List of abstracts

1. A study has been done with indigenous plants to explore their phytochemical constituents. About 7indigenous plants collected from AgraMathura Region. The collected plants under gone extractionfollowed by evaporation. The prepared plant extract goes through phytochemical investigation to explore active constituents which are very significant in drug development.

2. Phenolic compounds form one of the main classes of secondary metabolites. They display a large range of structures and are responsible for the major organoleptic characteristics of plant-derived foods and beverages, particularly color and taste properties. They also contribute to the nutritional qualities of fruits and vegetables. Among these compounds, flavonoids constitute one of the most ubiquitous groups of plant phenolics. Owing to their importance in food organoleptic properties and human health, a better understanding of their structures and biological activities indicates their potentials as therapeutic agents and also for predicting and controlling food quality. Due to the variety of pharmacological activities in the mammalian body, flavonoids are more correctly referred as nutraceuticals.

3. Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesising cells and are commonly found in fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems, owers, tea, wine, propolis and honey. For centuries, preparations containing these compounds as the principal physiologically active constituents have been used to treat human diseases. Increasingly, this class of natural products is becoming the subject of anti-infective research, and many groups have isolated and identied the structures of avonoids possessing antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. Moreover, several groups have demonstrated synergy between active avonoids as well as between avonoids and existing chemotherapeutics. Reports of activity in the eld of antibacterial avonoid research are widely conicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between avonoid structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected avonoids. The activity of quercetin, for example, has been at least partially attributed to inhibition of DNA gyrase. It has also been proposed that sophoraavone G and ()-epigallocatechingallate inhibit cytoplasmic membrane function, and that licochalcones A and C inhibit energy metabolism. Other avonoids whose mechanisms of action have been investigated include robinetin, myricetin, apigenin, rutin, galangin, 2, 4, 2-trihydroxy-5 -methylchalcone and lonchocarpol A. These compounds represent novel leads, and

future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents.

4. The suspensions of alcoholic extract of root bark of the plant Calotropis gigantea in 0.6% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in Wistar albino rats by inducing hepatic injury with D-galactosamine (400 mg/kg). Alcoholic extract of root bark of the plant Calotropis gigantea at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg exhibited a significant (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05) protection effect by normalizing the levels of aspartate amino transferase (ASAT/ GOT), alanine amino transferase (ALAT/GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which were significantly (P<0.001) increased in rats by treatment with 400 mg/kg imp. of D-galactosamine. Silymarin (25 mg/kg), a known hepatoprotective drug used for comparison exhibited significant activity (P<0.001).

5. A phytochemical study on the flower of Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) using silica gel column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, led to the first time isolation of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (compound 1) and anhydrosopho- radiol3-acetate (compound 2). The structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic analyses (IR, HRTOFMS and NMR). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of ethyl acetate extract, compound 1 and compound 2 were measured using the disc diffusion method. Ethyl acetate extract and compound 1 presented better results than compound 2. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extract and compounds were found to be in the range of 16~128 g/ml. The cytotoxicity (LC50) against brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia salina) were also evaluated and found to be 14.61 g/ml for ethyl acetate, 9.19 g/ml for compound 1 and 15.55 g/ml for compound 2.

6. Calotropis gigantea is a common wasteland weed and known for various medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was to screen leaves of Calotropis gigantea for the antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of bacteria. The aqueous extract of the C. gigantea was studied for its antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aurous, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus lute us and Klebsiella pneumonia. In vitro antimicrobial activity was performed by well diffusion method in agar. The extract showed significant effect on the tested organisms. The extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against E. col (17.61.15), whereas, lowest against K. pneumonia (12.61.52). Crude extract showed maximum relative percentage inhibition against B. cereus (188.52 %) and

lowest relative percentage inhibition against M. lute us (24.92 %). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was measured by modified agar well diffusion method. Extract showed 50, 25, 6.25, 3.1, 1.5 and 12.5 mg/ml MIC values for S. aurous, K. pneumonia, B. subtitles, P. aeruginosa, M. lute us and E. coli, respectively.

