awake awoke/awaked awoken/awaked Strong, class 6 be was been Suppletive. See: Indo-European copula.

bear bore born/borne forbear forbore forborne *misbear misbore misborne overbear overbore overborne underbear underbore underborne Strong, class 4 beat beat beaten/beat browbeat browbeat browbeaten Strong, class 7 become became become misbecome misbecame misbecome Strong, class 4 beget begot/*begat begotten/begot misbeget misbegot misbegotten/misbegot Strong, class 5 begin began begun Strong, class 3 bend bent/bended bent/bended overbend overbent overbent unbend unbent unbent Weak with assimilation of dentals beseech beseeched/besought beseeched/besought Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic spirant law bet bet/betted bet/betted underbet underbet underbet Weak with assimilation of dentals bid (in playing cards, auctions, etc.) bid bid outbid outbid outbid overbid overbid overbid rebid rebid rebid underbid underbid underbid Weak with assimilation of dentals bid (meaning to request or say) bade/bid/bidded bidden/bid/bidded Strong, class 5 bide bided/bode bided/bidden abide abided/*abode abided/*abidden Strong, class 1 bind bound bound unbind unbound unbound underbind underbound underbound Strong, class 3 bite bit bitten Strong, class 1 bleed bled bled Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals bless blessed/blest blessed/blest Weak with assimilation of dentals blow blew blown overblow overblew overblown Strong, class 7 break broke broken outbreak outbroke outbroken rebreak rebroke rebroken Strong, class 4 breed bred bred inbreed inbred inbred interbreed interbred interbred overbreed overbred overbred Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals bring brought brought Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic spirant law build built built overbuild overbuilt overbuilt

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt underbuild underbuilt underbuilt Weak with assimilation of dentals burn burned/burnt burnt/burned Weak with assimilation of dentals burst burst/bursted burst/bursted/busted Strong, class 3 buy bought bought/*boughten overbuy overbought overbought underbuy underbought underbought Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic spirant law can (auxiliary verb only) could (none) Preterite-present, defective cast cast cast broadcast broadcast broadcast downcast downcast downcast forecast forecast forecast miscast miscast miscast overcast overcast overcast podcast podcast podcast precast precast precast recast recast recast simulcast simulcast simulcast telecast telecast telecast typecast typecast typecast undercast undercast undercast upcast upcast upcast webcast webcast webcast Weak with assimilation of dentals catch caught caught Weak a French loanword conjugated perhaps by analogy wit h teach-taught choose chose chosen mischoose mischose mischosen Strong, class 2 cleave (split apart) clove cloven/cleft Strong, class 2 *cleave (cling to) cleft/cleaved cleft/cleaved Weak with vowel reduction *clepe cleped/clept cleped/clept Weak with assimilation of dentals cling clung clung Strong, class 3 clothe clothed/clad clothed/clad overclothe overclothed/overclad overclothed/overclad unclothe unclothed/unclad unclothed/unclad underclothe underclothed/underclad underclothed/underclad Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals come came come misbecome misbecame misbecome overcome overcame overcome Strong, class 4 cost (the intransitive sense) cost cost Weak with assimilation of dentals creep crept crept Strong, class 2 crow crowed/crew crowed cut cut cut clearcut clearcut clearcut crosscut crosscut crosscut intercut intercut intercut recut recut recut undercut undercut undercut Weak with assimilation of dentals deal dealt dealt misdeal misdealt misdealt redeal redealt redealt Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals dig dug dug underdig underdug underdug

dive dived/dove dived Weak with a naturally developing strong past tense do did done *fordo fordid fordone misdo misdid misdone outdo outdid outdone overdo overdid overdone redo redid redone undo undid undone underdo underdid underdone Reduplication with past participle springing from OE "gedon" drag drug/dragged drug/dragged Strong, class 6 draw drew drawn outdraw outdrew outdrawn overdraw overdrew overdrawn redraw redrew redrawn underdraw underdrew underdrawn withdraw withdrew withdrawn Strong, class 6 dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt Weak with vowel reduction and assimilati on of dentals dress dressed/*drest dressed/*drest overdress overdressed - overdressed underdress underdressed - underdressed undress undressed - undressed Weak with assimilation of dentals drink drank drunk/drank outdrink outdrank outdrunk overdrink overdrank overdrunk Strong, class 3 drive drove driven overdrive overdrove overdriven test-drive test-drove test-driven Strong, class 1 dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled Weak with assimilation of dentals eat ate eaten overeat overate overeaten undereat underate undereaten Strong, class 5 fall fell fallen befall befell befallen *misbefall misbefell misbefallen *misfall misfell misfallen Strong, class 7 feed fed fed breastfeed breastfed breastfed force-feed force-fed force-fed hand-feed hand-fed hand-fed misfeed misfed misfed overfeed overfed overfed self-feed self-fed self-fed spoonfeed spoonfed spoonfed underfeed underfed underfed Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals feel felt felt Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals fight fought fought Strong, class 3 find found found refind refound refound Strong, class 3 fit - fit/fitted - fit/fitted

