Inside Out

Upper intermediate Companion

French 1st Edition
Sue Kay, Vaughan Jones & Jill Leatherbarrow

New

Welcome to the New Inside Out Upper intermediate Companion!

What information does the New Inside Out Companion give you? a summary of key words and phrases from each unit of New Inside Out Upper intermediate Students Book pronunciation of the key words and phrases translations of the key words and phrases sample sentences showing the words and phrases in context a summary of the Grammar Extra Reference from New Inside Out Upper intermediate Students Book

(art) (v) (v*) (adj) (n)

article verb irregular verb adjective noun

(phr v) phrasal verb (pron) pronoun (prep) preposition (det) determiner (f) feminine

(m) masculine (pl n) plural noun (adv) adverb (conj) conjunction

VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS

/b f/ /grin binz/ /d lk/ /blu mun/ /ten egz/ /bat m/ /ln wdz/ /t tk/ /ft kt/ /mst km/ // // // /e/ // // // /e/ /a/ /a/ calm start hot spot ear face pure boy nose hair eye mouth /km stt/ /ht spt/ // /fes/ /pj/ /b/ /nz/ /he/ /a/ /ma/

CONSONANTS
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ // // pen bad tea dog church jazz cost girl far voice thin then /pen/ /bd/ /ti/ /dg/ /tt/ /dz/ /kst/ /gl/ / fr/ /vos/ /n/ / en/ /s/ /z/ // // /m/ /n/ // /h/ /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/ snake noise shop measure make nine sing house leg red wet yes /snek/ /noz/ /p/ /mer/ /mek/ /nan/ /a/ /has/ /leg/ /red/ /wet/ /jes/

// /i/ /U/ /u/ /e/ // // // // //

big fish green beans should look blue moon ten eggs about mother learn words short talk fat cat must come

Unit 1 (p.4)
adopt a child annoy (v) ascent (n) attract criticism bleach (v) as bright as a button buckle down (phr v) calm down (phr v) career-wise (adj) celebrity (n) charity (n) chilly (adj) collar (v) consolidator (n) controversy (n) cowgirl (n) criticism (n) to date death (n) distinctive (adj) /dpt ald/ /n/ /sent/ /trkt krtsz()m/ /bli/ /z brat z bt()n/ /bk()l dan/ /km dan/ /krwaz/ /slebrti/ /rti/ /li/ /kl/ /knsldet/ /kntrvsi; kntrvsi/ /kagl/ /krtsz()m/ /t det/ /de/ /dstktv/ adopter un enfant agacer, contrarier ascension attirer la critique dcolorer brillant comme un sou neuf se coller au boulot se calmer ct carrire clbrit oeuvre de bienfaisance frisquet saisir (qn) au collet prescripteur (de mode) controverse cowgirl critique jusqu maintenant mort distinctif Madonna and her husband adopted a child from Malawi, called David Banda. It annoys Belinda that some people think the royal family had something to do with Dianas death. Someones ascent to stardom is the way in which they progress towards or achieve fame. The adoption attracted criticism from people who felt Madonna had used her fame to fast-track it. People who bleach their hair use a special product to make it blonde. Someone who is as bright as a button is very intelligent. When you buckle down, you start to work hard to achieve something. Dont get so angry just calm down! Career-wise, Madonna is as successful now as shes ever been. Madonna is not just a celebrity shes a real pop icon. Princess Diana raised a lot of money for charity. Chilly is a word that means 'cold'. If you collar someone, you find someone and force them to talk or listen to you. When we say that Madonna is a consolidator of trends, we mean she makes them more popular and well known. Madonna is no stranger to controversy and has shocked many people over the years. A cowgirl is a girl or woman whose job is to look after cows on a ranch. Criticism is a comment or comments that you think something is wrong or bad. To date is an expression meaning 'until now'. Belinda thinks that Dianas death was a tragic accident. Something that is distinctive is easy to recognize because it is different from other things.

dreadful (adj) earth mother (n) ever-evolving (adj) exceptionally (adv) an existing look explode (v) be up to your eyes in sth fame (n) feature film (n) fit in (phr v) geisha (n) genius (n) global (adj) gracefully (adv) highlight (n) hitchhike (v) hound (v) huge (adj) icon (n) iconic (adj) the key to sth kid (n) leotard (n) lingering (adj) look back (phr v) mainstream (adj)

/dredf()l/ / m/ /evrvlv/ /ksep()nli/ /n gzst lk/ /kspld/ /bi p t jr az n /sm/ /fem/ /fi flm/ /ft n/ /ge/ /inis/ /glb()l/ /gresf()li/ /halat/ /hhak/ /hand/ /hju/ /akn/ /aknk/ / ki t sm/ /kd/ /litd/ /lgr/ /lk bk/ /menstrim/

pouvantable mre nature, mama colo toujours voluant exceptionnellement un style existant exploser avoir du travail par-dessus la tte clbrit long mtrage saccorder (avec) geisha gnie universel avec grce clou faire du stop poursuivre norme icne dicne la cl de qch gosse justaucorps prolong aller de mieux en mieux de tendance gnrale

Im sorry were so late the traffic was dreadful. An earth mother is someone who prefers natural methods of living and likes to look after people. Something that is ever-evolving changes all the time and stays fashionable. Madonna is an exceptionally talented singer. Madonna picks up on an existing look and makes it her own. At midnight, fireworks exploded across the sky it was spectacular. If you are up to your eyes in work, you are extremely busy. Some people felt Madonna had used her fame to fast-track the adoption. A feature film is a film that is made for the cinema. Madonna was different and didnt fit in with the popular group. A geisha is a Japanese woman, whose job is to entertain men. A genius is someone who is extremely clever or talented. Something that is global is well known all over the world. If you do something gracefully, you do it in a quiet way without drawing attention to yourself. Seeing the Great Wall was the highlight of Danas trip to China. Madonna hitchhiked to New York with $35 in her pocket. If journalists hound a famous person, they do not leave them alone. Watching the first man land on the Moon made a huge impression on Alec. Madonna is not just a celebrity shes a real pop icon. How did Madonna achieve her iconic status? She realised that marketing was the key to her success. A kid is an informal word meaning a 'child'. A leotard is a tight piece of clothing that people wear when they dance or exercise. A lingering kiss is one that lasts for quite a long time. She had her first hit with Holiday in 1984 and has never looked back. Something that is mainstream is used, liked, or accepted by most people.

make an impression on sb market (v) midriff (n)

/mek n mpre()n n/ /smbdi/ /mkt/ /mdrf/

faire impression sur qn commercialiser diaphragme festivits du millnaire capital alunissage maternit impromptu en priv sur scne la presse relever, ragir tre fier de qch fier la reine de runir de largent (pour qch) se rappeler artiste qui enregistre faire patenter qch navoir aucune ressemblance avec qn la famille royale

millennium celebrations (n pl) /mlenim selbre()nz/ momentous (adj) /mments/ moon landing (n) /mun lnd/ motherhood (n) off-the-cuff (adj) off stage on stage the press (n) pick up on sth (phr v) pride yourself on sth proud (adj) the queen of ... raise money (for sth) recall (v) recording artist (n) register sth (as sth) (v) bear no resemblance to sb the royal family (n) /mhd/ /fkf/ /f ste/ /n ste/ / pres/ /pk p n sm/ /prad jself n sm/ /prad/ / kwin v/ /rez mni (f sm) / /rkl/ /rkd tst/ /rest sm (z /sm) / /be n rzemblns t/ smbdi/ / rl fm()li/

Watching the first man land on the Moon made a huge impression on Alec. Madonna is brilliant at marketing her image. Your midriff is the front part of your body between your waist and your chest. The millennium celebrations took place on 31st December 1999. A momentous event is extremely important. The first moon landing was the occasion on which the first man walked on the Moon. Madonna has three children and enjoys motherhood. An off-the-cuff remark is one that you make without planning it or thinking about it. Off stage is an expression for describing what an actor or singer is really like when they are not performing. Madonna has known controversy both on stage and off stage. The press is an expression meaning newspapers and magazines, or the people who work for them. If you pick up on something, you notice it and react to it. Madonna prides herself on her ever-evolving look, style and sound. The fireworks were spectacular I felt proud to be Australian. A woman who is known as the queen of an activity is very good at that activity. Princess Diana raised a lot of money for charity. You recall Madonnas career as a series of images. A recording artist is a professional singer. In 1979 she registered 'Madonna' as a trademark. If someone bears no resemblance to another person, they do not look like that person at all. Belinda doesnt think the royal family had anything to do with Dianas death.

self-esteem (n) (TS) self-image (n) (TS) sell out (phr v) sell your image spectacular (adj) the spitting image of sb stand still stardom (n) status (n) step down (phr v) step up (phr v) struggle (n) super-brand (n) think back (on) (phr v) tighten yr belt trademark (n) tragic (adj) understatement (n)

/selfstim/ /selfm/ /sel at/ /sel jr m/ /spektkjl/ / spt m v /smbdi/ /stnd stl/ /stdm/ /stets/ /step dan/ /step p/ /strg()l/ /supbrnd/ /k bk (n) / /tat()n j belt/ /tredmk/ /trk/ /ndstetmnt/

estime de soi image de soi guichets ferms vendre son image spectaculaire le portrait tout crach de qn simmobiliser clbrit statut (n) descendre monter lutte label universel reconsidrer se serrer la ceinture marque dpose tragique attnuation richesse ne pas cacher ses sentiments bizarre mettre en bote

wealth (n) /wel/ wear your heart on your sleeve /we j ht n j sliv/ weird (adj) (TS) wind up (phr v) /wd/ /wand p/

Clothes that are clean and neat say that you care about yourself and have good self-esteem. CHAPS magazine are doing a survey about mens self-image. If a concert sells out, people buy all the tickets and there are none left. Shes a talented business woman whos brilliant at selling her image. At midnight, fireworks exploded across the sky it was spectacular. Someone who is the spitting image of another person looks exactly like them. A situation that stands still stops developing. Stardom is the state of being very famous. Madonna achieved her iconic status by constantly changing and staying fashionable. I dont want to step down I want to carry on with my career. She is stepping up career-wise and has no exit plan. A struggle is a difficult period of time during which you have to work very hard. The name Madonna is a global super-brand. Think back on her career its not the songs you remember, its the images. If you tighten your belt, you spend less money. In 1979 she registered 'Madonna' as a trademark. Dianas death was a tragic accident. An understatement is something that you say that makes something seem less important than it is. Someones wealth is the amount of money they have. If you wear your heart on your sleeve, you show your feelings to other people. Something that is weird is strange in an unexpected or slightly frightening way. If someone is easy to wind up, it is easy to make them angry or upset.

CLOTHING AND APPEARANCE

bangles (n) belt (n) buckle (n) button (n) casual (adj) change your style collar (n) cool (adj) cuff (n) hem (n) image (n) image-conscious (adj) lacy gloves (n pl) professional (adj) satin (n) sleeves (n pl) sporty (adj) trendy (adj) zip (n) /bg()lz/ /belt/ /bk()l/ /bt()n/ /kul/ /en j stal/ /kl/ /kul/ /kf/ /hem/ /m/ /mkns/ /lesi glvz/ /prfe()nl/ /stn/ /slivz/ /spti/ /trendi/ /zp/ bracelet, jonc ceinture boucle bouton sportif, simple changer de style col cool poignet ourlet image conscient de son image gants de dentelle professionnel satin manches sportif la mode fermeture clair A bangle is a big circular bracelet that you wear around your wrist. A belt is a narrow piece of leather or cloth that you wear around your waist. A buckle is a metal object used for fastening a belt. A button is a small round object that you push through a hole to fasten clothes. Casual clothes are comfortable and suitable for informal situations. If you change your style, you change the type of clothes you wear. A collar is the part of a shirt or coat that goes around your neck. Clothes that are cool are fashionable and attractive. A cuff is the part of a sleeve that goes around your wrist. A hem is the bottom edge of a dress, skirt or coat. The genius of Madonna is the way she manages her image. Someone who is image-conscious cares about their clothes and appearance. Lacy gloves are made of fine material and have small holes in them. Someone who looks professional wears smart clothes that are suitable for work. Satin is a smooth, shiny expensive material. The sleeves are the part of a piece of clothing that covers your arms. Sporty clothes are designed for doing sport or for informal occasions. Someone who is trendy wears fashionable and attractive clothes. A zip is a long piece of metal or plastic used for opening or closing a piece of clothing.

COLLOCATIONS
designer/old-fashioned/scruffy /dzan/ldf()nd/ clothes /skrfi klz/ bright/close-set/staring eyes /brat/klsset/ster /az/ vtements de couturier/ dmods/ngligs Designer clothes are expensive and fashionable; old-fashioned clothes are not modern; scruffy clothes are untidy or dirty. des yeux brillants/rapprochs/ Bright eyes look lively and intelligent; close set eyes are very near each fixes other; staring eyes seem to look at you in a very fixed way.

expressive/impassive/round face /kspresv/mpsv/ visage expressif/inexpressif/ rand fes/ rond sleek/spiky/tousled hair /slik/spaki/taz()ld he/ chevelure brillante/hrisse/ emmle firm/hearty/limp handshake /fm/hti/lmp hndek/ poigne de main ferme/ chaleureuse/molle abrasive/charming/mild manner /bresv/m/mald manire brusque/charmante/ mn/ douce fake/forced/warm smile /fek/fst/wm smal/ sourire faux/forc/chaleureux deep/husky/shrill voice /dip/hski/rl vs/ voix profonde/rauque/aigu

An expressive face shows what you are feeling; an impassive face does not show what you are feeling; a round face has the shape of a circle. Sleek hair is smooth and shiny; spiky hair sticks up; tousled hair looks untidy. A firm or hearty handshake feels strong; a limp handshake feels weak. An abrasive manner seems rude; a charming manner is friendly and pleasant; a mild manner is kind and gentle. A fake or forced smile is not natural or genuine; a warm smile is kind and friendly. A deep or husky voice is low; a shrill voice is high and unpleasant.