7. Antioxidants play an important role to protect human against infections and degenerative diseases. The aim of this study is to verify the In-vitro antioxidant properties and to calculate the total polyphenol contents, total tannins, and flavonoidcontants of hydroalcohlic extract. The powdered crude drugs were extracted with hydro-alcoholic solvent (70:30) by double maceration process. Phytochemical tests of hydro-alcoholic extract reveal the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloid, flavonoid, steroids, protein, amino-acids and tannins. The antioxidant activity of hydroalcohlic extract of Calotropis gigantea leaves (HECGL) was investigated using invitro models like DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity. Reducing power assay using ascorbic acid, nitric oxide scavenging activity using curcumin equivalents. At the same time the phenolic content of the extracts was determined using Folin- Ciocalteau reagent, total tannins and total flavonoids using rutineto evaluate their contribution to total antioxidant activity. HECGL at 400g/ml concentration showed maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity (85.17%) and for nitric oxide scavenging (54.55%) at 100g/ml concentration. Reducing power of HACGL was increases with increasing the concentration of extract. Phenolic contents, expressed as gallic acid equivalents 63.08 4.17 /100 mg of the dried weight of cg. Tannin 0.52% and Flavonoids 46.97 1.95 g mg-1.It is concluded that, this study is to verify the antioxidant properties of hydroalcohlic extract, and to define the total polyphenol contents, flavonoids and tannins in Calotropis gigantea leaves. 8. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract from the roots of Calotropis gigantea resulted in the isolation of one cardenolideaglycone and its glycoside, coroglaucigenin (1) and frugoside (2). The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxic activities of the two compounds were evaluated. Both of them exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against K562 and SGC-7901 cell lines with IC50 values of 3.4-14.1 g/mL. The presence of a deoxysugar at C-3 was crucial for cytotoxic activity. This is the first report of cytotoxic activity of compounds 1 and 2 against K562 and SGC-7901 cell lines.

9. The latex of Calotropis gigantea is a rich source of useful components that has medicinal properties and one of the main applications is in controlling the heart muscle. The crude latex extract contained many proteins, which are highly basic in

nature and exhibited strong dilatation activity. Blood vessel experiment of the latex from Calotropis gigantea was studied in the green frog (Rana hexadactyla). The diluted crude extract with distilled water to 1:10 and 1: 100 concentrations produces percentage increase in the cardiac output. Higher dilution factor increase the cardiac output 1:100 produces 66% output whereas 1:10 produces 50% cardiac output. On treating with high dose, the latex damage the contractility of the cardiac muscle. Thus the present study reveals that the latex produces vasodilatation effect at fixed dose concentration.

10. Calotropis gigantea R. Br. (Ascle-cines in treating all sorts of disease including diarrhea. piadaceae) a wildly growing plant has been reported toThere are large numbers of epidemiological and experi-possess number of medicinal properties and other pur-mental evidence pertaining to worldwide acutediar-poses. The purpose of the present study was to evalu-rheal disease, which is one of the principal causes of ate scientifically the anti-diarrheal effects of C. gigantea death in the infants, particularly in malnourished and used traditionally in Indian system of medicine using which is of critical importance in developing countries castor oil-induced diarrhoeamodel.The remarkable anti-ied the properties of calotropins D and D rom 1 2 diarrheal effect of C.gigantea extract against castor oil-C.gigantea (10). The plant is considered crude drug of induced diarrhea model attests to its utility in a wide Bangladesh (11) and medicinal plant of Indonesia (12).range of diarrheal states.

11. Calotropis gigantea (syn; Asclepias gigantea) is a shrub belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is found chiefly in waste lands in lower Bengal, Himalayas, Punjab, Assam, Madras, Ceylon, Singapore, Malaya islands and south China. From the literature survey, it was revealed that many phytoconstituents like triterpenoids, sterols, flavonoids,glycosides were isolated from leaves, latex and root bark of the plant C. Gigantea.Various pharmacological activities like anti-oxidant, anti-diarrhoeal, cardiotonic, and skin diseases were studied. It was also learn that no substantial work on the leaves of C. gigantea was carried out both in chemical investigation as well as pharmacological activities. Hence an effort was made to investigate the preliminary screening of phytoconstituents present and pharmacological activities from the leaves of C.gigantea.Preliminary phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. gigantea revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, triterpenoids,

proteins and sterols. Tannins, starch, saponins and resins were found to be absent.From the harmacological study carried out it was evident that the leaves of C.gigantea were endowed with significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity thereby justifying there use in traditional system of medicine. The study of ulcerogenic effect of the oral administration of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. gigantea on stomach in rats showed that this adverse effect was significantly lowered in comparison with the standard drug aspirin. These results showed that C. gigantea is relatively safe and it is good candidate for further studies. Pretreatment with naloxane significantly blocked analgesic effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. gigantea at a time of 30 and 60 minutes in hot plate test.

12. Calotropis gigantea Linn. belongs family Asclepiadaceae and contains flavonoids, tannins, reducing sugars cardiac glycoside alkaloids. In the present study, ethanolic extract of Calotropis gigantea was

investigated for its antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro by reducing power, DPPH and nitric oxide method. Hydroalcohlic extract of Calotropis gigantea shown significant antioxidant activity. Calotropis gigantea (Asclepiadaceae) commonly known as arka and wild growing tropical plant, which possesses number of medicinal properties. It is reported to contain cardiac glycosides, -sitosterol, madrine, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, trisecharoides and flavonols. The plant has been used for various disease conditions, including leprosy, ulcers, tumours and piles. Various pharmacological activities reported like antifertility, anti-inflammatory activity, hepatoprotective activity, antimyocardial infraction activity and antidiarrhoeal activity.