misfit - misfit/misfitted - misfit/misfitted Weak with assimilation of dentals flee fled fled Strong, class 2 fling flung flung Strong, class 3 fly - flew - flown outfly - outflew - outflown overfly - overflew - overflown test-fly - test-flew - test-flown Strong, class 2 forbid - forbade/forbid - forbidden Strong, class 5 forget - forgot - forgotten Strong, class 5 *forlese - forlore - forlorn forsake - forsook - forsaken Strong, class 6 freeze - froze - frozen refreeze - refroze - refrozen unfreeze - unfroze - unfrozen Strong, class 2 get got gotten/got misget misgot misgotten *overget overgot overgotten *underget undergot undergotten Strong, class 5 gild - gilded/gilt - gilded/gilt Weak with assimilation of dentals *gird - girt/girded - girt/girded undergird - undergirt/undergirded - undergirt/undergirded Weak with assimilation of dentals give - gave - given forgive - forgave - forgiven misgive - misgave - misgiven Strong, class 5 go - went - gone bego - bewent - begone forego - forewent - foregone forgo - forwent - forgone undergo - underwent - undergone *withgo - withwent - withgone Suppletive. See: go (verb). *grave - grove/graved - graven/graved Strong, class 6 grind - ground/grinded - ground Strong, class 3 grow - grew - grown outgrow - outgrew - outgrown overgrow - overgrew - overgrown regrow - regrew - regrown undergrow - undergrew - undergrown upgrow - upgrew - upgrown Strong, class 7 hang - hung/hanged - hung/hanged overhang - overhung - overhung underhang - underhung - underhung uphang - uphung - uphung Strong, class 7 weak past tense and present influenced by OE causative "hangian" have - had - had Weak pret. and past participle spring from O.E. haefd hear - heard - heard mishear - misheard - misheard overhear - overheard - overheard unhear - unheard - unheard Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals heave heaved/hove heaved/hove/hoven upheave upheaved/uphove upheaved/uphove/uphoven hew - hew/hewed - hewn/hewed

*underhew - underhewed - underhewn/underhewed Strong, class 7 hide - hid - hidden Weak vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals hit - hit - hit mishit - mishit - mishit overhit - overhit - overhit underhit - underhit - underhit Weak with assimilation of dentals hoise hoist hoist hold - held - held behold - beheld - beheld inhold - inheld - inheld mishold - misheld - misheld uphold - upheld - upheld withhold - withheld - withheld Strong, class 7 hurt hurt hurt Weak with assimilation of dentals keep - kept - kept miskeep miskept miskept underkeep - underkept - underkept Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals *ken kenned/kent kenned/kent misken miskenned/miskent miskenned/miskent kill kilt/killed kilt/killed Weak with assimilation of kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled Weak with vowel reduction on of dentals knit knit/knitted knit/knitted Weak with assimilation of know - knew - known *acknow acknew acknown foreknow foreknew foreknown misknow misknew misknown Strong, class 7 lade - laded - laden/laded overlade - overladed - overladen/overladed Strong, class 6 laugh - laughed/*laught - laughed/*laught lay - laid - laid *forelay forelaid forelaid *forlay forlaid forlaid inlay - inlaid - inlaid mislay - mislaid - mislaid outlay - outlaid - outlaid overlay - overlaid - overlaid re-lay - re-laid - re-laid underlay - underlaid - underlaid uplay - uplaid - uplaid waylay waylaid waylaid Weak; lead led led belead beled beled mislead misled misled Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals lean - leaned/leant - leaned/leant Weak with vowel reduction on of dentals leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt outleap outleaped/outleapt outleaped/outleapt Strong, class 7 learn - learned/learnt - learned/learnt mislearn mislearned/mislearnt - mislearned/mislearnt dentals and assimilati dentals