WORD FORMATION
rearrange (v) rebuild (v) reconsider (v) reconstruct (v) rediscover (v) redo (v) redraft (v) re-examine (v) reinvent (v) reinvention (n) relocate (v) remake (v) reorganise (v) /riren/ /ribld/ /riknsd/ /riknstrkt/ /ridskv/ /ridu/ /ridrft/ /rigzmn/ /rinvent/ /rinven()n/ /rilket/ /rimek/ /rignaz/ replacer reconstruire reconsidrer reconstruire redcouvrir refaire rdiger de nouveau rexaminer rinventer rinvention dmnager refaire rorganiser If you rearrange people or things, you put them in a different place. If you rebuild something, you build it again after it has been damaged or destroyed. If you reconsider a decision, you think about it again in order to decide whether you should change it. If you reconstruct something, you build it again. If you rediscover something, you discover it again. If you redo something, you do it again in a different way in order to improve it. If you redraft something, you write it again in order to make changes to it. If you re-examine something, you look at or think about it carefully again. If you reinvent something, you change something that already exists and give it a different purpose. Madonna is known as the queen of reinvention! If you relocate, you move to a different place. If you remake something, you make it again in a different way. If you reorganise something, you organise something in a different way.

repackage (v) reschedule (v) rethink reunite reword rewrite (v) (v) (v) (v)

/ripk/ /riedjul/ /rik/ /rijunat/ /riwd/ /rirat/

remballer replanifier repenser runir reformuler rcrire

If you repackage something, you present it in a different way to make it look more attractive. If you reschedule something, you, you change the time when it was planned to happen. If you rethink something, you think about it again in order to improve it. If you reunite people, you bring them together again. If you reword something, you express it using different words. If you rewrite something, you write it using different words in order to improve it.

Unit 2 (p.14)
academic qualifications (n pl) act (n) adolescence (n) adulthood (n) all-in-one (adj) aptitude (n) backroad (n) ball girl (n) bus pass (n) childhood (n) clown around (phr v) comically (adv) compensate (v) cosmetic surgery (n) /kdemk / /kwlfke()nz/ /kt/ /dles()ns/ /dlthd; dlthd/ /lnwn/ /pttjud/ /bkrd/ /bl gl/ /bs ps/ /aldhd/ /klan rand/ /kmk()li/ /kmpnset/ /kzmetk sri/ diplmes universitaires acte adolescence ge adulte ensemble aptitude route carte lanceuse de balle carte senior enfance faire le clown comiquement compenser chirugie esthtique Your academic qualifications are the exams you have passed at school, college or university. An act is a short performance of singing, dancing etc. Adolescence is the period of time when you are a teenager. Adulthood is the period of life when you are an adult. An all-in-one piece of clothing is made up of separate parts that look like one part. If you have an aptitude for something, you are good at it. The backroads are small, quiet roads with less traffic. A ball girl is a girl whose job is to throw a ball back to a player during a match. A bus pass is a special ticket that allows older people to travel by bus without paying. Childhood is the period of time when you are a child. If you clown around, you act in a silly or stupid way. Comically is an adverb that means 'in a way that seems amusing'. If something compensates for something else, it makes it seem less bad. Cosmetic surgery is a medical operation to improve someones appearance.

cuddle (v) do sb a favour dote on sb (phr v) dread (v) drop (v) (TS) dull (adj) to good/excellent etc effect sbs elders (n pl) exchange (=a person) (n) (school) exchange (n) exoticism (n) extended family (n) fake ID (n) family background (n) faultline (n) fluency (n) fool around (phr v) see the funny side of sth get to hear about sth grow apart (phr v) have a wild side hip (adj) host family (n) humiliation (n) immersion (n) infancy (n) be on its last legs

/kd()l/ /du smbdi fev/ /dt n smbdi/ /dred/ /drp/ /dl/ /t gd/ekslnt fekt/ /smbdiz eldz/ /ksen/ / (skul) ksen/ /gztszm/ /kstendd fm()li/ /fek adi/ /fm()li bkgrand/ /fltlan/ /flunsi/ /ful rand/ /si fni sad v/ sm/ /get t hr bat/ sm/ /gr pt/ /hv wald sad/ /hp/ /hst fm()li/ /hjumlien/ /m()n/ /nfnsi/ /bi n ts lst legz/

cliner faire qn une faveur aimer qn la folie redouter laisser tomber (qn) ennuyant pour faire bon/excellent effet les ans de qn correspondante change scolaire exotisme famille au sens large fausse carte didentit antcdent familial failles aisance faire limbcile voir le ct drle de qch entendre parler de qch grandir spars avoir un ct extravagant la page famille daccueil humiliation immersion petite enfance tirer vers sa fin
8

If you cuddle someone, you put your arms around them to show that you love them. If you do someone a favour, you do something in order to help them. If you dote on someone, you love them very much. If you dread something, you are very frightened that it might happen. As soon as we told Sarah we liked Jeremy, she dropped him. Dull is an adjective that means 'boring'. If you use something to good effect, you use it in a way that impresses people. Your elders are people who are older than you. When she was 15, Viv went to stay with her German exchange, Frauke Schoon. Have you ever done a school exchange? Viv loved the exoticism of new friends such as Axelle and Amalia. An extended family is a large family group that includes grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins etc. Fake ID is an identity card that has been made to look real in order to trick people. Your family background is the type of family that you come from. Faultlines are small problems that develop. Fluency in a language is the ability to speak it well. If you fool around, you act in a silly or stupid way. If you see the funny side of something, you see the amusing part of a difficult or embarrassing situation. All Alexs friends got to hear about the fact that his father was a clown. Viv and Axelle grew apart and eventually lost touch. Amalia was quiet but had a secret wild side. Someone who is hip is cool and trendy. Your host family is the family that welcomes you into their home. Humiliation is the state of feeling embarrassed and ashamed. Immersion is a way of learning another language in which you only use the foreign language in class. Infancy is the period of time when you are a baby or very young child. If something is on its last legs, it is very old and no longer very useful.

sbs loved ones (n pl) (club) mascot (n) middle age (n) music decks (n pl) (TS) nappy (n) nickname (v) nightlife (n) object (v) old age (n) outrageous (adj) perform (v) poster-girl (n) prospect (n) rusty (adj) see-through (adj) sink or swim sour (v) cant stand (doing) sth stay in shape sticky (adj) study trip (n)

/smbdiz lvd wnz/ / (klb) mskt/ /md()l e/ /mjuzk deks/ /npi/ /nknem/ /natlaf/ /bekt/ /ld e/ /atres/ /pfm/ /pst gl/ /prspekt/ /rsti/ /siru/ /sk swm/ /sa/

les bien-aims de qn mascotte ge moyen platines couche surnom vie nocturne objecter vieil ge outrageant jouer grie publicitaire perspective rouill translucide couler ou nager saigrir

/knt stnd du /sm/ ne pouvoir supporter (dtre) qch /ste n ep/ rester en forme /stki/ collant /stdi trp/ voyage dtudes

Your loved ones are the people you love, especially members of your family. Kayleighs mum is club mascot for Cardiff City and wears a bird costume at matches. Middle age is the period of time when you are no longer young, but are not yet old. Its easy for Andy, as a DJ, to hide behind his music decks at work. A nappy is a thick piece of cloth that a baby wears between its legs before it has learned to use the toilet. Alexs friends nicknamed him 'Corky Junior'. Nightlife is entertainment available in the evenings in clubs, bars, restaurants etc. If you object to something, you do not like it or approve of it. Old age is the period of someones life when they are old. Something that is outrageous is slightly shocking. Ginas mum dresses up as Cher and performs at clubs. A poster-girl is a girl or woman who is a good advertisement for something. If you have good job prospects, you are likely to get a good job and earn a lot of money. If your knowledge of a language is rusty, you have forgotten a lot of what you have learnt. See-through is an adjective that means 'transparent.' If you are in a situation where you must sink or swim, you must deal with problems on your own if you want to succeed. If a relationship between two people sours, the people stop liking each other. Gina is shy and cant stand being the centre of of attention. If you stay in shape, you stay fit and healthy. Sticky objects are covered with a substance that sticks to things. A study trip is a period of time that you spend away from home in order to study or learn something.

table manners (n pl) ultimate (adj) underneath (adv) urban (adj) want the ground to open up wiggly (adj) witness (n)

/teb()l mnz/ /ltmt/ /ndni/ /bn/ /wnt grand tu/ /pn p/ /wgli/ /wtns/

manires de table dfinitive en-dessous citadin vouloir disparatre sous terre qui se tortille tmoin

Your table manners are the way you behave when you are at a table eating food. When Viv says she is the ultimate poster-girl for school exchanges, she means she is a perfect example of someone who enjoys them. She wears a bird costume, but everyone knows its Mum underneath. Someone who is urban is used to life in cities. If you want the ground to open up, you feel extremely embarrassed. A wiggly moustache is not straight and you can move it around. A witness at a wedding is someone who also signs the official document that the married couple sign.

SAYINGS
Birds of a feather flock together. Blood is thicker than water. Charity begins at home. Home is where the heart is. /bdz v fe flk tge/ /bld z k n wt/ /rti bgnz t hm/ /hm z we ht z/ Qui se ressemble sassemble. La voix du sang est la plus forte. / Charit bien ordonne commence la maison. O le coeur aime, l est le foyer. Un prt pour un rendu. On est mieux deux. Birds of a feather flock together means that people of a similar type spend time together. Blood is thicker than water means that family relationships are the most important. Charity begins at home means that you should look after your family and friends first. Home is where the heart is means that your home is wherever your loved ones are. One good turn deserves another means that if someone is kind and helpful to you, you should also be kind and helpful to them. Twos company. Threes a crowd means that two people can be happy together, but a third person causes problems.

One good turn deserves /wn gd tn dzvz another. n/ Twos company. Threes a crowd. /tuz kmp()ni riz krad/

SHOWING SOMEONE AROUND YOUR HOME

Welcome to our home! Did you have a pleasant journey? Let me introduce you to Then Ill show you around. /welkm tu hm/ /dd ju hv plez()nt ni/ let mi ntrdjus ju tu /en al ju rand/ Bienvenue chez nous ! Avez-vous fait bon voyage? Puis-je vous prsenter Puis , je vais vous faire visiter.
10

Hello Marie. Welcome to our home! 'Did you have a pleasant journey?' 'Yes, but Im feeling a bit tired now.' Let me introduce you to the rest of the family. Ill introduce you to the rest of the family, then Ill show you around.

You must call me Help yourself to Make yourself at home.

/ju mst kl mi/ /help jself tu/ /mek jself t hm/

Vous devez mappeler Servez-vous en se mettre laise. Si vous avez besoin de qch Appelez-moi

If theres anything you need /f ez n j nid/ Give me a shout. /gv mi at/

You must call me Jill. Help yourself to tea and coffee. If you make yourself at home somewhere, you feel relaxed and comfortable. If theres anything you need, just give me a shout. Give me a shout if theres anything you need.

SOCIAL REGISTER
Informal
Hiya! The doors open. Cheers thats great! 'Hows it going?' chill out (phr v) Do you want to ? Whatever. No idea. /haj/ / dz pn/ /z ts gret/ /haz t g/ /l at/ /du j wnt tu/ /wtev/ /n ad/ Salut! La porte est ouverte. Hourra cest super! 'Comment va?' se relaxer Voulez-vous ? Nmporte Aucune ide. Hiya! The doors open. The doors open. Come in. 'I remembered to bring you that CD.' 'Cheers, thats great!' 'Hows it going?' 'All right, but Im shattered.' I just want to chill out this evening and watch TV. Do you want to watch a DVD? 'Do you want to watch TV or shall I get a DVD?' 'Whatever.' 'Whats on TV?' 'No idea rubbish as usual, I expect.'

Formal
Welcome! Do come in! Thats very kind of you! relax Would you prefer ? I dont mind. Im afraid I dont know. /welkm/ /du km n/ /ts veri kand v ju/ /rlks/ /wd j prf/ /a dnt mand/ /am fred a dnt n/ Bienvenue! Veuillez entrer! Cest trs aimable de votre part! se dtendre Prfreriez-vous ? mest gal. Dsol, je ne sais pas. Welcome! Do come in! Welcome! Do come in! Thank you, thats very kind of you! You must sit down and relax. Would you prefer tea or coffee? Would you prefer tea or coffee?' 'I dont mind.' 'How many miles is it exactly?' 'Im afraid I dont know.'