13. Results of an ethno botanical study of wound healing treatments among the tribal people of Tirunelveli hills in southern India are presented. A total of 46 plants belonging to 44 genera and 26 families have been documented for their therapeutic use against wounds and related injuries such as cuts, burns, bruises caused by external injury, boils, sores, abscess and wounds created during delivery. Leaves were the most frequently utilized plant part and most herbal remedies are prepared as paste and applied externally; in some cases medicinal preparations were also administered orally. Of the plants collected in the present study none of the plants have been reported to have such specific wound healing compounds except Areca catechu and Scoparia dulcis. The

present study suggested that further clinical experimentation is needed to scientifically evaluate these widely used herbal remedies for possible bioactive effects.

14. To analyze total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant potential of the root and leaf extracts and latex of field grown as well as tissue cultured Calotropis procera plants. Methodology and results: Six types of plant materials comprising of leaves, latex and roots from field grown as well as in vitro raised plants were tested to determine their antioxidant activity. Total phenols and flavonoids were determined by FollinCiocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride method, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity was determined by DPPH. Total phenols and flavonoids content were high in latex of field-grown plants and lowest in the extracts of in vitro roots and in vivo leaves. The highest antioxidant capacity was exhibited by extracts of lyophilized latex (IC50 = 0.060 mg.ml-1) and the lowest (IC50 = 0.27mg.ml-1) was in root extracts of field grown plants. Conclusion and application of findings: Occurrence of more total phenols in the naturally growing Calotropis procera plants as compared to the in vitro raised plants suggests that the plants synthesize phenolic compounds under stress conditions in their natural habitat for defense purposes. The observations reported in this paper could be of applied value in utilization of latex, which showed

strong antioxidant potential as this plant is growing wildly in the Indian desert. Many studies indicate that total phenols and flavonoids contribute significantly to the total antioxidant potential of many fruits and vegetables. Our findings add clarity to the available knowledge in this area of work.

15. Plants are always an exemplary source of drugs; in fact many of the currently available drugs were derived either directly or indirectly from them. In the past decade, research has been focused on scientific evaluation of traditional drugs of plant origin for the treatment of various diseases. Since the time immemorial, various herbs are used as antiasthmatic with efficient therapeutic response. Examples of various herbs used in asthma are Adhatodavasica, Albizzialebbeck, Artemiciacaerulenscens, Boswelliaserrata, Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cedrusdeodara, Clerodendronserratum, Curcuma longa, Eugenia caryophylis,

Eleocarpusspharicus, Inularacemosa, Ocimum sanctum, Picrorrhizakurroa, Piper longum, Sarcostemmabrevistigma, Solanumxanthocarpum, Tephrosiapurpurea, Tinosporacordifolia, Tylophoraasthmatica, Vitexnegundo etc. An attempt has been made to review antiasthma tic medicinal plants in the present article.

16. This review discusses the bioefficacy of natural products (de-rived from neem and other tropical trees) which have been used against insect pests and diseases attacking forest trees in India. These products are effective, cheaper and eco-friendly and act as antifeedant, repellent, sterility inducing, toxic or regulate insect growth. Integration of products in forest pest management strategies would enhance the sus- Gahukar 1995) and plant diseases (Mariappan 1998). At present,tainability of forests and prevent the deterioration of wood quality. 17.The search for novel antibiotics like compounds from medicinal plants continues to be of extreme importance in recent research programs around the world because of the increase of multidrug resistance and toxicity of some used antibiotics. One such medicinal plant used since ancient times is Calotropis gigantea. The plant produces large quantity of latex with various medicinal properties. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of partially purified C.gigantea latex extract on some human pathogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity was tested against three Gram positive and three Gram negative bacteria. The inhibitory effect was assessed by well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentratin (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were also determined by serial dilution method. The ethanolic extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening for the presence of bioactive ingredients. The ethanolic extract shows the presence of many biologically active molecules such as flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins and

Glycosides. The latex extract shows significant zone of inhibition in dose dependent manner. The MIC and MBC values of latex extract against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains varies from 1mg to 5mg and the results are comparable with chloramphenicol. From this study, we conclude that the latex extract possesses potent bactericidal activity which may be due to the presence of biologically active ingredients with antimicrobial activity in the ethanolic extract of C.gigantea. The present study would also contribute to the acceptance of C.gigantealatex in traditional medicine and to the solution of growing problems of drug resistance by microorganisms.

18. Theidentificationof plants rich in hydrocarbons and botanochemicals has gained worldwide interest now-a-days, since they can serve as potential renewable energy resources to alternate fossil fuels. The present study was aimed to screen the potentiality of the latex bearing plant Calotropis procera (L) W.T. Aiton as an alternative source of energy. The bio-crude yield of oil was varied from 1.54 to 3.97% and the polyphenol content was high in stem (S) 4.86% compared to whole plant (WP) (4.00%) and leaf (3.33%). The botanochemicals in the oil fractions were identified by thin layer chromatographic studies (TLC) as sterols, free fatty acids, waxes and hydrocarbons. The IR spectra of hydrocarbon fractions obtained from C. procera exhibited peaks at 2980cm-1 and 1955 cm-1 indicated the presence of C-H structure of methyl or methylene group (CH &CH). The 1H-NMR spectral analysis confirmed the possible presence of potential 34 bioactive compounds such as cispolyisoprene (natural rubber), trans-polyisoprene (gutta), wax, ester and hydrocarbons. Experiments were also conducted at laboratory scale to evaluate the biomethanation property C. procera. The slurry of cow dung with the C. Procera supplement (3:1) was used for the experiment and the results showed increased production of biogas as the age of digester increased over control. The nutrient composition was analysed in the left over slurry after digestion. The results showed that the fertilizer value of the digested slurry effluent in the test digester was significantly higher than the control slurry in terms of organic compounds as well as mineral content.

