductors, and can be used for longer spans with fewer supports. Aluminum: According to "Electrical Craft Principles," Volume 1, aluminum can rapidly oxidize, has higher thermal expansion, lower strength, and less than half the conductivity of copper. It is, however, lighter and half as resistant as copper. There are two types of aluminum commonly used as transmission line conductors: heattreatable alloy and pure metal grade. Aluminum conductors are commonly used for higher-voltage overhead transmission lines, power cables, bus bars, motors, heating elements, heat sinks and foil windings. Steel-Reinforced Aluminum: Steel-reinforced-aluminum conductors are commonly used in medium-, high- and extra-high-voltage (EHV) transmission lines. They are also called ACSR or aluminum-conductor steel-reinforced conductors. ACSR transmission lines are high-strength, high-capacity and exhibit excellent conductivity. They are lightweight and used in overhead transmission lines, river crossings and longer spans. ACSR transmission lines have a central steel strand, surrounded by outer aluminum strands. The steel conductor supports the weight of the transmission line while the aluminum is used for its conductive properties. ACSR transmission cables are available in specific sizes and varying amounts of central steel strands as well as outer aluminum conductors.
43
4.2 Selections of towers

Foundation is selected as per the requirement of the tower to be used.
The A type for straight conductor called as suspension tower can be used also for 20 maximum deviation.
The B type angle tower of (00 - 150) for turning deviation point. The C type angle tower (00-300) for turning deviation point. The D type angle tower (00-600) for turning deviation point and dead/cut ends.
These may be for double circuit also with six cross arms.
4.3
Erection of towers
As per practice tower number are jointed in piece meal method by use of derrick
pole (wooden or hollow pipe) and tightened by the galvanized nut and bolts or various size of 16 mm x 25 mm to 16 mm x 55 mm and cross arm are lifted upward to fix.
4.4
Stringing of conductor
It consists of many procedures: Paving out of conductors above the towers is done
by tractor/which machine manually by turning the conductor drum for unwind on turn table and earth wire is also paved out in same manner. Suspension of disc insulator is maid to the X arms of tower in suitable quantity. The quantity of disc insulators used generally in the suspension of conductor in 132 kV towers is 9 in numbers and 220 kV tower is 12-14 discs insulators in numbers.Similarly the railway authorities are also involved for giving clearance of P&T line and railway track clearance. The line 33kv/ 11kv or L.T are
44
diverted/lowered or removed which are pasting under extra high voltage (EHV) lines for maintaining clearance is also noticed as per below detail
S.No.
line
Minimum clearance earth (mm)
Minimum clearance naked from phase to phase (mm) conductor Clearance from of other line (mm)
1. 2.
132 kv 220 kv
1270 2080
1473 2388
3500 4270
3.
400 kv
3350
4660
6000
45
CHAPTER 5
TRANSFORMER
5.1 Construction and principle
There are two general types of transformers , the core type and shell type .These two types differ from each other by the manner in which the windings are wound around the magnetic core .The magnetic core is a stack of thin silicon-steel laminations about . 35mm thick for 50hz transformers . In order to reduce the eddy current losses, these laminations are insulated from one another by thin layers of varnish .For reducing the core losses, nearly all transformers have their magnetic core made from cold-rolled grai-oriented sheet-steel (C.R.G.O). This material, when magnetized in the rolling direction has loss core lose and high permeability. For a given output and voltage rating, core type transformer require less iron but more conductor material as compared to a shell type transformer. The vertical portion of core is usually called limbs or legs and top and bottom portions are called yoke. This means that for single phase transformers, core type has two legged core whereas shell type has three leg cores. Shell type transformers are preferred for low voltage low power level whereas core type construction is used for high voltage, high power transformer. In core type transformer, the flux has single path around legs or yokes. In shell type transformers, the flux in central limb divides equally and returns through outer two legs.
46
Like single phase transformers, the three phase transformers are also core type of shell type. The core type transformers are usually wound with circular cylindrical coils. In the similar way, three single phase shell type transformers can be combined together to form a three phase shell type unit but some saving in iron can be achieved in construction -
Fig 5.1 -: Construction of transformer:In a single three phase transformer. One main drawback in a three phase transformer is that if any one phase becomes disabled, then the whole transformer has to be ordinarily removed from service for repairs. However in case of three phase bank of single phase transformers if one transformer goes out of order the system can still be run opendelta at reduced capacity or the faulty transformer can be readily replaced by a single spare.
47
In 220 kv gss Bhilwara, for 220/132 kv rating there are two transformer. One of them is an Auto-transformer owing its various advantages over conventional transformer. Connections for HV and LV winding, CT-PT, OLTC etc. are shown in
5.1.1 Principle of transformer In its most basic form a transformer consists of:

A primary coil or winding. A secondary coil or winding. A core that supports the coils or windings. Refer to the transformer circuit in figure 5-1 as you read the following explanation: The primary winding is connected to a 60 hertz ac voltage source. The magnetic field (flux) builds up (expands) and collapses (contracts) about the primary winding. The expanding and contracting magnetic field around the primary winding cuts the secondary winding and induces an alternating voltage into the winding. This voltage causes alternating current to flow through the load. The voltage may be stepped up or down depending on the design of the primary and secondary windings.
48
Fig5.2 principle of transformer
Fig 5.3 -: cut way view of three phase transformer:-
5.2 Protection
5.2.1 Gas actuated relay
49
During internal faults below oil level, the heat of arc causes decomposition of oil. The gases formed by decomposition are gathered in the cushion and the conservator of the transformer. The rate of gas generation depends upon fault current and arc voltage. The fault may be inter-turn fault, earth fault or phase to phase fault Pressure release valve Pressures relay and pressure relief device mounted on transformer tank. It releases gas pressure to the atmosphere during high overload peaks, prolonged overloads, arcing faults within oil. The pressure relief valve is spring loaded and has a seal-seat. When the pressure inside the tank increases above a certain value, the force on moveable sub-assembly exceeds the spring force and the valve operates. The alarm contacts are closed. After release of pressure the valve may be manually reset.
Buchholze relay The buchholze relay is fitted in the pipe leading to the conservator. The gas gets collected in the upper portion of the relay, thereby the oil in the relay drops down. The float, floating in the oil in the relay tilts down with the lowering oil level. While doing so
50
the mercury switch attached to the float is closed and the mercury switch closes the alarm circuit. The testing of gas gives clue regarding the type of insulation failure when a serious short circuit occurs in the transformer, the pressure in the tank increases. The oil rushes towards the conservator. While doing so the it passes through the Buchholz relay. The baffles (plates) in the relay get pressed by the rushing oil. Thereby they close another switch which in turn closes the trip circuit of circuit-breaker
Fig 5.4-: buchholze relay:-
5.2.2 Differential protection The 'Differential protection' responds to the vector difference between two similar quantities. In protection of transformer, CT's are connected at each end of the transformer. The CT secondary are connected in star of delta and between the CT's of each end. The CT connections and CT ratios are such that currents fed into the pilot wires from both the ends are equal during normal conditions and for through faults.
51
Fig 5.5 differential protection
Chapter 6 PROTECTIVE DEVICE

6.1 RELAY 6.1.1 OVER CURRENT RELAY
52
Over current protection can be achieved by means of three over current relays of by two over current relays. Referring to figure the three current transformers and relay coils connected in star and the star point is earthed. When short circuit occurs in the protected zone the secondary current of CT's increases. The current flows through coiler and the relay picks-up. The relay close, thereby the trip circuit is used and the circuit breakeroperates.
Fig 6.1 -: over current relay:-
6.1.2 Induction disc relay In this type of relay a metal disc is allowed to rotate between two electromagnets. The electromagnets are energized by alternating currents. The fields produced by the two magnets are displaced in space and phase. The torque is developed by the interaction of the flux of one of the magnets and the eddy currents induced in the disc by another.
53
Fig 6.2 -: induction disc type type relay:-
54
6.1.3 DIRECTIONAL RELAY