11

Unit 3 (p.24)
adventurer (n) antique (n) (TS) appear in court band together (phr v) breathtaking (adj) capitalise on sth be charged with sth collapse (v) community service (n) concern (n) con-man (n) corner the market (TS) cornice (n) (TS) crops (n pl) cynic (n) declare (v) discovery (n) disillusion (n) disillusioned (adj) easterner (n) /dvenr/ /ntik/ /pr n kt/ /bnd tge/ /bretek/ /kptlaz n sm/ /bi d w/ /klps/ /kmjunti svs/ /knsn/ /knmn/ /kn mkt/ /kns/ /krps/ /snk/ /dkle/ /dskv()ri/ /dslu()n/ /dslu()nd/ /istn/ aventurier antiquit paratre en justice former un groupe couper le souffle tirer profit de qch tre accus de qch scrouler travail dutilit publique inquitude escroc accaparer le march corniche rcolte cynique dclarer dcouverte dsillusion dsillusionn gens de lest An adventurer is someone who will take a risk in order to make money. An antique is an object that is old and valuable. If someone appears in court, they go to a court of law so that people can ask you questions about something illegal they think you have done. If people band together, they work together in order to achieve something. Something that is breathtaking is very is extremely impressive or beautiful. If you capitalise on something, you use it to get an advantage for yourself. Someone who is charged with a crime is officially accused of it. If something collapses, it fails completely. Community service is work that someone does as a punishment instead of going to prison. Concern is a feeling of worry or sympathy for someone who is in a bad situation. A con-man is a criminal who tricks other people in order to get their money. If you corner the market, you get complete control of an area of business. A cornice is an overhanging area of snow on the edge of a mountain. Crops are plants that farmers grow to produce food. A cynic is a person who thinks that people are not sincere or honest. If you declare something, you say officially that it is true. The discovery of gold attracted thousands of people to California. Disillusion is a feeling of great disappointment when something is not as good as you thought. John Sutter eventually left California feeling disillusioned. Easterners are people who live in the east of a country or state.

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eastward (adv) entrepreneur (n) epic (adj) epidemic (n) follow sbs tracks (TS) foolishness (n) fort (n) a gap in the market glint (n) go through with sth (phr v) gold (n) gold fever (n) gold rush (n) gold strike (n) GPS (Global Positioning System) (n) (TS) hammock (n) a handful (of) hand-painted (adj) (TS) a hard turn (n) (TS) a head of (cattle) hot up (phr v) immigrant (n) be intent on joint (adj) keenly understand sth

/istwd/ /ntrprn/ /epk/ /epdemk/ /fl smbdz trks/ /fulns/ /ft/ / gp n mkt/ /glnt/ /g ru w sm/ /gld/ /gld fiv/ /gld r/ /gld strak/ /ipies/ /hmk/ / hndfl (v) / /hndpentd/ / hd tn/ / hed v kt()l/ /ht p/ /mgrnt/ /bi ntent n/ /nt/ /kinli ndstnd sm/

vers lest entrepreneur pique pidmie suivre les traces de qn btise forteresse une brche dans le march clair, reflet aller jusquau bout de qch or fivre de lor rue vers lor la dcouverte dun gisement dor GPS (Global Positioning System) hammac une poigne (de) peint la main un virage brusque une tte (de btail) se populariser immigr avoir lintention de coentreprise comprendre en profondeur qch

If you travel eastward, you travel in a direction towards the east. An entrepreneur is someone who uses money to start a business. An epic journey is very long and exciting. An epidemic is a situation in which a feeling spreads very quickly. If you follow someones tracks, you follow where they are walking or moving. Foolishness is a word that means the same as 'stupidity'. A fort is a strong building that is used to defend a place. A gap in the market is an opportunity to sell something that is not available but that people would like to have. A glint of something is a quick flash of light from something that is shiny. If you go through with something, you succeed in doing something difficult. In 1848 gold was discovered in California. Gold fever was the wish to find gold that a lot of people felt in the 19th century. The gold rush was the period in the 19th century when a lot of people went to a place where gold had been discovered. A gold strike is the act of discovering that gold exists in a place. GPS is a system you install in your car that tells you where you are and gives you directions. A hammock is a bed consisting of a piece of cloth tied to a tree. A handful of people or things is a very small number of them. Eric bought some beautiful hand-painted toy soldiers. A hard turn is a sudden movement you make to the right or left. 'A head' is an expression used as a way of counting farm animals. When an activity hots up, it becomes much more popular. Sutter was a Swiss immigrant who came to California in 1848. Sutter was intent on building his own private empire. A joint company is owned by more than one person. If you keenly understand a situation, you have thought about it and understand it well.

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kingdom (n) lead to sbs downfall (TS) life-affirming (adj) lifetime (n) madness (n) mid-life crisis (n) mortgage (v) newcomer (n) opportunist (n) outpost (n) pan (n) pick (n) private empire (n) prosecute (v) be registered in sbs name resident (n) risk-taker (n) at the root of sth rug (n) ruined (adj) satellite navigation (n) (TS) sawmill (n) scheme (n)

/kdm/ royaume /lid t smbdz/ /danfl/ mener la chute de qn /laffm/ /laftam/ /mdns/ /mdlaf krass/ /mg/ /njukm/ /ptjunst/ /atpst/ /pn/ /pk/ /pravt empa/ /prskjut/ /bi restd n/ smbdz nem/ /rezd()nt/ /rsktek/ /t rut v sm/ /rg/ /rund/ /stlat nvge()n/ /sml/ /skim/

A kingdom is an area or activity that someone controls. Alcoholism led to his downfall and Californias first millionaire died an unnoticed death. vivifiant Something that is life-affirming makes you feel happier or more positive about life. dure dune vie The adventurers were willing to spend a difficult year in return for a lifetime of riches. folie If people think that something is madness, they think it is extremely stupid. crise de la cinquantaine A mid-life crisis is when people who are middle-aged feel very anxious about their life. hypothquer People mortgaged their farms in order to travel to California. nouveaux arrivants Sutter welcomed the newcomers as subjects for his new kingdom. opportuniste An opportunist is someone who always tries to get an advantage for themselves. poste avanc An outpost is a place that is far away from other places. bate A pan is a large, flat bowl used for collecting gold. pioche A pick is a tool used for breaking hard surfaces. empire personnel Someones private empire is a business that they own. poursuivre If you prosecute someone, you officially accuse them of a crime. tre enregistr au nom de qn Christopher sold the car although it was registered in his mothers name. rsident Residents are the people who live in a particular place. preneur de risque A risk-taker is someone who is not afraid of taking risks to get what they want. la racine de qch If something is at the root of a problem or situation, it is the thing that has caused it. carpette A rug is a very small carpet that you put on a floor. ruin In 1850 Sutter had lost all his wealth and was a ruined man. navigation par satellite Satellite navigation is a system that tells you where you are and gives you directions. scierie A sawmill is a building where wood is cut into pieces using a machine. schma A scheme is a plan that you make in order to get something.

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shovel (n) spa (n) special delivery (n) spotlight (n) start afresh starving (adj) statement (n) stock company (n) subject (n) supply and demand (n) support a charity sweep sb up (phr v) (TS) Swiss (adj) tear down (phr v) telegraph (v) thump (v) trample (v) traverse (v) (TS) trickle (v) undertake (v) vigorous (adj) vision (n) visionary (n) wagon (n) be in the way wealthy (adj)

/v()l/ /sp/ /spe()l dlv()ri/ /sptlat/ /stt fre/ /stv/ /stetmnt/ /stk kmp()ni/ /sbekt/ /spla n dmnd/ /spt rti/ /swip smbdi p/ /sws/ /te dan/ /telgrf/ /mp/ /trmp()l/ /trvs/ /trk()l/ /ndtek/ /vg()rs/ /v()n/ /vn()ri/ /wgn/ /bi n we/ /weli/

pelle pdiluve livraison express feu des projecteurs recommencer qch qui a trs faim dclaration socit par actions sujet offre et demande soutenir une oeuvre de bienfaisance balayer, emporter qn suisse abattre tlgraphier battre fort pitiner traverser sinfilter entreprendre vigoureux vision visionnaire chariot gner fortun

A shovel is a tool that is used for lifting and moving earth or snow. A spa is a type of bath filled with water that you put your feet into in order to relax. A special delivery is a parcel that is delivered by a fast postal service. If you are in the spotlight, everyone is looking at you or is interested in you. Ian Usher has sold his life because he wants to start afresh. I havent eaten since this morning Im starving. A statement is something that you say or write publicly. A stock company is one that is owned by several people. A subject is a person who works for someone who is very powerful. The laws of supply and demand relate to the amount of a product that is available and how many people want to buy it. If you support a charity, you give money to it. If water or snow sweeps someone up, it moves over them quickly. Someone who is Swiss is from Switzerland. If you tear down a building, you destroy it. News of the discovery of gold was telegraphed to every village and town. If your heart thumps, it beats very fast. If people trample something, they destroy it by walking all over it. If you traverse an area, you move over or across it. By the mid-1840s more and more Americans were trickling into California. Other people have undertaken similar schemes to Ian Usher and profited. If you do vigorous exercise, you exercise very hard. Sutter had a vision of building his own private empire. Someone who is a visionary has a clear idea of how things should be done. A wagon is an old-fashioned vehicle pulled by horses. If you are in the way, you are stopping people from doing what they want to do. Wealthy is a word meaning the same as 'rich'.

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whisper (n) Why on earth? without sbs knowledge

/wsp/ /wa n / /wat smbdz/ nl/

rumeur Au nom du ciel! Pourquoi? en cachette de qn

Whispers of a gold strike drifted eastward across the country. 'Why on earth?' is an expression that is used to emphasize the question word 'Why?' Without his mothers knowledge, Christopher sold her car.

COLLOCATIONS
have
have have have have have have have have have have a chat difficulty a duty a go a guess a laugh a look a right a think a word /hv t/ /hv dfk()lti/ /hv djuti/ /hv g/ /hv ges/ /hv lf/ /hv lk/ /hv rat/ /hv k/ /hv wd/ faire un brin de causette avoir du mal avoir le devoir de tenter le coup essayer de deviner bien rire jeter un oeil avoir le droit de rflchir qch (en) toucher un mot If you have a chat with someone, you talk to them for a short time. We had difficulty finding somewhere to park. We all have a duty to help each other. If you have a go at something, you try to do it. 'How many people live in the UK?' 'I dont know.' 'Have a guess.' I like meeting friends and having a laugh. Can I have a look at your new iPod? People over 18 have the right to vote. Well have a think and let you know what we decide. Can I have a quick word with you, please?

make
make a fortune make a fuss make make make make a living a loss a mess money /mek fun/ /mek fs/ /mek lv/ /mek ls/ /mek mes/ /mek mni/ /mek prft/ /mek sens/ /mek stt/ faire fortune faire toute une histoire gagner sa vie faire des pertes faire du dsordre faire de largent faire du bnfice avoir du sens commencer Top football players can make a fortune. If you make a fuss about something, you get too worried or excited about it. It can be hard to make a living as an actor. Banks have made huge losses in recent months. I always make a mess when I cook. Businessmen such as Bill Gates and Richard Branson have made a lot of money. If you make a profit, you sell something for more money than it cost to buy. I dont understand my dreams. They never make sense. Weve a lot of work to do we'd better make a start.

make a profit make sense make a start

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take
take action take advice take a deep breath take take take take take take take an exam notes office place responsibility a risk sugar /tek k()n/ /tek dvas/ /tek dip bre/ /tek n gzm/ /tek nts/ /tek fs/ /tek ples/ /tek rspnsblti/ /tek rsk/ /tek g/ passer lacte prendre conseil prendre une grande inspiration passer un examen prendre des notes entrer en fonction avoir lieu prendre ses responsabilits prendre un risque prendre du sucre Theres a time for talking and a time for taking action. If you take advice, you ask someone for their opinion about the best thing to do. Take a deep breath and calm down. Shes taking her piano exam tomorrow. Students listened to the teacher and took notes. President Barack Obama took office in January 2009. The 2012 Olympics take place in London. Shes 16 and old enough to take responsibility for herself. You sometimes have to take risks to succeed. Do you take sugar in coffee?

METAPHORS
Time = Money
be running out of time /bi rn at v tam/ spare (sb) a couple of minutes /spe (smbdi) /kp()l v mnts/ sbs time is precious /smbdiz tam z pres/ use your time profitably /juz j tam prftbli/ waste your time /west j tam/ be worth sbs while /bi w smbdiz wal/ arriver lchance accorder ( qn) qq minutes une personne affaire bien utiliser son temps perdre son temps valoir la peine Hurry up! Were running out of time. We need to talk. Can you spare a couple of minutes? If someones time is precious, they are busy and do not have a lot of time. You should use your time more profitably and get a proper job. Youre wasting your time if you think you can make money out of the Internet. Just five minutes of your time I promise it will be worth your while!

Ideas = Food
chew sth over digest information food for thought be a half-baked idea /u sm v/ /daest nfme()n/ /fud f t/ /bi hf bekt ad/ ruminer qch digrer linformation donner rflchir ide qui ne tient pas debout Martha had been chewing over the idea for the past few weeks. I need time to digest all this information. Thats interesting. Theres certainly food for thought here. A half-baked idea is one that you have not thought about properly.