19.Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the worldsPopulation. This review focuses on Herbal drugs used in the treatment of Anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), are the most prevalent behavioral disorders in the United States, affecting 17.2% of the population. The use of herbal supplements to treat anxiety has been increasing and the mechanisms of action of several are being elucidated. A list of medicinal plants with proven antianxiety effects used in treatment of Anxiety is compiled. These include, Citrus paradise, Cirsiumrivulare, Drymariacordata, Colocasiaesculenta, Souroubea

sympetala, Rollinia mucosa, Aethusacynapium, Uncariarhynchophylla, Cinnamomum cassia, Gastrodiaelata, Apocynumvenetum,

Turneraaphrodisiaca, Scutellarialateriflora, Valerianaofficinalis, Galphimiaglauca etc.

20. Recently, a review has already been made on the synthetic contraceptive agents whereas this review embraces the natural contraceptives upto year 2001 with 355 references. It also includes the isolation of their active principles, methods of analysis of active ingredients through TLC, HPLC, their side effects and pharmacological action.

21. Hepatoprotective activity of 70% ethanolic extract of flowers of C. procera was studied against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in albino rats and mice. In addition, antioxidant activity was studied by in vitro models. Pre-treatment with 70% ethanolic extract (CPA) reduced the biochemical markers of hepatic injury like serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, and HDL and tissue glutathione (GSH) levels. Similarly pretreatment with CPA reduced the CCl4 induced elevation in the pentobarbitone sleeping time. Histopathological observations also revealed that pretreatment with CPA protected the animals from CCl4 induced liver damage. CPA demonstrated dose dependant reduction in the in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4. In addition it showed dose dependant free radical scavenging activity. The results indicate that flowers of C. procera possess hepatoprotective property possibly because of its anti-oxidant activity. This property may be attributed to the quercetin related flavonoids present in the flowers of Calotropis procera.

22. Soybean intake is inversely correlated with risks of several chronic diseases inhuman.Phytochemicals and in particular phenolic acids, flavonoids and isoflavonoids compounds present in soybean seeds may be partially responsible for these health benefits through their antioxidants activity. In a pot experiment, soybean plants was grown in sandy media and irrigated with Hoagland solution as inorganic treatment or grown under one of the three levels of compost i.e. 25, 50 and 75% alone or in a mixture with multi-bioorganic. Individual phenolic acids, quercetin, genistein and daidzein in seeds were quantified by HPLC.Changes in the levels of individual phenolics and less value of quercetin under various compost levels resulting in insignificant lower values of total phenolics and total flavonoids as compared with inorganic grown seeds. Adding multi-bioorganic to 50 or 75% compost treatments produce great

enhancement effects on total phenolics, total flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, phydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeicacid,quercetin, genistein and daidzein contents as compared with other treatments. The most enhancement effectwas exhibited phenolic acids, quercetin and genistein. Addition of multi-bioorganic to 50% compost treatments resulted in 68 and 40% increases in quercetin and genistein, respectively, as compare with inorganic treatment, as well as 90 and 47% increases, respectively, as compare with 50% compost alone. The highest values of antioxidant activity was determined in soybean seeds grown under 50 and 75% compost, especially when mixed with bioorganic. Using either 50 or 75%, compost in a mixture with bioorganic caused increases in antioxidant activity ranged between 25 and 60% when compared with other inorganic and compost alone treatments. These results indicate that bioorganic fertilizers play a role in determining antioxidant activity and phenolic metabolites.

23.Antibacterial activity of fifteen medicinal plants, AndrographispaniculataNees, Azadirachtaindica A. Juss., Buteamonosperma(Lam.) Taub., Calotropisprocera (Ait.) R.Br. Cassia occidentalisLinn.Catharanthusroseus Linn., Hyptissauveolens (L.) Poit., Morus alba L., Ocimum sanctum L., Physalis minima Linn., Piper nigrum L., Plumbagozeylanica L., Terminaliachebula L., Tinosporacordifolia (Willd.) and Vernoniacinerea(L.) Less., were screened against medically important pathogenic bacterial strains, Klebsiella pneumonia MTCC 4032, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 3160, Staphylococcus epidermis MTCC3615 and Micrococcus luteusMTCC 7527. The antibacterial activity was determined in aqueous and methanol extracts using both agar disc diffusion and agar well diffusion methods. The methanol extracts were more potent than aqueous extracts of all the plants studied. Micrococcus luteus was the most resistant strain whilethe more susceptible bacterial strain was Staphylococcus epidermis. Terminaliachebula L., Morusalba L. and AzadirachtaindicaA. Juss., showed strong activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Hence, these medicinal plants can be used to discern bioactive natural products and new pharmaceutical molecules that serve in the development of unmet therapeutic needs.