and assimilati

unlearn - unlearned/unlearnt - unlearned/unlearnt Weak with assimilation of dentals leave - left - left *forleave forleft forleft/forlaft Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals lend lent lent *forlend forlent forlent Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals let (allow) let let *forlet forlet forlet sublet sublet sublet *underlet underlet underlet Strong, class 7 lie (posture) lay lain *forelie forelay forelain *forlie forlay forlain overlie overlay overlain underlie underlay underlain Strong, class 5 light lit/lighted lit/lighted backlight - backlit/backlighted - backlit/backlighted green-light - green-lit/green-lighted - green-lit/green-lighted relight - relit/relighted - relit/relighted Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals lose - lost - lost Strong, class 2 make made made remake remade remade unmake unmade unmade Weak contraction of "maked" may might (none) Preterite-present, defective mean - meant - meant Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals meet - met - met Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals melt - melted/*molt - melted/*molten Strong, class 3 mow - mowed - mowed/mown Strong, class 7 pay - paid - paid overpay - overpaid - overpaid prepay - prepaid - prepaid repay - repaid - repaid underpay - underpaid - underpaid Weak; irregular only in spelling, but not in pronunciation pen - penned/pent - penned/pent Weak with assimilation of dentals plead - pleaded/pled - pleaded/pled Weak with vowel reduction and assimilati on of dentals prove - proved - proved/proven borrowed French verb put - put - put input - input - input output - output - output Weak with assimilation of dentals *queath or quethe quoth quoth/quethen bequeath bequeathed/bequoth bequoth/bequethen Strong, class 5 quit quit quit Weak with assimilation of dentals reach *raught/reached *raught/reached read read read lipread lipread lipread misread misread misread proofread proofread proofread reread reread reread Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals; irregular in pronunciatio n

*reave reft reft bereave bereaved/bereft bereaved/bereft Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals rend - rent - rent Weak with assimilation of dentals rid - rid/ridded - rid/ridden/ridded ride rode ridden outride outrode outridden override overrode overridden Strong, class 1 ring - rang - rung Strong, class 3 rise - rose - risen arise - arose - arisen uprise - uprose - uprisen Strong, class 1 *rive - rived/rove - rived/riven Strong, class 1 run - ran - run *forerun - foreran - forerun outrun - outran - outrun overrun - overran - overrun rerun - reran - rerun underrun - underran - underrun Strong, class 3 *sake - sook - saken Strong, class 6 saw - sawed - sawed/sawn say said said *forsay forsaid forsaid *gainsay gainsaid gainsaid missay missaid missaid *naysay naysaid naysaid *withsay withsaid withsaid Weak see saw seen *besee *besaw *beseen foresee foresaw foreseen missee missaw misseen oversee oversaw overseen undersee undersaw underseen Strong, class 5 seek sought sought beseek besought besought Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic spirant law seethe - seethed/*sod - seethed/*sodden sell sold sold outsell outsold outsold oversell oversold oversold resell resold resold undersell undersold undersold upsell upsold upsold Weak with Rckumlaut send - sent - sent missend - missent - missent resend - resent - resent Weak with assimilation of dentals set set set beset beset beset handset handset handset inset inset inset misset misset misset *overset overset overset preset preset preset

reset - reset - reset upset - upset - upset *withset withset withset Weak sew sewed sewed/sewn handsew handsewed handsewed/handsewn oversew oversewed oversewed/oversewn shake - shook - shaken overshake overshook overshaken Strong, class 6 shall should (none) Preterite-present; defective; see also Shall and will shape shaped shapen/shaped *forshape forshaped forshapen/forshaped misshape misshaped misshapen/misshaped shave - shove/shaved - shaven/shaved Strong, class 6 shear - shore/sheared - shorn/sheared Strong, class 4 shed - shed - shed Strong, class 7 shine - shined/shone - shined/shone *beshine - beshone - beshone outshine - outshined/outshone - outshined/outshone overshine - overshined/overshone - overshined/overshone Strong, class 1 shit - shit/shat/shitted - shit/shat/shitted Strong, class 1; *shite - shit/shat - shit/shat/shitten Strong, class 1 shoe - shoed/shod - shoed/shod/shodden Weak with vowel reduction shoot - shot - shot misshoot - misshot - misshot overshoot - overshot - overshot reshoot - reshot - reshot undershoot - undershot - undershot Strong, class 2 show - showed - shown/showed reshow - reshowed - reshown/reshowed Weak, with participle shown perhaps by analogy with sow, sown shrink - shrank/shrunk - shrunk/shrunken overshrink - overshrank/overshrunk - overshrunk/overshrunken Strong, class 3 *shrive - shrove - shriven Strong, class 1 shut - shut - shut Weak sing - sang - sung resing - resang - resung Strong, class 3 sink - sank/sunk - sunk/sunken Strong, class 3 sit - sat - sat/*sitten babysit - babysat - babysat *withsit - withsat - withsat/*withsitten Strong, class 5 slay - slew/slayed - slain/slayed Strong, class 6 sleep slept slept oversleep overslept overslept undersleep underslept underslept Strong, class 7 slide slid slid/slidden backslide backslid backslid overslide overslid overslid/overslidden Strong, class 1 sling - slung/slang - slung Strong, class 3 slink - slunk - slunk Strong, class 3 slip - slipped/*slipt - slipped/*slipt