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MONEY
afford (v) be a bargain (TS) blow it on sth breadwinner (n) broke (adj) budget (n) cheap and cheerful (TS) earn a living Theres no such thing as a free lunch. hard-up (adj) inherit (v) invest (v) loaded (adj) The love of money is the root of of all evil. be made of money Money makes the world. go round overdraft (n) get sth for peanuts In for a penny, in for a pound. pricey (adj) (TS) push the boat out Put your money where your mouth is. /fd/ /bi bgn/ /bl t n sm/ /bredwn/ /brk/ /bt/ /ip n f()l/ /n lv/ /ez n s z /fri ln/ /hdp/ /nhert/ /nvest/ /ldd/ / lv v mni z rut v l iv()l/ /bi med v mni/ /mni meks wld g rand/ /vdrft/ /get sm f pints/ /n fr peni n fr pand/ /prasi/ /p bt at/ /pt j mni we j ma z/ avoir les moyens tre une bonne affaire claquer pour qch chef de famille fauch budget If you can afford something, you have enough money to buy it. If something is a bargain it costs much less than normal. He didnt save the money instead he blew it all on a new music system. A breadwinner is the person who earns the money to support a family. If you are broke, you have spent all your money. A budget is an amount of money that you an afford to spend on something. pas cher et bien Something that is cheap and cheerful does not cost a lot of money but is suitable for a particular purpose. gagner sa vie Do you agree that its a mans job to earn a living? Theres no such Rien ne vaut un repas gratuit thing as a free lunch means that you cannot get something good without paying for it. court dargent Someone who is hard-up does not have a lot of money. hriter He told his girlfriend he had inherited the money from his grandfather, who had died. investir If you invest money, you use it in order to make more money. bourr de fric Loaded is an informal word meaning 'extremely rich'. Lamour de largent est la The love of money is the root of all evil means that money makes racine de tous les maux. people do bad things to other people. tre cousu dor No, I cant afford to buy you a new car Im not made of money, you know! Largent fait tourner le Money makes the world go round means that it is peoples desire to monde make money that makes them do things. dcouvert If you pay off an overdraft, you pay the bank money that you owe to it. obtenir qch pour rien Computers are much cheaper nowadays you can get them for peanuts. Qui a dit A doit dire B. In for a penny, in for a pound means that you intend to finish something you have started doing. coteux Pricey is a word that means 'expensive'. ne pas lsiner sur les moyens If you push the boat out, you decide to spend a lot of money on something. Un placement dargent If you put your money where your mouth is, you give money to convainc plus quun someone or something to show that you mean what you say. discours.
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save it for a rainy day splash out (on) (phr v) stretch to sth (phr v) a sum of money tax (v) Watch the pennies, and the pounds take care of themselves. be worth 100/$250 etc

/sev t fr reni de/ /spl at (n) / /stre t sm/ / sm v mni/ /tks/ /w penz n pandz tek ke v mselvz/ /bi w hndrd pandz/tu hndrd n ffti dlz/

pargner pour les mauvais jours jeter son argent (par les fentres) allonger jusqu une somme dargent imposer Il ny a pas de petites conomies valoir 100/250$ etc

If you save money for a rainy day, you save it for a time when you need it. He splashed out on an extravagant champagne holiday for himself and his girlfriend. 'How much can you afford to spend?' 'I could stretch to about 10,000. Christopher said he had inherited a sum of money from his grandfather. The government taxes cigarettes and alcohol heavily. Watch the pennies and the pounds take care of themselves means that if you save small amounts of money, you will eventually have a large amount. Win a holiday worth 6,000!

Review A
advisor delighted fed-up get sth noticed get rid of sth give up pay sb back have a row (with sb) run a business /dvaz/ /dlatd/ /fedp/ /get sm ntst/ /get rd v sm/ /gv p/ /pe smbdi bk/ /hv ra (w smbdi)/ /rn bzns/ conseiller enchante qui en marre faire remarquer qch se dbarrasser de qch abandonner rembourser qn se disputer (avec qn) diriger une affaire Louise wanted to save the bookshop and asked a business advisor for help. The bookshop is making a fortune and Louise is delighted. If you feel fed-up, you feel bored and annoyed or sad. In order to get the shop noticed, she painted it bright red. I decided to get rid of the old car and buy a new one. If you give up, you stop doing something. I dont mind lending you the money, but I expect you to pay me back soon. We had a row and now were not speaking. Louise runs her own business a bookshop.

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Unit 4 (p.36)
achievement (n) aim (v) ammunition (n) the Antarctic (n) the Arctic (n) bear drill (n) bloke (n) blood sugar level (n) bother (n) bra (n) carbohydrates (carbs) (n pl) cardio (n) carnivore (n) cartridge (n) (TS) cause (n) challenge (n) clear sbs head comfort (v) crucial (adj) look like death warmed up to sbs delight dial (v) drag (v) /ivmnt/ /em/ /mjn()n/ /i ntktk/ /i ktk/ /be drl/ /blk/ /bld g lev()l/ /b/ /br/ /kbhadrets/ /kdi/ /knv/ /ktr/ /kz/ /ln/ /kl smbdiz hed/ /kmft/ /kru()l/ /lk lak de wmd p/ /t smbdiz dlat/ /dal/ /drg/ russite but munitions lAntarctique l Arctique manoeuvre anti-ours type taux de glucose sanguin ennui soutien-gorge hydrates de carbone glucides gym tonicardiaque carnivore cartouche cause dfi rendre qn lucide rcomforter crucial avoir une tte de dterr au grand plaisir de qn appeler (par tl.) tirer Getting to the Pole was a tremendous achievement for Ben. Claire is aiming to raise money for a breast cancer charity. Ammunition is bullets that can be fired from a gun. The Antarctic is the extremely cold region in the most southern part of the world. The Arctic is the extremely cold region in the most northern part of the world. A bear drill is a series of actions that you must do to avoid being attacked by a bear. Bloke is an informal word meaning a 'man'. Its important to maintain blood sugar levels for energy. Bother is an informal word meaning 'problems' or 'difficulties'. A bra is a piece of underwear that supports a womans breasts. Carbohydrates or carbs are substances in foods such as bread and potatoes. A cardio is an exercise to make the heart stronger. Carnivores are animals who eat meat. Pen reloaded the gun again with a fifth and sixth cartridge. Completing the MoonWalk means I will have contributed money to a good cause. Doing a walk for charity and giving up smoking are different types of challenge. If something clears your head, it helps you to think more clearly. If you comfort someone, you make them feel better. Carbohydrates are crucial for energy levels. Someone who looks like death warmed up looks extremely ill. To my delight, the twenty cigarettes were intact! I should dial Shubentsov whenever I feel the urge to smoke. If you drag something heavy, you pull it with difficulty.

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endeavour (n) energy bar (n) environmental scientist (n) expedition (n) explorer (n) fingertip (n) finishing line (n) fire (v) focus (n) frostbite (n) fundamentally (adv) gear (n) healing energy (n) health freak (n) hibernate (v) hooked (adj) horizon (n) hydrated (adj) imminent (adj) inquisitive (adj) intact (adj) intrigue (v) joint (n) keep sb going Its killing me! land-based (adj) media interest (n) membership (n)

/endev/ /eni b/ /nvarnment()l santst/ /ekspd()n/ /ksplr/ /fgtp/ /fn lan/ /fa/ /fks/ /frstbat/ /fndment()li/ /g/ /hil eni/ /hel frik/ /habnet/ /hkt/ /hraz()n/ /hadretd/ /mnnt/ /nkwztv/ /ntkt/ /ntrig/ /nt/ /kip smbdi g/ /ts kl mi/ /lndbest/ /midi ntrst/ /membp/

effort barre nergtique expert en environnement expdition explorateur bout du doigt ligne darrive virer qn centre dintrt engelure fondamentalement quipement fluide gurisseur naturopathe hiberner dpendant horizon hydrat imminent inquisiteur intact intriguer articulation maintenir qn en vie me tue! terrestre intrt mdiatique adhsion

Do you think that the achievements and endeavours of explorers have significance for the rest of us? An energy bar is a small piece of cake or biscuit that you eat to give you energy. An environmental scientist specialises in studying the environment. Ben went on an expedition to the North Pole. Richard Branson, Ellen McArthur and Ben Saunders are all explorers. Your fingertips are the parts right at the end of your fingers. The finishing line is a line on a track that marks the end of a race. Fire is an informal word meaning to 'make someone leave their job'. Focus is the effort and concentration that you give to something. Walking through snow and ice can give you frostbite. Fundamentally means the same as 'basically'. Running gear is the type of clothes you wear for running. Healing energy is energy that helps to cure people. A health freak is someone who is obsessed with keeping fit. Do polar bears hibernate in winter? If you are hooked on cigarettes, you cannot do without them. Peoples horizons are the things they try to achieve. Its important to stay hydrated so Ill be drinking a lot of water. Something that is imminent is going to happen soon. Inquisitive means the same as 'curious'. Something that is intact is not damaged or broken. The question: 'How far can we go?' intrigues Ben. Your joints are the parts of your body that can bend such as your knees and hips. The idea of giving money to a good cause keeps Claire going. My ankles hurting in fact its killing me! Land-based animals are animals that live on the land, not in the sea. Media interest is the interest shown by TV, newspapers in events. Gym membership can be quite expensive.

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motivational speaker (n) muddy (adj) navigate (v) obscenely (adv) only have yourself to blame outline (v) outrun (v) pocket (v) pointless (adj) power-walk/power-walking (n) quit (v) quitting technique (n) since records began relieved (adj) reload (v) the reverse (n) risky (adj) seal (n) It serves you right. shambolic (adj) significance (n) not sleep a wink sledge (n) slip into sth sole (n)

/mtve()nl spik/ /mdi/ /nvget/ /bsinli/ /nli hv jself t blem/ /atlan/ /atrn/ /pkt/ /pntls/ /pawk/ pawk/ /kwt/ /kwt teknik/ /sns rekdz bgn/ /rlivd/ /rild/ / rvs/ /rski/ /sil/ /t svz ju rat/ /mblk/ /sgnfkns/ /nt slip wk/ /sle/ /slp nt sm/ /sl/

prcheur, orateur rauque naviguer outrageusement navoir sen prendre qu soi esquisser dpasser la course empocher qui ne rime rien marche rapide/powerwalking arrter mthode pour sarrter jamais consign soulag recharger le revers risqu phoque Cest bien fait pour toi. chaotique sens ne pas fermer loeil traineau prendre lhabitude de, commencer plante des pieds

A motivational speaker is someone who gives talks in public to try to encourage people to do something. A muddy accent is deep and not very clear. Someone who navigates uses maps or other equipment to decide which way to go. Someone who is obscenely rich is so rich that you think it is unacceptable. If you only have yourself to blame, you are completely responsible for something bad. If you outline something, you give a quick description of it. If you outrun a person or animal, you run faster than them. I picked the cigarettes up and pocketed them. Something that is pointless does not have any meaning or use. A power-walk or power-walking is a form of exercise in which you walk very quickly. Once youve started smoking, its very difficult to quit. Lots of quitting techniques are available to help you give up smoking. Conditions in the Arctic were described as some of 'the worst since records began'. I felt relieved when no one answered the phone. Pen reloaded the gun when he saw the bear walking towards them. The reverse of something is its opposite. Something that is risky is slightly dangerous. Do polar bears eat seals? 'My back stings I didnt put any sunblock on.' 'It serves you right then, doesnt it?' Something that is shambolic does not succeed because it is badly organised. Do the achievements of explorers have significance for the rest of us? If you dont sleep a wink , you dont sleep at all. Ben Saunders dragged a 180-kilogramme sledge over 1,420 miles. If you slip into a particular way of behaving or speaking, you start behaving or speaking in that way. The soles of your feet are the flat parts underneath your feet.

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the South Pole (n) sponsor (v) stamina (n) steadily (adv) a streaming nose strength-training (n) stretch yourself (v refl) supplies (n pl) transmit (v)

/ sa pl/ /spns/ /stmn/ /stedli/ / strim nz/ /stretren/ /stre jself/ /splaz/ /trnzmt/

le ple sud sponsoriser endurance progressivement un nez qui coule musculation stirer provisions transmettre

The South Pole is the part of the earth that is the furthest south. If you sponsor something, you provide the money that is necessary to do it. Your stamina is the ability to do something without getting tired. Slowly and steadily most smokers get hooked on cigarettes. If you have a streaming nose, liquid flows from your nose because you have a cold. Claire does a combination of cardio, aerobics and strength-training to prepare for the race. The more you stretch yourself, the stronger your self-belief gets. Supplies are things such as food or medical equipment that you need. Shubentsov transmits his healing energy through his fingertips.

COLLOCATIONS
be in charge of close the barrel I couldnt quite figure out The guns still jammed. load the gun go into slow motion pull the trigger Theres no way ... undo the zip /bi n v/ /klz brl/ /a kd()nt kwat fg t at/ / gnz stl md/ /ld gn/ /g nt sl /m()n/ /pl trg/ /ez n we/ /ndu zp/ tre responsable de fermer le barillet je ne pouvais pas bien imaginer le pistolet est verrouill charger le pistolet aller au ralenti appuyer sur la gchette Il nest pas possible de ouvrir la fermeture clair If you are in charge of something, you are responsible for it. If you close the barrel of a gun, you close the part that the bullet is fired through. Something was wrong, but I couldnt quite figure it out. The guns still jammed it wont fire. If you load a gun, you put bullets in it. If everything goes into slow motion, it seems to be happening very slowly. If you pull the trigger of a gun, you fire it. Theres no way we can outrun a bear! My fingers were too cold to undo the zip.

PHRASAL VERBS
call sb back chase sb/sth away come up with cut down on /kl smbdi bk/ /es smbdi/sm we/ /km p w/ /kt dan n/ rappeler qn repousser qn/qch proposer,trouver rduire Leave a message and Ill call you back. Smoke chases away mosquitoes. I wish someone would come up with non-fattening chocolate! Hes trying to cut down on the number of cigarettes he smokes a day.