24.Secondary plant compounds are important signals in several symbiotic and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions. The present review is limited to two groups of secondary plant compounds, flavonoids and strigolactones, which have been reported in root exudates. Data on flavonoids as signaling compounds are available from several symbiotic and pathogenic plant-microbe interactions, whereas only recently initial data on the role of strigolactones as plant signals in the arbuscularmycorrhizal symbiosis have been reported. Data from other plant-microbe interactions and

strigolactones are not available yet. In the present article we are focusing on flavonoids in plant-fungal interactions such as the arbuscularmycorrhizal (AM) association and the signaling between different Fusariumspecies and plants.

Moreover the role of strigolactones in the AM association is discussed and new data on the effect of strigolactones on fungi, apart from arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi (AMF), are provided. 25. Flavonoids areubiquitousintheplantkingdomand havemanyDiversefunctionsincluding defense, UV protection,auxintransport Inhibition, allelopathy,andowercoloring.Interestingly,thesecompoundsalsohaveconsiderablebiologicalactivityinplant,animal andbacterialsystems suchbroadactivityisaccomplishedbyfew compounds.Yet,foralltheresearchoverthelastthreedecades, manyofthecellulartargetsofthesesecondarymetabolitesare unknown.Themanymutantsavailableinmodelplantspecies such as Arabidopsisthalianaand Medicagotruncatulaareenablingthe intricaciesofthephysiologyofthesecompoundstobededuced.In thepresentreview,wecoverrecentadvancesinavonoidresearch, discussdecienciesinourunderstandingofthe physiological processes,andsuggestapproestoidentifythecellular targets ofavonoids. 26.Oraldiseasesaremajorhealthproblemswithdentalcariesandperiodontaldiseasesamo ngthemostimportantpreventable global infectiousdiseases.Oralhealthinuencesthegeneralqualityoflifeandpoororalhealthislink edtochronicconditionsand Systemicdiseases.Theassociationbetweenoraldiseases and the oralmicrobiotaiswellestablished.Ofthemorethan750speciesof Bacteriathatinhabittheoralcavity,anumberareimplicatedinoraldiseases.Thedevelopme ntofdentalcariesinvolvesacidogenic AndaciduricGrampositivebacteria(mutansstreptococci,lactobacilliandactinomycetes).Periodontaldisease shavebeenlinkedto AnaerobicGram-negativebacteria( Porphyromonasgingivalis ,

Actinobacillus , Prevotella and Fusobacterium ).Giventheincidenceof oraldisease,increasedresistancebybacteriatoantibiotics,adverseaectsofsomeantibact erialagentscurrentlyusedindentistry andnancialconsiderationsindevelopingcountries,thereisaneedforalternativepreventio nandtreatmentoptionsthatare safe,eectiveandeconomical.Whileseveralagentsarecommerciallyavailable,thesechem icalscanalteroralmicrobiotaand haveundesirablesideeectssuchasvomiting,diarrheaandtoothstaining.Hence,thesearchforalternativeproduc tscontinues andnaturalphytochemicalsisolatedfromplantsusedastraditionalmedicinesareconsidere dasgoodalternatives.Inthisreview, plantextractsorphytochemicalsthatinhibitthegrowthoforalpathogens,reducethedevelop mentofbiolmsanddentalplaque, inuencetheadhesionofbacteriatosurfacesandreducethesymptomsoforaldiseaseswillbe discussedfurther.Clinicalstudies thathaveinvestigatedthesafetyandecacyofsuchplantderivedmedicineswillalsobedescribed. 27.The aim of this review,a summary of the putative biological actions of flavonoids,was to obtain a further understanding of the reported beneficial health effects of these substances. Flavonoids occur naturally in fruit,vegetables,and beverages such as tea and wine. Research in the field of flavonoids has increased since the discovery of the French paradox,ie,the low cardiovascular mortality rate observed in

Mediterranean populations in association with red wine consumption and a high saturated fat intake. Several other potential beneficial properties of flavonoids have since been ascertained. We review the different groups of known flavonoids,theprobable mechanisms by which they act,and the potential clinical applications of these fascinating natural substances. Am J 28.The intake of antioxidants confers health benets to consumers by reducing oxidative stress and improving immune functions. Therefore, several life-history traits such as growth, immunity, senescence and the expression of sexually selected traits might be affected by dietary antioxidants.

2.

Flavonoids are strong antioxidants

in vitro

, and are among the commonest found in fruits, which are a primary source of antioxidants for many animals. It is therefore likely that avonoids play a benecial role as dietary antioxidants, but their potential has been ignored in evolutionary ecology.