Directional protection responds to flow of power in a definite direction with reference to the location of CT's and PT' s. Directional relays respond to the magnitude and sign (direction) of power applied at their terminals. 'Directional relays' are used in protective system as elements which judge the direction of power flow.
Fig 6.3 -: directional relay:-
55
6.1.4 DIFFRENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY Another common form of protection for high voltage apparatus such as transformers and power lines is current differential. This type of protection works on the basic theory of Kirchhoff's current law which states that the sum of the currents entering a node will equal zero. It is important to note the direction of the currents as well as the magnitude as they are vectors. It requires a set of current transformers (smaller transformers that transform currents down to a level which can be measured) at each end of the power line or each side of the transformer. The current protection relay then compares the currents and calculates the difference between the two. As an example a power line from one substation to another will have a current diff relay at both substations which communicate with each other. In a healthy condition relay at substation A may read 500 amps (power exporting) and substation B will read 500 amps (power importing). If a path to earth or ground develops there will be a surge of current. As supply grids are generally well interconnected the fault in the previous example will be fed from both ends of the power line. The relay at substation A will see a massive increase in current and will continue to
Fig 6.4 differential protection relay
56
Chapter 7 CONTROL ROOM
In a power station the control room (or the operating room) acts as the never center. The following controls are located in a control room. i.) Circuit breakers ii.) Load and voltage adjustment iii.) Transformer tap changing iv.) Emergency tripping of the turbines etc. v.) The instruments for indicating the load, voltage, frequency, power factor, wingding temperature and water levels in the case of hydro station and so on. vi.) Synchronizing equipments vii.) Voltage regulators viii.) Relays ix.) Integrating meters and other appliances x.) A mimic diagram and suitable indicating equipments to show the open or closed position of circuit breakers, isolators etc. The control room location in relation to other sections of the station, important and suitable position should be obtained. It should be located in the following manner: Should be located near the switch house so that lengths of the multi core cables are shortened. i.) Should be located away from noise sources. ii.) From the control room there should be an access to the turbine house. iii) The location of the control room should be such that is should not be affected of any fire erupts in the switch house.
57
The control room should be well arranged as follows: i) Control room should be clean and comfortable. ii) Should be ventilated and well lighted. iii) Should be free from draughts. iv) There should be no glare. v) The colors schemes should be soothing to eyes. vi) The instruments should have clear scales properly calibrated.
7.1 PANEL
At 220 kV gss Bhilwara, the control and relaying equipment is installed in controlroom. The arrangement of control and relay equipment needs careful attention to suit the layout and operational requirements of the installation. There are separate panels for control and indication equipment and relay and indication equipment, voltage regular equipment. Indicating ammeters, voltmeters, energy meters, their selector switches, recording instruments, if any, fitted on instrument panel. The diagram of main connections is given on the front face of the panel. There diagrams indicate the positions of the circuit breakers as isolators. The control operator gets the idea as to which breaker open or closed. The control and relay boards are built of self-contained sheet steel cubical. These cubicles are assembled on common chine-iron base plates according to the needs. The relay cubicles are arranged back to back with their respective control cubicles, with a corridor in between in two rows parallel to each other.
58
7.1 -: control panels
7.2 PLCC
PLCC is used for communication between stations. In power station, receiving stations and substations telephones are provided. These are connected to carrier current equipment and conversion can be carried out by means of Power Line Carrier Communication. Each end of the line is provided with identical carrier current equipment consisting of transmitter, receiver, line-tuning unit, master oscillator, power amplifier, etc. The carrier equipment is connected to the transmission line through 'coupling capacitor' which is of such a capacitance that it offers low reactance to carrier frequency but high reactance to power frequency. 'Line trap unit' is inserted between bulbar and connection of coupling capacitor to the line. It is a parallel tuned circuit comprising L and C. The unit prevents the high frequency signals from entering the neighboring line, and the carrier currents flow only in the protected line. In a PLCC panel, there are three sections transmitter, receiver and speech sections. At the time of communication 'speech section' connects both transmitter and receiver to the telephone.
59
We know that in PLCC systems, High Tension power lines are used as carrier for communications. Hence there is no necessity of costly communication network ( like microwave towers ,telephone cables etc.). The PLC Equipments are most reliable, economical for communication purpose as well as Teleportation and Teleportation signaling in power system network. The Power Line Carrier is used in almost all the countries of the world to transfer information via HV Transmission lines and has become an important instrument for the management and safety of Electrical Power Systems. Of the best possible techniques of PLC like Single Side Band Modulation with 4 KHz spacing to make best use of the available Frequency bands and permitted transmission power, it is possible to established multiple use of PLC Channels for Speech , Data and Protection Signals.
7.2.1 TRANSMITTER
Carrier frequencies are generated in 'oscillator'. The oscillator can be tuned to a particular frequency selected for the application. Different frequencies are employed for different lines (e.g. for Chittor line Tx frequency-426 kHz and Rx frequency-420 kHz). The output of the oscillator is fed into the amplifier to overcome the losses in the transmission path between the transmitter and receiver at remote end of the line.
7.2.2 RECIEVER
The high frequency signal arriving from remote end is received by receiver. An attenuator, which reduces the signals to a safer value. Band pass filter, which restricts the acceptance of unwanted signals. Matching transformer of matching element to match the impedances of line and receiving unit.
60
Fig 7.2 power line communication
7.2.3Wave trap
61
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleportation panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleportation panel in the substation control room. This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
62
Fig 7.3 -: wave trap:-
7.4 SUPPLIES FOR PANEL