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do without sth drive sb away get over sth give in give sth in hop down keep up with let sb down light up look sth up pick sth up

/du wat sm/ /drav smbdi we/ /get v sm/ /gv n/ /gv sm n/ /hp dan/ /kip p w/ /let smbdi dan/ /lat p/ /lk sm p/ /pk sm p/

faire sans qch faire partir qn sen remettre cder remettre qch sauter en bas rester au niveau de laisser tomber qn allumer rechercher ramasser qch (1) apprendre (2) reposer le tlphone repousser qch venir manquer (1) se mettre absorber, occuper (2)

put the phone down put sth off run out of take sth up

/pt fn dan/ /pt sm f/ /rn at v/ /tek sm p/

Most smokers find it hard to do without cigarettes. Smoking can help drive away annoying people! If you get over something difficult or upsetting, you recover from it. If you give in, you do something that you shouldnt. Dont forget to give your homework in. I hopped down from the doorstep and picked the cigarettes up from the pavement. Its not easy keeping up with all the latest diets. If someone lets you down, they disappoint you. When you light up, you light a cigarette or cigar. Look the words up in a dictionary. (Sense 1) He picked the cigarettes up from the pavement. (Sense 2) Some people find it easier to pick up a new language than others. When he puts the phone down, he feels relieved. I need to lose weight but I keep putting it off. During Bens first expedition they ran out of food. (Sense 1) When did you take up smoking? (Sense 2) Work takes up a lot of most peoples lives.

WORD FORMATION
-able/-ible
accessible doable edible enjoyable feasible reasonable unbearable /ksesb()l/ /dubl/ /edb()l/ /nb()l/ /fizb()l/ /riz()nb()l/ /nberb()l/ accessible faisable comestible agrable faisable raisonnable insupportable Prices that are accessible can be afforded by most people. My Arctic expedition is just about doable, and thats whats exciting to me. If food is not edible, it is not good enough to be eaten. We spent a very enjoyable evening together. My Arctic expedition is just about feasible, and thats whats exciting to me. Something that seems reasonable seems sensible. I find very hot temperatures unbearable.

selfself-belief (n) /selfblif/ croyance en soi Doing things that are risky or uncomfortable makes your self-belief get stronger.
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self-conscious (adj) self-discipline (n) self-employed (adj)

/selfkns/ /selfdspln/ /selfmpld/

intimid auto-discipline travailleur indpendant

I feel self-conscious when I speak English to a native speaker. Self-discipline is the ability to make yourself do things that are difficult. I dont like working for other people Id rather be self-employed.

Unit 5 (p.46)
accidentally (adv) (TS) affirmation (n) aftershave (n) assume (v) be attached to sth back out (phr v) bounce (v) break a jinx at breakneck speed brush against (phr v) (TS) chant (v) choking (adj) (TS) come across (phr v) contrasting (adj) convertible (n) cubicle (n) curse (n) /ksdent()li/ /fmen/ /ftev/ /sjum/ /bi tt tu/ /bk at/ /bans/ /brek ks/ /t breknek spid/ /br genst/ /nt/ /k/ /km krs/ /kntrst/ /knvtb()l/ /kjubk()l/ /ks/ par hasard affirmation aprs-rasage prsumer tre attach qch sortir en marche arrire faire rebondir rompre le malfice une vitesse casse-cou effleurer psalmodier touffer, strangler rencontrer par hasard contrast dcapotable cabine mauvais sort If you do something accidentally, you do it without meaning to. An affirmation is a statement that something is true. Aftershave is a liquid with a pleasant smell that men put on their face after shaving. If you assume something, you think it is true even though you have no proof that it is. Some people are very attached to their superstitions. Dad always backs out of the drive carefully. Serena bounces the ball five times before the first serve. If you break a jink, you stop something that is bringing you bad luck. Someone who drives at breakneck speed drives extremely fast. Nobody is allowed in the garage in case they accidentally brush against the car. If you chant something, you sing a word or phrase many times. If you are choking you cannot breathe properly and are coughing because of smoke or fumes. If you come across someone, you meet them by chance. Contrasting colours are colours such as black and white that are very different from each other. A convertible is a car with a roof that can be folded back or removed completely. A shower cubicle is a small, enclosed area where you can have a shower. A curse is a bad situation or event caused by someone who deliberately uses magic powers.

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deep down (TS) derive from (phr v) devote (v) fall back on sth (phr v) first and foremost focus (v) formula (n) gig (n) go through (phr v) idyllic (adj) immune (adj) inside out (adv) jinx (n) loopy (adj) match (v) mind game (n) national anthem (n) obsessive compulsive disorder (n) obsessively (adv) opponent (n) opt (for) (v)

/dip dan/ /drav frm/ /dvt/ /fl bk n sm/ /fst n fmst/ /fks/ /fmjl/ /gg/ /g ru/ /dlk/ /mjun/ /nsad at/ /ks/ /lupi/ /m/ /mand gem/ /n()nl nm/ /bsesv kmplsv dsd/ /bsesvli/ /pnnt/ /pt (f)/

profondment tirer son origine de consacrer se rabattre sur qch en premier lieu fixer son attention formule session, concert accomplir idyllique immunis lenvers mauvais sort loufoque aller ensemble manipulation hymne national trouble obsessionnel du comportement dune manire obsdante adversaire opter (pour)

If you feel something deep down, you feel it even though your behaviour may not show it. Some of Serenas confidence derives from the knowledge that shes a super-talented player. If you devote your time to doing something, you spend a lot of time doing that thing. Ana Ivanovic explains that she likes having rituals to fall back on. A wedding, first and foremost, is a rite of passage to be shared with family and close friends. If you focus obsessively on one thing, you only think about or do that thing. Superstitions form part of Serenas winning formula. A gig is a performance of live music. If you go through a routine, ritual or procedure, you do a series of actions regularly. An idyllic situation is one that is perfect and makes you feel very happy. If you are not immune to something, you are affected by it. Something that is inside out has the inside part facing towards the outside. A jinx is something that causes bad luck. Someone who is loopy is slightly crazy. If things match, they look good or attractive together. A mind game is a series of actions intended to affect how someone thinks or feels. A national anthem is the official national song of a country. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a type of mental illness which makes you repeat certain actions. If you focus obsessively on one thing, you only think about or do that thing. An opponent in a game of sport is the person or team you are playing against. Some people dont want the stress of a big wedding and opt for a low-key affair instead.

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outfit (n) pat down (phr v) (TS) perfect (v) perfectionism (n) pitch (n) preside (over) (v) procedure (n) rational (adj) relentlessly (adv) be renowned for sth reportedly (adv) repulsive (adj) (TS) rife (adj) ritual (n) ritual-bound (adj) ritualistic (adj) be on the road run through (n) set off (phr v) shades (n pl) sit by (phr v) skill (n) skinny (adj) slam (v) sneeze (v) soloist (n) sought-after (adj)

/atft/ /pt dan/ /pfekt/ /pfek()nzm/ /p/ /przad v/ /prsi/ /r()nl/ /rlentlsli/ /bi rnand f sm/ /rptdli/ /rplsv/ /raf/ /rul/ /rulband/ /rulstk/ /bi n rd/ /rn ru/ /set f/ /edz/ /st ba/ /skl/ /skni/ /slm/ /sniz/ /slst/ /stft/

tenue tapoter parfaire perfectionnisme terrain prsider procdure rationnel sans rmission tre connu pour qch daprs ce quon dit rpugnant qui coure les rues rituel ritualiste de manire rituelle tre sur les routes rptition se mettre en route lunettes de soleil se tenir ct de comptence trs mince claquer ternuer soliste rclam

Some football fans wear the same clothing to a match if that outfit brought victory in the previous game. If you pat something down, you press it gently with your fingers. If you perfect a skill, you practise it until it is perfect. Perfectionism is the state of being perfect and without any mistakes. A pitch is a flat area of ground used for playing sports such as cricket or football. If you preside over something, you are responsible or in charge of it. Dad always goes through exactly the same procedure before setting off in the car. Someone who is rational is sensible and makes good decisions. If you do something relentlessly, you do it again and again without stopping. If you are renowned for something, you are associated with it and well known for it. Beckham reportedly spends hours straightening the furniture at home. Something that is repulsive is extremely unpleasant. Something bad that is rife is very widespread and common. A ritual is something that you do regularly and always in the same way. Someone who is ritual-bound must do something regularly in order to feel happy. Victoria Beckham has had to get used to Davids ritualistic ways. If you are on the road a lot, you travel a lot. After the run through for the wedding, we were ready for the real thing. When you set off, you start a journey. Shades is an informal word that means 'sunglasses'. If one building sits by another, it is situated next to that building. A skill is the ability to do something, usually to do it well. Someone who is skinny is very thin. If you slam a door, you shut it hard, usually because you are angry. Strong aftershave makes me want to sneeze. 'Elvis' is the most sought-after soloist in the Las Vegas wedding industry. Someone who is sought-after is very popular.

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a spare pair (n) take sth a stage further straighten (v) stick thin (adj) What strikes me is ... stride (v) superstition (n) superstitious (adj) tap out (phr v) (TS) thrash (v) at the top of your game track (n) tuck up (phr v) (TS) two-pronged (adj) uneven (adj) have the upper hand vandalise (v)

/ spe pe/ une paire de rserve /tek sm ste f/ monter dun cran dans qch /stret()n/ /stk n/ /wt straks mi z/ /strad/ /supst()n/ /supsts/ /tp at/ /r/ /t tp v j gem/ /trk/ /tk p/ /tuprd/ /niv()n/ /hv i p hnd/ /vndlaz/ redresser mince comme un fil Ce qui me frappe est ... arpenter superstition superstitieux dbourrer battre plate couture au meilleur de son jeu morceau border deux dents impair avoir le dessus saccager

Mums always losing her glasses she should get a spare pair! Beckham takes his rituals a stage further as everything has to be just right at home as well. If you straighten something, you make it straight or put it in a straight line. Someone who is stick thin is extremely thin. What strikes me is that so many celebrity marriages are short-lived. If you stride somewhere, you walk there quickly and confidently. A superstition is the belief that things such as magic or luck have the power to affect your life. A lot of sports people are very superstitious. If you tap out tobacco, you put it in a pipe. If you thrash an opponent at sport, you beat them very easily. Someone who is at the top of their game is playing it better than anyone else. A track on a CD is a particular song. When you tuck a child up, you put him or her into bed and put a duvet or blankets round them. Something that is two-pronged has two long, sharp points at the end of it. 2,4,6,8 are even numbers; 1,3,5,7. are uneven numbers. If you have the upper hand in a situation, you are in control of it. If you vandalise something, you deliberately damage or destroy it.

USEFUL PHRASES
Things that annoy you
I cant stand it when ... I find it irritating when ... I hate it when ... It really annoys me when ... /a knt stnd t wen/ /a fand t rtet wen/ /a het t wen/ /t rli nz mi wen/ Je ne supporte pas quand ... mnerve quand ... Je dteste quand ... magace vraiment quand ... I cant stand it when people say they havent done any work for an exam and then get top marks! I find it irritating when people keep losing things. I hate it when men wear too much aftershave. It really annoys me when my brother and his girlfriend kiss in front of me!

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It really winds me up when ... The thing that annoys me most ...

/t rli wandz mi p wen/ / t nz mi mst/

me crispe vraiment quand ... La chose qui magace le plus ...

It really winds me up when people who are thin talk about how fat they are. The thing that annoys me most is people who talk but never listen.

How something makes you feel

It makes me mad. It makes me sick. /t meks mi md/ /t meks mi sk/ me rend fou. me rend malade. Cest si agaant. me tape vraiment sur les nerfs. It makes me mad when mum keeps losing her glasses! It makes me sick when my brother and his girlfriend hug and kiss in front of me! She talks all the way through films. Its so annoying. She complains all the time about being fat, and shes stick thin. That really gets on my nerves.

Its so annoying. /ts s n/ That really gets on my nerves. /t rli gets n ma nvz/

WEDDINGS
aisle (n) annul (v) best man (n) bouquet of flowers (n) bride (n) bridesmaid (n) ceremony (n) conduct a ceremony/service confetti (n) drive-through chapel (n) elaborate (adj) (TS) /al/ /nl/ /best mn/ /buke v flaz/ /brad/ /bradzmed/ /sermni/ /kndkt sermni/ svs/ /knfeti/ /dravru p()l/ /lb()rt/ alle centrale annuler garcon dhonneur, tmoin bouquet de fleurs marie demoiselle dhonneur crmonie conduire une crmonie/un service confetti chapelle drive-in compliqu The aisle is the long, narrow part of a church that you walk down before you get married. When a marriage is annulled, it is declared officially that it is no longer legal. The best man is a male friend who helps the groom at a wedding. In the UK, its a ritual for the bride to throw a bouquet of flowers into the crowd of guests. Its traditional for Muslim brides to have their hands and feet decorated in henna designs. A bridesmaid is a girl or young woman who helps the bride at a wedding. The wedding ceremony was presided over by Ron DeCar, also known as 'Elvis'. Rebecca said shes only marry Mat if Elvis conducted the service. Confetti is small pieces of coloured paper that people throw in the air at a wedding. A drive-through chapel is one that you can travel through in your car. Moroccan weddings are elaborate affairs and preparations take weeks.