3.

We investigated the ecological importance of avonoids, using wild-caught blackcaps (

Sylvia atricapilla

), a frugivorous European songbird.

4.

We veried the assumption that avonoids can be absorbed and circulated by blackcaps.

5.

In a food selection experiment, we showed that, when given a choice between food with and without fruit avonoids, blackcaps actively select food with avonoids.

6.

We found a positive effect of avonoids on humoral immune response. Birds supplemented for 4 weeks with a modest quantity of avonoids were more likely to mount a humoral immune response after an immune-challenge, compared with control birds.

7.

To conclude, our study demonstrates that birds select food with avonoids and that these antioxidants increase consumer humoral immune response. Since these effects occurred at a moderate dose that is obtainable also by many omnivorous consumers, we suggest that avonoids may play a benecial role in ecological immunology for several wild species.

Key-words:

dietary antioxidants, ecological immunology, food selection, immunocompetence, plantanimal interaction. 29. The present report is a review of avonoids that have a proven inhibitory activity against a variety of human pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and viruses. 30. Flavonoids extracted from marigold owers were investigated for their dyeing potential. Patulitrin ( 1 ) and patuletin ( 2 ) were isolated and their structures established using NMR and HPLC-MS. These compounds were identied as the main avonoids present in the dyeing bath. Following the dyeing process, it was demonstrated that aglycone 2 bound more strongly to wool bres

than its glucoside 1 . Moreover, analysis focused on 1 and 2 dynamics during plant growth revealed that these components were only found in owers during and after owering. The inuence of growing location was also investigated and it appeared that cultivation under Mediterranean conditions enhanced biosynthesis of 1 and 2 . Finally, several solvents were tested for their potential to extract the avonoids: the use of a waterethanol mixture gave a high extraction efciency and allowed selective extraction of 1 and 2 . The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the development of marigold as a potential dyeing plant. 31. Hepatoprotective activity of 70% ethanolic extract of flowers of C. procera was studied against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in albino rats and mice. In addition, antioxidant activity was studied by in vitro

models. Pre-treatment with 70% ethanolic extract (CPA) reduced the biochemical markers of hepatic injury like serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, cholesterol, HDL and tissue glutathione (GSH) levels. Similarly pretreatment with CPA reduced the CCl4 induced elevation in the pentobarbitone sleeping time. Histopathological observations also revealed that pretreatment with CPA protected the animals from CCl4 induced liver damage. CPA demonstrated dose dependant reduction in the in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4. In addition it showed dose dependant free radical scavenging activity. The results indicate that flowers of C. procera possess hepatoprotective property possibly because of its anti-oxidant activity. This property may be attributed to the quercetin related flavonoids present in the flowers of Calotropis procera. 32.There has been a radical change in recent years regarding the use of natural, reliable and sustainable products in grain protection; from the conventional use of synthetic toxic substances. The extent of post-harvest loss caused by pests and diseases in the storage and its impact on food security particularly among the farmers in the tropics is well known. Green chemistry alternatives are vital to sustainable production of agricultural goods

without continued dependence on toxic pesticides and chemicals of concern. Green chemistry is necessary to generate greener inputs for agricultural production. The central question now is how close are we to replacing these pesticides/chemicals of concern with greener alternatives? New pesticides are being designed and produced that can be more benign and/or more target-specific. This paper focuses on the role green chemistry has come to play in emphasizing the importance of environmentally friendly technologies through the use of secondary metabolites from plant material for post harvest storage. 33.Calotropis procera R.Br. (Asclepiadiaceae) is an important medicinal plant whose leaves and roots have multiple uses. Te plant is a rich source of many bioactive compounds which are of medicinal importance. Te study was undertaken to investigate the anti HIV-1 and antibacterial activities of the crude leaf extracts of C. procera .

Hot water extract was used for evaluating the efcacy against the growth of HIV. Inhibition of p24 antigens expression was used as the method for the study. Antibacterial activity was tested against four diferent bacteria using agar well difusion method. Zones of inhibition were measured with diferent concentrations of the extracts and some of them gave better values than the antibiotics used. Te results were presented as the average and standard error of triplicate experiments. Te statistical signifcance was checked at P <0.5. A dose-dependent inhibition of the p24 antigen

expression was observed and the extract was found to be efcient against HIV-1. Ethyl acetate extract was efective against all the bacteria tested. Te results observed support ancient and traditional medicinal values of C. procera . 34.Flavonoids possess antioxidant, radical scavenger, antileukemic and vasodilator activity. These may be useful for improving blood circulation in brain and in Alzheimer disease. Flavonoids also show anti-cancer, anti-ageing and antibacterial properties. Flavonolignans are a class of compounds where the properties of flavones and lignans may synergise. The review presents the pharmacological activities of some of the flavonolignans including authors research work in this area. There may be a wide scope of integrating the pharmaceutical industries especially those based on natural products, with the fuel and energy industries dealing with the production of petroleum hydrocarbons, biodiesel, lubricating oils, alcohols, glucose and glucose based value added chemicals and materials, xylose and xylose based value added chemicals and materials, lignin based aromatic and heterocyclic chemicals etc. 35. .The present paper reviews the literature on recent ethno medicinal uses of every plant part of Calotropis procera (1968-2009) and its medicinal properties used for the treatment of various ailments as in the case of many types of fevers, rheumatism, indigestion, cough, cold, eczema, asthma, elephantiasis, nausea, vomiting and