48-52 volts DC supply is provided to PLCC control panels. For this purpose there are 24 batteries of 24 volts each having capacity of 160 AH. A three phase battery charger comprising of firing card, amplifier card, 3-scr, 3+1 diodes etc. are used.
63
CONCLUSION
A per my training report I have conclude that , during last 30 days I am familiar with the working ,operation and maintenance of the220 kv grid substation. Moreover the modern monitoring control and protection devices ensure reliability and safety to the operator and technicians. The regular maintenance is done in grid substation plant which in the end leads to smooth operation of each unit. And I am very thankful to all those people who help me to get knowledge of grid substation.
64
REFERANCE
1) R.V.P.N.L 220 kV GSS manual published in 2006. 2) http://www.abctransformers.in/distribution-transformer.html 3) http://www.abctransformers.in/power-transformer.html 4) http://www.wikipedia.org 5) Power system of J.B Gupta, publish in 2006 6) Electrical India (websites) www.electricalindia.org
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 introduction of R.V.P.N.L

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

(B) Annual Plan 2006-07 (Proposed)

Physical Target 2006-2007 425 350 200/02 300 300 / 12 60 500

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Rajasthan Share(MW) 125 57.5 86 49.5 654.96

M.P. M.P. M.P. M.P. Punjab/Haryana

312.5 115 172 99 2866.30

RSEB AND POWER MAP

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig1.1 -: Power map of r.v.p.n.l:-

220 KV GSS BHILWARA

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing Outgoing

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig 1.2-: Single line diagram of 220 KV gss Bhilwara:-

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

CHAPTER 2 SWITCH YARD

2.2 TYPE OF LIGHTENING ARRESTER

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

2.2 -: rod gap lightening arrester:-

2.2.2 Valve type lightening arrester

2.2.3 Horn gap lightening arrester

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig 2.5 -: Expulsion type lightening arrester:-

2.2.5 Multi gap lightening arrester

2.3 CIRCUIT BREAKER

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

2.4 Types of circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breaker

2.4.1 Oil circuit breaker

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

fig 2.8-:minimum oil circuit breaker:-

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

2.4.2Air blast circuit breaker

Fig 2.9 air blast cb construction

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig 2.10 -: air blast circuit breaker:-

c. Fresh medium is used every time.

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig 2.11 -:sf6 circuit breaker:-

Fig 2.12 -: Internal Mechanism Of Sf6 Cb

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

2.4.4 Vacuum circuit breaker

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

fig 2.13 vaccume circuit breaker

2-Terminal 4 - Support insulators. 6 - Tie bar 8 - Operating corn. 10 - Making spring.

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

11 - Breaking spring. 13 - Main link.

2.5 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

2.5.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig2.14 current transformer

2.5.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig 2.15 -: potential transformer:-

R.V.P.N.L. 220 KV G.S.S BHILWARA Pankaj Kumar Mehta (ITM/EE/07/025)

Fig 2.16 -: construction of CT & PT:-