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exchange vows get married go out of fashion groom (n) henna (n) honeymoon (n) in-laws (n pl) lavish (adj) limousine (n) low-key (adj) make a speech matrimonial (adj) modest (adj) your nearest and dearest No wonder there is/are ... once-in-a-lifetime package (n) photographer (n) pin money on sth pose (n) priest (n) pronounce you man and wife propose a toast

/ksen vaz/ /get mrd/ /g at v f()n/ /grum/ /hen/ /hnimun/ /nlz/ /lv/ /lmzin/ /lki/ /mek spi/ /mtrmnil/ /mdst/ /j nrst n drst/ /n wnd er z// /wnsnlaftam/ /pk/ /ftgrf/ /pn mni n sm/ /pz/ /prist/ /prnans ju mn n waf/ /prpz tst/

changer les serments se marier dont la mode se perd mari henn lune de miel beaux-parents somptueux limousine discret faire un discours conjugal modeste vos proches et trs chers Pas tonnant quil y est ... une fois dans la vie forfait photographe pingler des billets sur qch pose prtre dclarer mari et femme proposer un toast

purify (v) (TS)

/pjrfa/

purifier

When a couple exchange vows, they make promises to each other during a wedding ceremony. One in six couples now prefer to get married abroad. In Britain, the traditional white wedding is going out of fashion. The groom is the man who is getting married. Henna is a red-brown substance used for colouring hair or skin. A honeymoon is a holiday that a couple have after their wedding. Your in-laws are the parents of your husband or wife. A lavish wedding is one that is extremely expensive. A limousine is a large, expensive, comfortable car. A low-key wedding is one that does not cost a lot of money and to which not many guests are invited. Its traditional for the groom and best man to make a speech. Matrimonial is a word that means 'relating to a wedding or marriage'. A modest wedding is one that does not cost a lot of money and to which not many guests are invited. Your 'nearest and dearest' is an expression meaning your family. Millions of people get married in Vegas no wonder there are wedding chapels round every corner. Honeymoons are a once-in-a-lifetime holiday. The wedding package in Las Vegas included limo, video, three songs and twenty-four photos. Wedding photographers are people who are paid to take photographs at weddings. At Muslim weddings, guests pin money on the bridegrooms suit. A pose is another word for a 'photograph'. A priest is a person who conducts the service during a religious wedding. 'I now pronounce you man and wife' are the words that are said at the end of a wedding ceremony. When the best man proposes a toast, he says that the guests at a wedding reception should drink together to send best wishes to the bride and groom. In Morocco, the bride has a milk bath, which is supposed to purify her.

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reception (n) ring (n) rite of passage (n) separate (v) short-lived (adj) superstretch limo (n) throw rice tie the knot veil (n) vow (n) walk (sb) down the aisle wedding cake (n) wedding present (n) white wedding (n) worldly goods (n pl) (TS)

/rsep()n/ /r/ /rat v ps/ /sepret/ /tlvd/ /supstre lm/ /r ras/ /ta nt/ /vel/ /va/ /wk dan i al/ /wed kek/ /wed prez()nt/ /wat wed/ /wldli gdz/

rception alliance, bague rite de passage se sparer qui dure peu limousine rallonge jeter du riz lier par le mariage voile serment mener (qn) lautel gteau de mariage cadeau de mariage mariage en blanc biens matriels

A wedding reception is a formal party after a wedding. A wedding ring is a piece of jewellery that someone who is married wears on their finger. A rite of passage is a ceremony that marks an important stage in someones life. Rene Zellwegger and her husband separated after four months of marriage. Celebrities are renowned for their short-lived marriages. A superstretch limo is a large, expensive car that is very long. Sometimes guests throw rice over the bride and groom as they leave the church. 'Tie the knot' is an informal expression meaning to get married. A veil is a thin piece of material worn over a womans face. A vow is a promise that you make to someone when you marry them. Fathers are often very proud to walk their daughters down the aisle. A wedding cake is a special cake that is eaten during a wedding reception. The crystal vase was a wedding present from friends. A white wedding is a traditional wedding where the bride is dressed in white. Worldly goods are your possessions.

Unit 6 (p.56)
abandon (v) alarming (adj) alert (v) approximate (adj) /bndn/ /lm/ /lt/ /prksmt/ abandonner alarmant alerter approximatif If you abandon someone or something, you leave it and no longer care about it. Alarming means 'very frightening'. If you alert someone to something, you do something to make them realise what is happening. An approximate figure or size is one that is close to a particular figure or size, but not exact.

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archaic (adj) avoidable (adj) backlash (n) bee (n) bird flu (n) bulge (v) cancer (n) chilled (adj) clean up (phr v) climate change (n) coffin (n) combined (adj) come out (phr v) Compliments to the chef. compromise (v) conduct a study confined space (n) consume (v) consumption (n) contributor (n) convincing (adj) corked (adj) cram (v) cruelty (n) deprive sb of sth (phr v)

/kek/ /vdb()l/ /bkl/ /bi/ /bd flu/ /bl/ /kns/ /ld/ /klin p/ /klamt en/ /kfn/ /kmband/ /km at/ /kmplmnts t ef/ /kmprmaz/ /kndkt stdi/ /knfand spes/ /knsjum/ /knsmp()n/ /kntrbjt/ /knvns/ /kkt/ /krm/ /krulti/ /dprav smbdi sm/

archaque vitable raction brutale abeille grippe aviaire exorbiter cancer glac, frapp nettoyer rchauffement climatique cercueil combin tre russi Flicitations au chef. compromettre mener une tude espace restreint consommer consommation facteur convainquant bouchonn (vin) entasser cruaut enlever qch qn

Archaic means ' very old or old-fashioned'. Something that is avoidable could be stopped and should not happen. A backlash against something is a strong reaction against something you do not like. A bee is a yellow and black insect that produces honey. Bird flu is a dangerous disease that affects both birds and people. If your eyes bulge, they stick out and look bigger than usual. Cancer is a dangerous disease that affects different parts of the body and can kill you. Chilled wine is very cold. Wall-E is a robot who cleans up the polluted planet. Climate change is the changes that people think are making the weather in the world warmer. A coffin is a box in which you put the body of a dead person. The meat industry produces more greenhouse gases than all the cars, trains and planes in the world combined. If something you cook comes out well, it is very well cooked and good to eat. 'Compliments to the chef' is an expression you use to say how much you have enjoyed someones cooking. Vegetarians believe that eating meat compromises their beliefs. The study into food waste was conducted by the Waste & Resources Action Programme. Confined spaces are places where there is not enough room to move. If you consume food or drink, you eat or drink it. The consumption of bottled water has increased. Water bottles are a major contributor to global warming. Something that is convincing seems true or good. Corked wine tastes unpleasant because the cork in the bottle is damaged. Animals are treated badly and crammed into confined spaces. Ive stopped eating meat because Im against cruelty to animals. If you are deprived of something, you do not get enough of it.

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developing countries (n pl) diabetes (n) discard (v) discarded (adj) disguise yourself (v refl) dispose of sth (phr v) do your bit dump (v)

/dvelp kntriz/ /dabitiz/ /dskd/ /dskdd/ /dzgaz jself/ /dspz v sm/ /du j bt/ /dmp/

pays mergents diabte jeter jetes se dguiser se dfaire de qch fournir sa part deffort jeter (qch) (1) plaquer (qn) (2)

electric shock (n) eliminate (v) emissions (n pl) emit (v) encounter (v) energy-saving (adj) estimate (v) expire (v) fatten up (phr v) fin (n) findings (n pl) flirt (with) (v) foot-and-mouth (n) fuel-efficient (adj)

/lektrk k/ /lmnet/ /m()nz/ /mt/ /nkant/ /enisev/ /estmet/ /kspa/ /ft()n p/ /fn/ /fandz/ /flt w/ /ftnma/ /fjulf()nt/

choc lectrique liminer missions de gaz mettre rencontrer basse consommation estimer expirer engraisser nageoire rsultats flirter (avec) fivre aphteuse basse consommation de carburant

Developing countries are countries that are poor. Diabetes is a medical condition in which your body cannot reduce the amount of sugar in your blood. When you discard something, you throw it away. Discarded water bottles release dangerous substances into the air. If you disguise yourself, you wear something that hides your real appearance. When you dispose of something, you throw it away. If you do your bit, you make an effort to help. (Sense 1) If you dump something, you get rid of something that is no longer wanted or needed. (Sense 2) If you dump someone, you end a romantic relationship with them in an unkind way. An electric shock is a sudden pain that you feel if your body comes into contact with electricity. If you eliminate meat from your diet, youre less likely to get heart disease. Car, train and plane emissions are one of the biggest causes of greenhouse gases. Cars, trains and planes all emit polluting gases. Can you remember the worst waiter youve ever encountered? Energy-saving light bulbs use less electricity. The study estimated that the average UK household throws away 18% of all food purchased. I prefer not to eat food once the 'best before' date has expired. If you fatten an animal up, you feed it so it gets fatter. A fin is the flat, thin part of a fish. The findings of a study are its results or the things it discovers. She was furious when her boyfriend started flirting with the waitress. Foot-and-mouth is a very infectious disease that affects sheep, cows and pigs. A fuel-efficient car does not use much petrol.

33

fuel-intensive (adj) fussy (adj) genetically altered (adj) gesture (n) global warming (n) greenhouse gases (n pl) grind pepper hazardous (adj) be in the headlines heart disease (n) imaginary (adj) in date incinerator (n) intrusive (adj) (TS) landfill (n) lapse (v) launch (v) ligature (n) light bulb (n) loosely (adv) manufacturing (n) maximise (v) make mental notes about sth (TS) mime (n)

/fjulntensv/ /fsi/ /netkli ltd/ /es/ /glb()l wm/ /grinhas gsz/ /grand pep/ /hzds/ /bi n hedlanz/ /ht dziz/ /mnri/ /n det/ /nsnret/ /ntrusv/ /lndfl/ /lps/ /ln/ /lg/ /lat blb/ /lusli/ /mnjfkr/ /mksmaz/ /mek ment()l nts bat sm/ /mam/

haute consommation de carburant tatillon

Fuel-intensive machines or activities use large amounts of gas, petrol etc.

Friends treat me as an eccentric animal-lover with a fussy attitude to food. gntiquement modifi A genetically altered animal has had substances in its body changed to achieve a particular purpose. geste People sometimes use hand gestures to communicate. rchauffement plantaire Global warming is the increase in the Earths temperature. gaz effet de serre Car, train and plane emissions are one of the biggest causes of greenhouse gases. moudre du poivre When you grind pepper, you break it into smaller pieces. risqu Hazardous substances are dangerous. faire la une When something is in the headlines, it is talked about a lot in newspapers or on TV. tre cardiaque If you eliminate meat from your diet, youre less likely to get heart disease. imaginaire Something that is imaginary is made to look real although it is not. dans les dates de premption Food that is 'in date' is fresh enough to be eaten. incinrateur Plastic water bottles are burned in industrial incinerators. indiscret Someone who is intrusive asks too many questions or becomes too involved in something. dcharge, dpt A landfill is a large hole in the ground where rubbish is buried. manquer /scarter de If you lapse, you stop doing something that you should do or want to do. lancer If you launch something, you officially start or introduce it. ligature, lien A ligature is a piece of material that you tie round something. ampoule lectrique Energy-saving light bulbs use less electricity. de manire lche If you hold something loosely, you do not hold it very tight. fabrication The manufacturing of plastic bottles requires large amounts of petroleum. maximiser All companies want to maximise profits. prendre note dans sa tte If you make mental notes about something, you try hard to remember it. mime A mime is a series of actions that imitate something.

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mimic (v) minimise (v) the moral high ground needlessly (adv) be off sick overbooked (adj) overcook (v) over-crowded (adj) overdone (adj) the overwhelming majority pepper mill (n) PIN number (n) Theres no point doing sth. portion (n) posh (adj) programme (v) be prone to punch in (phr v) purchase (v) ready meal (n) reciprocate (v) regulations (n pl) release (v) request (v) reveal (v)

/mmk/ /mnmaz/ / mrl ha grand/ /nidlsli/ /bi f sk/ /vbkt/ /vkk/ /vkradd/ /vdn/ /i vwelm mrti/ /pep ml/ /pn nmb/ /ez n pnt n du sm/ /pn/ /p/ /prgrm/ /bi prn tu/ /pn n/ /ps/ /redi mil/ /rsprket/ /regjle()nz/ /rlis/ /rkwest/ /rvil/

simuler minimiser le haut niveau de moralit inutilement tre port malade surbook dpasser le temps de cuisson surpeupl trop cuit la majorit crasante moulin poivre code secret Il ny a aucune de raison de faire qch. portion chic programmer tre enclin taper acqurir plat prpar payer de retour rglement relcher rclamer rvler

People used to mimic signing a cheque when they wanted the bill in a restaurant. Companies are always trying to minimise their costs. If someone takes the moral high ground, they think they are a better person than you. 3.6m tonnes of food is needlessly thrown away in England and Wales each year. When people are off sick, they do not go to work because they are ill. The restaurants overbooked and there are two waiters off sick! Its very easy to overcook rice. Keeping animals in overcrowded conditions is cruel. If a steak is overdone, it has been cooked for too long. The overwhelming majority of plastic water bottles arent recycled. A pepper mill is a piece of equipment used for adding pepper to food. A PIN number is a personal number that you put into a cash machine when you want to get money. Theres no point driving a fuel-efficient car if you eat meat every day of your life. A portion of food is enough for one person. Posh means 'expensive and fashionable'. Wall-E is a robot who has been programmed to clean up the planet. People who eat a lot of meat are more prone to serious illnesses. By stabbing the palm of your hand with your fingers, you are miming the act of punching in your PIN number. Purchase is a slightly formal word meaning 'buy'. A ready meal is one that you buy that is already cooked and can be put straight into the oven. If you reciprocate someones feelings, you have the same feelings for them as they have for you. Regulations are official rules. Factories create toxic waste and release it into the environment. Holding your hands a small distance apart is a way of requesting the bill. The study revealed that 9 billion of avoidable food waste was disposed of each year.