overslip overslipped/overslipt overslipped/overslipt slit slit slit Strong, class 1 smell - smelled/smelt - smelled/smelt Weak with assimilation of dentals *smite smote/*smit smitten Strong, class 1 sneak sneaked/*snuck sneaked/snuck Weak with s naturally-developing strong form sow sowed/sew sowed/sown Strong, class 7 speak spoke/*spake spoken/spoke *bespeak bespoke bespoken *forespeak forespoke forespoken *forspeak forspoke forspoken misspeak misspoke misspoken Strong, class 5 speed sped/speeded sped/speeded Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of de ntals spell spelled/spelt spelled/spelt misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt Weak with assimilation of dentals spend spent spent *forspend forspent forspent misspend misspent misspent outspend outspent outspent overspend overspent overspent Weak with assimilation of dentals spill - spilled/spilt - spilled/spilt overspill* overspilled/overspilt overspilled/overspilt Weak with assimilation of dentals spin span/spun spun strong, class 3 spit spit/spat spit split split split Weak with assimilation of dentals spoil - spoiled/spoilt - spoiled/spoilt Weak with assimilation of dentals spread - spread - spread *bespread - bespread - bespread Weak with assimilation of dentals spring sprang/sprung sprung handspring handsprang handsprung Strong, class 3 stand stood stood misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood understand understood understood upstand upstood upstood withstand withstood withstood Strong, class 6 stay stayed/*staid stayed/*staid steal stole stolen Strong, class 4 stick stuck stuck sting stung/stang stung Strong, class 3 stink - stank/stunk - stunk Strong, class 3 stave - stove/staved - stove/staved strew - strew/strewed - strewn/strewed stride strode/strided stridden/strided outstride outstrode outstridden overstride overstrode overstridden Strong, class 1 strike - struck - stricken/struck overstrike - overstruck - overstruck Strong, class 1 string strang/strung strung hamstring hamstrung hamstrung

overstring overstrung overstrung Weak with a naturally-developing strong form strive - strove/strived - striven/strived outstrive - outstrove - outstriven overstrive - overstrove - overstriven Strong, class 1 swear - swore - sworn forswear - forswore -forsworn outswear - outswore - outsworn Strong, class 6 sweat - sweat/sweated - sweat/sweated sweep - swept - swept upsweep - upswept - upswept Weak with vowel reduction and assimilation of dentals swell - swelled/swole - swelled/swollen upswell - upswelled - upswelled/upswollen Strong, class 3 *swelt - swolt/swelted - swolten/swelted Strong, class 3 swim swam swum Strong, class 3 swing swung/swang swung/*swungen overswing overswung overswung Strong, class 3 take took taken betake betook betaken mistake mistook mistaken overtake overtook overtaken partake partook partaken retake retook retaken undertake undertook undertaken *uptake uptook uptaken Strong, class 6 teach taught taught Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic spirant law tear tore torn uptear uptore uptorn Strong, class 4 tell told told foretell foretold foretold retell retold retold *outtell outtold outtold Weak with Rckumlaut think thought thought outthink outthought outthought rethink rethought rethought Weak with Rckumlaut and Germanic spirant law thrive thrived/throve thrived/thriven Strong, class 1 throw threw thrown misthrow misthrew misthrown outthrow outthrew outthrown overthrow overthrew overthrown underthrow underthrew underthrown upthrow upthrew upthrown Strong, class 7 thrust thrust/thrusted thrust/thrusted outthrust outthrust outthrust tread trod trodden/trod retread retrod retrodden/retrod Strong, class 5 wake woke/waked woken/waked Strong, class 6 wax waxed waxed/waxen Strong, class 7

wear wore worn *forwear forwore forworn outwear outwore outworn overwear overwore overworn Weak with strong form based on "bear" weave weaved/wove woven interweave interwove interwoven unweave unwove unwoven Strong, class 7 wed wed/wedded wed/wedded rewed rewed/rewedded rewed/rewedded Weak with assimilation of dentals weep wept wept *beweep bewept bewept Strong, class 7 wend wended/*went wended/*went weak with assimilation of dentals wet wet/wetted wet/wetted overwet overwet/overwetted overwet/overwetted Weak with assimilation of dentals will (auxiliary verb only) would (none) Preterite-present, defective; see also S hall and will win won won Strong, class 3 wind wound wound rewind rewound rewound unwind unwound unwound Strong, class 3 work - worked/*wrought - worked/*wrought overwork - overworked/*overwrought - overworked/*overwrought Weak with Rckumlaut and metathesis of r and o *worth - *worth/*worthed - *worth/*worthed/*worthen Strong, class 3 wreak wreaked/wrack wreaked/wreaken/*wroken wring wrang/wrung wrung Strong, class 3 write - wrote/*writ - written ghostwrite - ghostwrote - ghostwritten miswrite - miswrote - miswritten overwrite - overwrote - overwritten rewrite - rewrote - rewritten underwrite - underwrote - underwritten Strong, class 1 writhe writhed/*wrothe writhed/*writhen Strong, class 1