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Mathema)cal Model for Es)ma)on of Kelp Bed Produc)vity: Age Dependence and Contribu)ons of Subsurface Kelp
Samantha Trumbo
Diver
surveys
(costly,
episodic,
)me-consuming)
Empirical
Model
Using
Remote
Sensing
Techniques
NDVI
Macrocys(s
pyrifera
(giant
kelp)
Op)cal
BAI
=
NDVI/0.71
NPP
=
14.7
x
Standing
Crop
40
True
BAI
=
Op)cal
BAI
*
9.04
a. R = 0.623 P < 0.0001
Biomass
=
True
BAI/13.3
30
Produc)vity
=
Biomass
*
14.7
2
(Zimmerman 2007)
20 10 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-2
2.0
Research
Objec)ves
Develop
a
kelp
produc)vity
model
by
modifying
the
Zimmerman
seagrass
model
Inves)gate
eects
of
environmental
parameters
on
produc)vity
Develop
a
depth-integrated
model
to
improve
on
conven)onal
produc)vity
es)mates
of
en)re
beds
Spectral
dierences
among
juvenile,
mature,
and
senescent
)ssues
Photosynthe)c
contribu)ons
of
subsurface
kelp
PAR
Acenua)on
Method
PUR
Acenua)on
Method
Research Design
Data Collec)on
C-OPS : Upwelling radiance and ASD: Surface reectance downwelling irradiance *Thank you to Biospherical Instruments Inc. of San Diego for providing us with C-OPS
M
0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
immature
M I I I I I I S S M M S S
Absorptance
S S
0.3
mature
senescent
500
Wavelength (nm)
550
600
650
700
750
800
Increased acenua)on!
Depth-Integrated
Model
Produc)vity
of
main
canopy
Subsurface
edge
contribu)ons
Red = User inputs: Surface area, subsurface area, subsurface depth prole Blue = Predened composi)on, but user may change based on characteris)cs of the specic bed Black = Predened func)ons as derived from HydrolightTM simula)ons of varying condi)ons and implementa)on of kelp produc)vity model
Current
method
uses
NDVI
and
series
of
empirical
rela)onships
to
es)mate
produc)vity
*Thanks
to
James
Allen
for
making
these
es)mates
possible
with
his
images
and
his
project!
For the rst 2 m of a kelp bed, PUR amounts to about 56.3% of PAR, on average.
Higher es)mates than Higher es)mates by new model by ~61%! only ~27% ~3% lower if only consider surface
Eects of Tissue Varia)on All Mature Kelp Tissue Varia)on Percent Decrease 9.25 x 106 g C/day 8.27 x 106 g C/day 10.59%
Low
Conclusions
Quicker acenua)on in canopy than previously thought Edge subsurface kelp and spectral dierences in )ssue types can be signicant for bed produc)vity Approxima)on of bed produc)vity solely from mooring- measured quan))es may be possible Current method gives lower total bed es)mates
Acknowledgements
Dr. Sherry Palacios Dr. Raphael Kudela Dr. Emily Schaller Rick Shecer Rick Paseco Dr. Richard Zimmerman Jacey Wipf James Allen Barbara Chisholm All of my fellow Aquaknots Adam Webster Na)onal Suborbital Educa)on and Research Center (NSERC)
Jerey Myers Karen Katrinak Gregory Harc Shane Grigsby Nicole Grossberg Eric Buzay Jane Peterson The ight crew for the P-3 Roseanne Dominguez Dennis Gearhart James Jacobson The NASA Airborne Science Program
Any ques)ons?
References
[1] Reed DC, Rassweiler A, Arkema KK (2009) Density derived es)mates of standing crop and net primary produc)on in the giant kelp Macrocys(s pyrifera. Mar Biol 156: 20772083 [2] Zimmerman, Richard C. "Remote Sensing Assessment of Kelp Forest and Seagrass Meadow Produc)vity." UNOLS Airborne Ocean Science Conference. Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA. 25 May 2006. Lecture. [3] Mobley, C. D. "Radia)ve Transfer in the Ocean." Academic Press (2001): Sequoia Scien)c Inc. Web. [4] Mobley, Cur)s D. Light and Water: Radia(ve Transfer in Natural Waters. San Diego: Academic, 1994. Print. [5] Mobley, Cur)s D., and Lydia K. Sundman. Hydrolight 5 User's Guide. Bellevue, WA: Sequoia Scien)c, 2008. Web. [6] Biospherical Instruments Inc. C-OPS: Compact Op(cal Proling System. San Diego, CA: Biospherical Instruments, 2011. Web. [7] Cavanaugh, Kyle C., David A. Siegel, Brian P. Kinlan, and Daniel C. Reed. "Scaling Giant Kelp Field Measurements to Regional Scales Using Satellite Observa)ons." Marine Ecology Progress Series 403 (2010): 13-27. Print. [8] Hill, Victoria J., and Richard C. Zimmerman. "Es)mates of Primary Produc)on by Remote Sensing in the Arc)c Ocean: Assessment of Accuracy with Passive and Ac)ve Sensors." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 57.10 (2010): 1243-254. Print. [9] Markager S, Vincent W (2001) Light absorp)on by phytoplankton: development of a matching parameter for algal photosynthesis under dierent spectral regimes. J Plankton Res 23: 13731384 [10] Marra, John, Cheng Ho, and Charles C. Trees. "An Alterna)ve Algorithm for the Calcula)on of Primary Produc)vity from Remote Sensing Data." LDEO Technical Report # LDEO-2003-1 (2003) Print. [11] Stoughton, Margaret A. "A Bio-Op)cal Model for Syringodium Filiforme Canopies." Thesis. Old Dominion University, 2009. Print. [12] Zimmerman, Richard C., W. Paul Bisset, and Daniel C. Reed. Bio-Op(cal Assessment of Giant Kelp Dynamics. N.d. Research Poster. [13] Atkinson, M. J. S., and V. Smith. "C:N:P Ra)os of Benthic Marine Plants." Limnology and Oceanography 28.3 (1983): 568-74. Print.
Future Work
Kelp bed mooring for monitoring produc)vity. Applica)on of simplied models to other species.
Seagrass moorings
The Shape o f the Downwelling Irradiance Spectrum in a Kelp Bed Is Also Fairly Constant