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roll-over (adj) rotate (v) seasoning (n) see the light of day ship (v) shortage (n) shun (v) simulate (v) simultaneously (adv) skip (v) slaughter (v) soggy (adj) spread (n) squash (v) squat down (phr v) (TS) squeeze (v) stab (v) staggering (adj) be starving stay off (phr v) stroke (n) substitute (v) suburban (adj) suffering (n) swell (v) throw away (phr v) tip (v) tooth decay (n)

/rlv/ /rtet/ /siz()n/ /si lat v de/ /p/ /t/ /n/ /smjlet/ /smltenisli/ /skp/ /slt/ /sgi/ /spred/ /skw/ /skwt dan/ /skwiz/ /stb/ /stgr/ /bi stv/ /ste f/ /strk/ /sbsttjut/ /sbbn/ /sfr/ /swel/ /r we/ /tp/ /tu dke/

enroul faire tourner assaisonnement voir la lumire du jour expdier par mer pnurie viter simuler simultanment sauter abattre dtremp propagation craser saccroupir presser frapper renversant tre affam sabstenir congestion crbrale substituer de banlieue souffrance enfler jeter donner un pourboire carie, avarie des dents

If you make a roll-over gesture with your hand, you move one hand over the other in a circular movement. If you rotate something, you move it in a circle. Salt and pepper are both types of seasoning. Animals who dont see the light of day live in dark conditions. If products are shipped somewhere, they travel to a place by ship. When you think of food shortages in some countries, wasting food is very shocking. If you shun something, you avoid it. If you simulate something, you pretend to do something. Two things that happen simultaneously happen at the same time. If you skip a meal, you do not have it. Animals are slaughtered for their meat. Something that is soggy is wet in an unpleasant way. Animals are kept in conditions ideal for the spread of diseases such as bird flu. If you squash something, you press it hard. If you squat down, you bend your knees towards the ground so you are balancing on your feet. If you squeeze two things together, you press them together hard. Stab the palm of your hand to mimic punching in your PIN number. A staggering fact or amount is one that is very surprising. People who are starving do not have enough food to eat. If you stay off something, you do not consume it. A stroke is a medical condition in which blood does not reach the brain. If you substitute one thing for another, you use it instead of the other thing. A suburban restaurant is away from the centre of a town or city. She became a vegetarian because she hated animal suffering. If one thing swells another, it makes it bigger. The British public throw away an alarming amount of food. If you tip someone, you give them a small amount of extra money. Tooth decay is the gradual destruction of your teeth.

36

toxic waste (n) toxin (n) tremble (v) sbs true love untouched (adj) upright (adj) use by/best before date (n) vast (adj) virtually (adv) wastefulness (n) wear down (phr v) welfare (n) wig (n)

/tksk west/ /tksn/ /trembl/ /smbdz tru lv/ /ntt/ /prat/ /juz ba/best bf det/ /vst/ /vli/ /westf()lns/ /we dan/ /welfe/ /wg/

dchets toxiques toxine trembler le grand amour de qn intacte daplomb consommer de prfrence jusquau/avant le vaste de fait gaspillage user bien-tre perruque

Factories produce toxic waste that harms the environment. Toxins are poisonous substances. If part of your body trembles, it shakes slightly. Someones true love is the person they love the most. 60% of all food waste is untouched. Something that is in an upright position is in a tall and straight position. The use-by or best before date is the date before which food should be eaten. Vast means 'extremely large'. Discarded water bottles are causing problems in virtually every country in the world. Food wastefulness is shocking. If you wear something down, you use it so much it becomes damaged. People who are interested in animal welfare care about animals. A wig is artificial hair that you wear on your head.

PARTS OF THE BODY

bend your elbows/legs/knees clench your fist/hands hold your hand up hold your head up hold your thumb up clench your teeth index finger palm of your hand shake your finger shake your fist shake your head /bend j elbz/legz/ niz/ /klen j fst/hndz/ /hld j hnd p/ /hld j hed p/ /hld j m p/ /klen j ti/ /ndeks fg/ /pm v j hnd/ /ek j fg/ /ek j fst/ /ek j hed/ plier les coudes/jambes/ genoux serrer le poing/les mains lever la main relever la tte lever le pouce en lair serrer les dents index paume de la main agiter le doigt menacer du poing faire non de la tte If you bend your elbows, legs or knees, you stretch them into a curved position. If you clench your fist or hands, you press it/them closely together. If you hold your hand up, you put it in the air. If you hold your head up, you look straight ahead and do not look down. If you hold your thumb up, you put it in the air, often to show that you approve of something. If you clench your teeth, you press them together because you are angry or upset. Your index finger is the finger next to your thumb. The palm of your hand is the flat part on the inside of your hand. If you shake your finger, you move it about. If you shake your fist, you move your hand, often because you are angry. If you shake your head, you move it from side to side, often as a way of saying 'no'.

37

stick your chest out stick your leg out stick your tongue out raise your arm/hand raise your eyebrows

/stk j est at/ /stk j leg at/ /stk j t at/ /rez jr m/hnd/ /rez jr abraz/

bomber la poitrine allonger les jambes tirer la langue lever le bras/la main en lair lever les sourcils

If you stick your chest out, you walk in a way that pushes it out at the front of your body. If you stick your leg out, you stretch it in front of you. If you stick your tongue out, you push it out of your mouth, usually as way of being rude to someone. If you raise your arm or hand, you put it in the air. If you raise your eyebrows, you move them upwards, often to show you are surprised.

FOOD
Collocations
fast food (n) organic food (n) plain food (n) rich food (n) stodgy food (n) vegetarian food (n) gourmet meal (n) heavy/light meal (n) ready-made meal (n) square meal (n) three-course meal (n) vegetarian meal (n) cold dish (n) fish dish (n) local dish (n) main dish (n) regional dish (n) serving dish (n) vegetarian dish (n) dessert plate (n) /fst fud/ /gnk fud/ /plen fud/ /r fud/ /sti fud/ /veterin fud/ /gme mil/ /hevi/lat mil/ /redimed mil/ /skwe mil/ /riks mil/ /veterin mil/ /kld d/ /f d/ /lk()l d/ /men d/ /ri()nl d/ /sv d/ /veterin d/ /dzt plet/ fast food aliments bio nourriture simple nourriture riche aliment bourratif nourriture vgtarienne repas gourmet repas lourd/lger plat prpar repas convenable repas avec trois plats repas vgtarien plat froid plat de poisson plat typique plat principal plat rgional plat de service plat vgtarien assiette dessert Fast food is food that is made and served very quickly. Organic food is produced without artificial chemicals. Plain food is simple and not exotic. Rich food is contains a lot of butter, cream or eggs. Stodgy food is solid and not pleasant to eat. Vegetarian food is food that does not contain meat or fish. A gourmet meal consists of food of a very high quality. A heavy meal makes your stomach feel very full; a light meal does not make your stomach feel full. A ready-made meal is one that you buy that is already cooked and can be put straight into the oven. A square meal is a large meal that satisfies you when you feel hungry. A three-course meal consists of a starter, main course and dessert. A vegetarian meal does not contain meat or fish. A cold dish has been cooked but is not eaten hot. A fish dish consists mainly of fish. A local dish is one that is eaten a lot in the region or area where you are. A main dish is the one you eat after a starter and before a dessert. A regional dish is one that is eaten a lot in a particular region. A serving dish is a large plate or dish that you serve food from. A vegetarian dish does not contain meat or fish. A dessert plate is one that you eat a dessert on.

38

dinner plate (n) side plate (n) bland flavour distinctive flavour subtle flavour unmistakable flavour la carte menu (n) extensive menu set menu (n)

/dn plet/ /sad plet/ /blnd flev/ /dstktv flev/ /st()l flev/ /nmstekb()l flev/ / l kt menju/ /kstenv menju/ /set menju/

grande assiette petite assiette saveur douce got distinctif saveur subtile saveur nettement reconnaissable menu la carte trs grand menu menu fixe

A dinner plate is a large plate that you eat a main course on. A side plate is a small plate that you put a piece of bread on. Food that has a bland flavour does not have much taste. Food that has a distinctive flavour tastes unusual. Food that has a subtle flavour has a delicate, pleasant flavour. Food that has an unmistakable flavour has a flavour that is easy to recognise. An la carte menu has dishes that are priced separately. An extensive menu has a large choice of dishes. A set menu offers a limited choice of dishes for a fixed price.

Idioms
the best thing since sliced bread a big cheese butter sb up go as red as a beetroot feel a real lemon as nice as pie pay peanuts pear-shaped a recipe for disaster take sth with a pinch of salt a smart cookie spill the beans walk on eggshells / best sns slast bred/ / bg iz/ /bt smbdi p/ /g z red z bitrut/ /fil rl lemn/ /z nas z pa/ /pe pints/ /peept/ / respi f dzst/ /tek sm w pn v slt/ / smt kki/ /spl binz/ /wk n egelz/ le mieux depuis linvention du fil couper le beurre un gros lgume passer de la pommade qn rougir comme une pivoine se sentir gourde croquer payer des clopinettes vou lchec catastrophe assure prendre qch avec des rserves un type fut vendre la mche marcher sur des oeufs If you think that someone or something is the best thing since sliced bread, you think they are very good. A big cheese is someone who is very important. If you butter someone up, you are very nice to them. If you go as red as a beetroot, your face goes very red because you are embarrassed or ashamed. If you feel a real lemon, you feel very stupid. If someone is as nice as pie, they are very polite or charming. If you pay peanuts for something, you pay a very small amount of money for something. If something goes pear-shaped, it goes very wrong. A situation that is a recipe for disaster is one in which things will go very wrong. If you take something with a pinch of salt, you only believe part of what you hear. A smart cookie is someone who is very intelligent. If you spill the beans, you tell someone something that is secret. If you feel you have to walk on eggshells, you feel you have to be very careful.

LINKERS
although /l/ bien que
39

Although hes rich he seems unhappy.

and but consequently even though finally furthermore however in other words On balance ... or as a result secondly so To sum up ... What is more ...

(weak) /n/ (weak) /nd/ (strong) /nd/ /bt/ /knskwntli/ /iv()n / /fan()li/ /fm/ /haev/ /n wdz/ /n blns/ // /z rzlt/ /sekn(d)li/ /s/ /t sm p/ /wt z m/

et mais par consquent malgr que finalement en outre cependant en dautres mots Tout compte fait ... ou comme rsultat deuximement ainsi En rsum ... Qui plus est ...

Being a vegetarian isnt easy and Im in danger of lapsing. Being a vegetarian isnt easy but Im glad I did it. Animals are kept in overcrowded conditions. Consequently disease spreads quickly. Even though there is enough food for everyone, people are still starving. Finally, I became a vegetarian for health reasons. If you dont eat meat youre less likely to have heart disease. Furthermore, vegetarians are less likely to develop cancer. Cars, trains and planes produce a lot of greenhouse gases. However, the meat industry is worse than all of them put together. You use the expression 'in other words' to introduce another way of expressing something. On balance, Im very happy to be a vegetarian. Im a vegetarian or, as a friend put it, I no longer eat anything with a face or a fin. Conditions are overcrowded. As a result disease spreads quickly. 'Secondly' is a word you use to introduce the second point in a discussion or argument. The food industry is focused on profits and so they dont care about animal welfare. To sum up, if you cant be a vegetarian, cutting down on meat and fish is a good start. 'What is more' is an expression that you use to introduce another point in a discussion or argument.

Review B
for ages disastrous (adj) intrepid (adj) /fr ez/ /dzstrs/ /ntrepd/ pendant une ternit dsastreux intrpide If you have done something for ages, you have done it for a long time. Something that is disastrous has very bad results. Someone who is intrepid is brave and not afraid to take risks.

40

march (v) purposefully (adv) scream (v)

/m/ /ppsf()li/ /skrim/

marcher dun pas nergique dans un but prcis crier

If you march somewhere, you walk there quickly and in a determined way. If you do something purposefully, you do it in a determined way. If you scream, you suddenly shout or make a loud noise because you are frightened.