diarrhea, etc. The review includes accounts of medicinal values of all parts of the plant that have been used in folk medicine as a remedy. The name and parts of the plant studied, the spectrum of activity, and methods used are discussed in this review paper. 36. Many edible legumes in the bean family (Fabaceae) are important sources of medicinally important isoflavone secondary metabolites and of soluble dietary protein. In plants, isoavones act as important signal and receptor molecules in establishment of nitrogen xing bacteria in legumes and may act as phytoalexins in deterring fungal and bacterial pathogen attack. In humans, they can act by inhibiting DNA topoisomerase and tyrosine kinase (genistein), block cell proliferation associated with breast cancer and prostate cancer (genistein), prevent osteoporosis (attributed to the isoavones in soybean products), and reduce ones appetite for alcohol (daidzein). Isoavones are primarily localized to the roots, developing seedlings, and seeds of leguminous plants. The levels ofisoavones in roots and shoots of legume seedlings can be increased by environmental and biotic factors (e.g., light, cold or drought stress, elicitors of bacterial and fungal origin). Molecular biology and genetic engineering approaches have now identied genes that produce isoavone synthase (IFS) and enhanced expression of the isoavone products of these genes has been shown to occur in root hairs and xylem tissue of roots. Transformation experiments involving expression of IFS genes in non-legume plants have not been entirely successful to date. Future biotechnology based on the new methodologies of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics make it relevant for

pharmaceutical, agricultural and medical applications. It can now be used to elucidate mode of action of isoavones in pathogenesis, nitrogen xation, and light-regulated development in legume seedlings and how they act in humans to reduce heart disease, osteoporosis, alcoholism, and colon and prostate cancer. For humans, we suggest that kudzu ( Puerariamontana ) may be a better source of isoavones than soybean . 37. Dried leaves of Marchantiaconvoluta are largely used as hepatoprotectives, and to treat tumefaction of skins in China. Two flavones were isolated from the leaves of Marchantia convoluta by silica gel column and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (PHPLC). These compounds were identified through spectral analysis (IR, UV, 1HNMR, 13 CNMR, MS) as 5-hydroxyl-7- methoxyl-2- methylchromone and a flavone glycoside, Apigenin-7-O--D-glucuronide. 38.1.Introduction2.ExperimentalConditions 3.ResultsandDiscussion Cocoacomesfromcacaobeans,theseedsofthe Theobromacacaotree.Whenthecacaobeansare roastedandgroundintochocolateliquor,abouthalfofthe resultingproductisnonfatcocoasolidsandtheotherhalf iscocoabutter.Cocoaisparticularlyrichinflavonoidswith

oneclassofthosecompoundsbeingtheflavan-3-ols, whichincludescatechin,epicatechin,andtheiroligomeric formscalledprocyanidins(Figure1).Cocoaflavonoids havebeenreportedtohaveawiderangeofhealth benefits,includingahighantioxidantcapacityand preventionoflow-densitylipoprotein(LDL)oxidation. 39. Abstract. PURPOSE: Calotropis gigantea R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) a wildly growing plant has been reported to possess number of medicinal properties and other purposes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate scientifically the anti-diarrheal effects of C. gigantea used traditionally in Indian system of medicine using castor oil-induced diarrhoea model. METHODS: The anti-diarrheal effect of hydroalcoholic (50:50) extract of aerial part of Calotropis gigantea was studied against castor oil-induced-diarrhea model in rats. The gastrointestinal transit rate was expressed as the percentage of the longest distance traversed by the charcoal divided by the total length of the small intestine. The weight and volume of intestinal content induced by castor oil were studied by enteropooling method.

RESULTS: Like atropine (3mg/kg, i.p.) there were significant reductions in fecal out put and frequency of droppings when the plant extracts of 200 and 400 mg/ kg doses were administered intraperitoneally compared with castor oil treated rats. All doses of the plant extracts also significantly retarded the castor-oil induced enteropooling and intestinal transit. The dose 100 (P<0.01), 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly inhibited (P<0.001) weight and volume of intestinal content. CONCLUSIONS: The remarkable antidiarrheal effect of C.gigantea extract against castor oilinduced diarrhea model attests to its utility in a wide range of diarrheal states. 40.Phenolic compounds form one of the main classes of secondary metabolites. They display a large range of structures and are responsible for the major organoleptic characteristics of plant-derived foods and beverages, particularly color and taste properties. They also contribute to the nutritional qualities of fruits and vegetables. Among these compounds, flavonoids constitute one of the most ubiquitous groups of plant phenolics. Owing to their importance in food organoleptic properties and human health, a better understanding of their structures and biological activities indicates their potentials as therapeutic agents and also for

predicting and controlling food quality. Due to the variety of pharmacological activities in the mammalian body, flavonoids are more correctly referred as nutraceuticals. 41. Flavonoidsarenearlyubiquitousin plantsandarerecognizedasthepigmentsresponsible forthecolorsofleaves,especiallyinautumn.Theyare richinseeds,citrusfruits,oliveoil,tea,andredwine. Theyarelowmolecularweightcompoundscomposedof athree-ringstructurewithvarioussubstitutions.This basicstructureissharedbytocopherols(vitaminE). Flavonoidscanbesubdividedaccordingtothepresence ofanoxygroupatposition4,adoublebondbetween carbonatoms2and3,orahydroxylgroupinposition3 oftheC(middle)ring.Thesecharacteristicsappearto alsoberequiredforbestactivity,especiallyantioxidant andantiproliferative,inthesystemsstudied.TheparticularhydroxylationpatternoftheBringoftheflavonoles increasestheiractivities,especiallyininhibitionofmast cellsecretion.CertainplantsandspicescontainingflavonoidshavebeenusedforthousandsofyearsintraditionalEasternmedicine.Inspiteofthevoluminousliteratureavailable,however,Westernmedicinehasnot yetusedflavonoidstherapeutically,eventhoughtheir safetyrecordisexceptional.Suggestionsaremade wheresuchpossibilitiesmaybeworthpursuing.

42. Theavonoidsandpolyphenolsfoundinfourdifferenttypesofchocolate(white,milk,40%coc oadark and71%cocoadark)andfourvarietiesofredwine(PinotNoir,CabernetSauvignon,MerlotandTannat) wereevaluated.Thebestresultswerefoundusing71%cocoadarkchocolate(D71) (avonoids= 21.62.4lmolofcatechinequivalents/gandpolyphenols=62.90.1lmolofcatechinequival ents/g) andTannatwine(avonoids=5.40.1lmolofcatechinequivalents/mlandpolyphenols=14. 3 1.1lmolofcatechinequivalents/ml)whichwerestatisticallydifferentagainstothervarieties. Vanillin avourwasshowntointerferewithcolourdevelopmentinthespectrophotometricanalysisof theavonoids.Theresultsindicatedthat49gofD71darkchocolatehasthesamequantityofavonoids asthatof 196mlofTannatwine,whichisthedailywineintakerecommendedtoproducehealthbenetsi nan adultof70kgbodyweight. 43.Apreparativehigh-speedcountercurrentchromatography(HSCCC)methodforisolationandpuricationofavonoidsfromthe Chinese medicinalplantEpimediumkoreamumNakaiwassuccessfullyestablishedbyusingchlorofo rmmethanolwater(4:3.5:2,v/v)asthetwophasesolventsystem.Themethodyielded11.4mgofepimedokoreanosideI,46.5mgoficarii nand17.7mgoficarisideIIfrom200mgof thecrudesampleinonestepseparationwiththepurityof98.2%,99.7%and98.5%,respectively,asdeterminedbyhig h-performanceliquid chromatography(HPLC).Thestructuresoftheavonoidswereidentiedby1HNMRand13CN MR. 2004ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.

44.Flavonoids were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) from seven floral honey samples of different botanical origin from different regions of Sudan. The flavonoids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique using photo diode array detector (PDA). An isocratic and gradient systems for the resolution, identification and quantification of five flavonoids, namely; quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, hesperetin and isorhamnetin, were developed. Although the isocratic system resolved the five compounds, however it suffered from interference by the complex mixture of honey samples. The gradient system resolved three of five flavonoids, namely, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin, without interference by the complex honey matrix. Two flavonoids, apigenin and hesperetin, were observed to elute at close retention times, which lead to their interference with each other when injected in a mixture; however, absorption wavelength selection was found indicative of the presence or absence of either compound. The quantification of these flavonoids was done through the calibration curves of their standards. The obtained results were compared with reported results. 45.Plant natural products derived from phenylalanine and the phenylpropanoid pathways are impressive in their chemical diversity and are the result of plant evolution, which has selected for the acquisition of large repertoires of pigments, structural and defensive compounds, all derived from aphenylpropanoid backbone via the plant-specific phenylpropanoid pathway. These compounds are important in plant growth, development and responses to environmental stresses and thus

can have large impacts on agricultural productivity. While plant-based medicines containing phenylpropanoid-derived active components have long been used by humans, the benefits of specific flavonoids and other phenylpropanoid-derived compounds to human health and their potential for long-term health benefits have only been recognized more recently. In this part of the review, we discuss in detail the recent strategies and achievements used in the reconstruction of multienzyme pathways in plants and microbes in an effort to be able to attain higher amounts of the desired flavonoids and stilbenoids exploiting their beneficial properties as analyzed extensively in Part I of this review [1].