Unit 7 (p.66)
be in agony (TS) arty (adj) attachment (n) beyond the reach of ... boast (v) bookish (adj) be bound to do sth cable car (n) caring (adj) city dweller (n) click (n) compulsory (adj) (TS) crisp (adj) be one of the crowd culture vulture (n) cycling shorts (n pl) demanding (adj) devilish (adj) /bi n gni/ /ti/ /tmnt/ /bjnd ri v/ /bst/ /bk/ /bi band t du sm/ /keb()l k/ /ker/ /sti dwel/ /klk/ /kmplsri/ /krsp/ /bi wn v krad/ /kl vl/ /sakl ts/ /dmnd/ /dev()l/ souffrir le martyre qui a des gots artistiques attachement hors datteinte/de porte ... se glorifier (de qch) studieux tre tenu de faire qch funiculaire attentionne citadins dclic obligatoire frais faire partie de la masse lche-culture cycliste exigeant diabolique After the first days cycling my bottom was in agony! Arty people are interested in things such as painting, music and theatre. I just dont understand the British attachment to the seaside. If someone is beyond the reach of reason, they are not sensible or balanced. If a city or place boasts a well-known landmark or area, that landmark or area is admired by other people. Someone who is bookish enjoys studying and reading books. A jokey card is bound to raise a smile. A cable car is a small vehicle that takes people up and down mountains. A caring person is kind and helpful towards other people. City dwellers are people who live in cities. The man was sleeping but the click of the camera woke him up. If something is compulsory, the rules say you have to do it. Crisp air is cool and refreshing in a pleasant way. If you dont want to be one of the crowd, you want people to realise that you are different from or better than other people. A culture vulture is a person who is interested in sightseeing and learning about things. Cycling shorts are tight shorts that go down to your knee worn for riding a bike. A demanding person always wants your attention. Devilish behaviour is difficult or causes problems.

41

disturbing (adj) double-check (v) downright (adv) doze (v) emerge (v) endless (adj) exhibit (n) the final straw a fleet of boats flowery (adj) frankly (adv) go down (phr v) go out of your way go wrong be a handful head (for) (v) heartbreaking (adj) hellish (adj) humourless (adj) image-conscious (adj) indecisive (adj) inseparable (adj) irresistible (adj) irresponsible (adj) joker (n) jokey (adj)

/dstb/ /dblek/ /danrat/ /dz/ /m/ /endls/ /gzbt/ / fan()l str/ / flit v bts/ /flari/ /frkli/ /g dan/ /g at v j we/ /g r/ /bi hndfl/ /hed (f)/ /htbrek/ /hel/ /hjumls/ /mkns/ /ndsasv/ /nsepr()bl/ /rzstbl/ /rspnsbl/ /k/ /ki/

perturbant revrifier tout fait sommeiller dboucher, sortir sans fin dmonstration la goutte deau qui fait dborder le vase une flotte de navires fleuri, orn franchement se laisser boire scarter de son chemin faire erreur tre isne poigne se diriger (vers) qui brise le coeur infernal sans humour qui soigne son image indcis insparable irrsistible irresponsable joker blagueur

Something that is disturbing shocks people. If you double-check something, you check it a second time to make sure it is right. That wasnt just foolish it was downright irresponsible! If someone dozes, they sleep for a short time. When you emerge from a place, you finally leave it. The children have endless competitions to see who can behave in the most devilish way! I was so sunburned a dermatologist invited me to a convention as an exhibit! The final straw is the last of a series of events that makes someone feel very angry or upset. A fleet of boats is a group of boats owned by the same person or organization. Flowery language contains a lot of complicated words. Frankly, I have never understood the British attachment to the seaside. If a drink goes down well, you swallow it and enjoy it. Arty people go out of their way to find unusual postcards. You cant go wrong with a pint of Guinness! Children who are a handful are difficult to control. In summer a lot of people head for the coast. Something that is heartbreaking is extremely sad. A hellish experience is very difficult or unpleasant. Someone who is humourless is too serious. An image-conscious person cares about what people think of them and their appearance. Someone who is indecisive cannot make decisions. Gill and Ash spent the rest of the holiday together and became inseparable. Someone who is irresistible is very attractive. That wasnt just foolish it was downright irresponsible! A joker is someone who enjoys jokes and having fun. Something that is jokey is amusing.

42

juicy (adj) legacy (n) long-winded (adj) love the sound of your own voice have a nap nibble (at) nip (v) no-nonsense (adj) observation (n) padded (adj) (TS) parking permit (n) parking restrictions (n pl) playful (adj) the prospect of put your foot down raise a smile range in age relentless (adj) have right of way saying (n) seafront (n) serenely (adv) shade (n) sharp (adj) soak up (phr v) soothingly (adv)

/usi/ /legsi/ /lwndd/ /lv sand v jr n vs/ /hv np/ /nbl (t) / /np/ /nnnsns/ /bzven/ /pdd/ /pk pmt/ /pk rstrk()nz/ /plefl/ / prspekt v/ /pt j ft dan/ /rez smal/ /ren n e/ /rlentls/ /hv rat v we/ /se/ /sifrnt/ /srinli/ /ed/ /p/ /sk p/ /suli/

moelleux legs avec redondance aimer scouter parler faire une sieste grignoter pincer qui est trs carr observation rembourr autorisation de stationnement rgles de stationnement enjou la perspective de opposer un refus produire un sourire schelonner en ge sans rmission avoir priorit proverbe, dicton partie face la mer avec srnit ombre coupant absorber avec douceur

A juicy steak is tasty and contains a lot of juice. A legacy is something that you leave to someone or something after you have died. A long-winded description contains too much complicated language. Someone who loves the sound of their own voice, enjoys talking rather than listening. Im tired Im going to have a nap. If you nibble something, you take small bites out of it. The dog nipped me on the hand for eating his sandwich. A no-nonsense person does things quickly and effectively without worrying. Observations are comments that someone makes about something. Padded cycling shorts have thick material at the back that protects your bottom. A parking permit is a document that allows you to park in a particular place. Parking restrictions are official rules that say where you are allowed to park and for how long. A playful gesture is friendly and funny. The author hates the prospect of a day on the beach. If you put your foot down, you refuse to do something. A jokey card is bound to raise a smile. My children range in age from 6 months to 5 years old. A relentless activity is one that never stops, especially in a way that is annoying. Cyclists and pedestrians have right of way over car drivers. A saying is a well-known phrase or expression. The seafront is the part of a town or city that looks out over the sea. If you say something serenely, you say it quietly and calmly. Its too hot here. Lets find a place in the shade. A sharp object is pointed. If you soak up culture or a lifestyle, you enjoy learning about it. 'Dont worry,' my wife said soothingly.

43

sort out (phr v) stick (v) summarise (v) surrender (v) survey the scene tacky (adj) take a drive take sth seriously tasteful (adj) tasteless (adj) tearful (adj) tender (adj) there and then (TS) thoughtful (adj) time-conscious (adj) unadventurous (adj) undivided attention (n) unseasonably (adj) (TS) unwilling (adj) watch the world go by water-colour (n) well-informed (adj) winding (adj)

/st at/ /stk/ /smraz/ /srend/ /sve sin/ /tki/ /tek drav/ /tek sm srisli/ /tes(t)f()l/ /tes(t) ls/ /tf()l/ /tend/ /er n en/ /tf()l/ /tamkns/ /ndvenrs/ /ndvadd tenn/ /nsiznbli/ /nwl/ /w wld g ba/ /wtkl/ /welnfmd/ /wand/

dbrouiller piquer, enfoncer rsumer se rendre passer (la situation) en revue mal fagot aller en voiture prendre qch au srieux de bon got de mauvais got larmoyant tendre ici et maintenant plein dgards ponctuel routinier attention complte qui nest pas de saison peu dispos savourer le temps qui passe aquarelle bien inform qui serpente

If you sort out a problem, you solve it. The children spent the journey sticking sharp objects into each other. If you summarise something, you describe it in a few words. If someone surrenders, they agree to do something that you ask or persuade them to do. When you survey the scene, you look at or think about a situation. Tacky means the same as 'tasteless'. Last weekend my wife suggested that we take a drive to the sea. Bookish people take life rather seriously. A tasteful postcard is one that is attractive and elegant. A tasteless postcard is cheap and not attractive. If you feel tearful, you want to cry. A tender steak is soft and easy to cut and eat. If you do something there and then, you do it immediately. A thoughtful person cares about other peoples feelings. If you are time-conscious, you are aware that you must do things quickly without taking too much time. Someone who is unadventurous does not like doing new things. Children like to have your undivided attention. If temperatures are unseasonably warm, they are warmer than usual at a particular time of year. If you are unwilling to do something, you do not want to do it. If you watch the world go by, you sit and relax, for example at a caf, and watch people walk past. A water-colour is a painting that has been done with paint mixed with water. Someone who is well-informed knows a lot about things. Its not easy driving in the city centre because of the narrow, winding streets.

THE SEASIDE
bucket and spade (n) candy floss (n) /bkt n sped/ /kndi fls/ seau et pelle barbe papa Children enjoy playing with a bucket and spade in the sand. Candy floss is a sweet food for children that looks like cotton wool on a stick.
44

hot dog (n) inflatable dinghy (n) Li-Lo (n) have a paddle saltwater (n) sand (n) scuba equipment (n) seaside (n) sun hat (n) sunburn (n) sunburned (adj) surf (n) waterslide(n) windburned (adj)

/ht dg/ /nfletbl di/ /lal/ /hv pdl/ /sltwt/ /snd/ /skub kwpmnt/ /sisad/ /sn ht/ /snbn/ /snbnd/ /sf/ /wtslad/ /wndbnd/

hot dog canot pneumatique matelas pneumatique faire trempette eau sale sable quipement de plonge bord de mer chapeau de soleil coup de soleil brl par le soleil dferlante toboggan brl par le vent

A hot dog is a sausage in a bread roll. An inflatable dinghy is a small rubber boat that you fill with air. A Li-Lo is a type of bed made of rubber that you use to float on water. They had a paddle at the edge of the water. Saltwater is the type of water that is in the sea. The author hates getting sand in his hair and shoes. Scuba equipment is all the things that you need for diving underwater. The author doesnt understand the British attachment to the seaside. You put a sun hat on to protect your head from the sun. Sunburn is the red, painful areas on your skin when you have been in the sun for too long. I was so sunburned a dermatologist invited me to a convention as an exhibit! Surf is the waves that are falling on a beach. A waterslide is a long thin piece of equipment that children slide down into water. If you are windburned, your skin has been burnt by the wind.

SPOKEN DISCOURSE MARKERS

Actually Anyway Basically Come to think of it ... Do you know what I mean? in the end in fact to be honest /kuli/ /enwe/ /beskli/ km t k v t/ /d j n wt a min/ /n i end/ /n fkt/ /t bi nst/ Vraiment De toute faon Fondamentalement En y pensant ... Est-ce que vous me comprenez ? la fin en fait pour tre franc She doesnt seem very friendly but, actually, shes shy. It was an awful experience but, anyway, its over now. Basically, Gill had two weeks to impress Ash. Come to think of it, he does look a bit like Tom Cruise! When I saw her, I thought shes the one for me. Do you know what I mean? Everything worked out well in the end. We spent the rest of the holiday together in fact, we were inseparable. To be honest, I dont think hes very happy.

'TELL' VERBS
advise assure convince /dvaz/ // /knvns/ conseiller assurer convaincre Tourists were advised not to swim in the sea because of sharks. My wife assured me that wed have a good time, but we didnt! She always tries to convince me well have a good time.

45

encourage inform persuade reassure

/nkr/ /nfm/ /pswed/ /ri/

encourager informer persuader rassurer

Were trying to encourage her to come and visit. My daughter then informed me I was eating the sandwich the dog had half-eaten! Every year my wife manages to persuade me to drive to the seaside. She always reassures me that well have a good time, but I dont!

'SAY' VERBS
admit announce claim confirm explain insist mention suggest /dmt/ /nans/ /klem/ /knfm/ /ksplen/ /nsst/ /men()n/ /sest/ admettre annoncer soutenir, affirmer confirmer expliquer insister mentionner suggrer The author admits that he hates the seaside! My wife woke me up and announced that she had an idea. He claims he eats six hamburgers a day! Could you confirm that the tickets have arrived? Just listen, and Ill explain. My wife insists on going to the seaside every year. My daughter casually mentioned that the dog had eaten half the sandwich. The author hates it when his wife suggests going to the seaside!

Unit 8 (p.78)
adage (n) blind date (n) /d/ /bland det/ adage rendez-vous avec une personne inconnue An adage is a well-known phrase about life. A blind date is an arrangement in which two people who have never met before meet in order to decide whether they want to start a relationship. By and large, we all seem to be attracted to the same things. 'Be careful what you wish for' means that you wish for may not be as good as you hoped for, and may even be harmful. If someone challenges a theory, they say that it is not true. A chaperone is someone who looks after someone or makes sure they behave well, especially at a social event. Scientific evidence has come to the conclusion that beauty is objective and quantifiable.

by and large Be careful what you wish for. challenge a theory chaperone (n) come to the conclusion that

/ba n l/ tout prendre /bi kef()l wt ju w f/ Prenez garde ce que vous souhaitez /ln ri/ rcuser une thorie /prn/ chaperon /km t knklun t/ arriver la conclusion que

46

composite (adj) cultural boundary (n)

/kmpzt/ /kl()rl band()ri/

compos diffrence culturelle tre en contact quotidien tre absolument contre qch faible tre incarn par volutionnaire atroce On ne saurait tirer de lhuile dun mur. n'amener qn quelque part/ amener qn nulle part au premier coup doeil quelle est la raison de toute cette agitation tout ce qui brille nest pas dor. Qui fait le mal rcolte le mal exaucer les voeux hormone impliquer la loi des concordances On ne peut pas changer sa nature. qui se ressemble sassemble

be in daily contact with sb (TS) /bi n deli kntkt w smbdi/ be dead against sth (TS) bi ded genst sm/ dim (adj) /dm/ be embodied in /bi mbdd n/ evolutionary (adj) /ivlu()n()ri excruciating (adj) You cant get blood out of a stone. get sb somewhere/ not get sb anywhere at first glance what all the fuss is about (TS) All that glitters is not gold. What goes around, comes around. grant your wishes (TS) hormone (n) imply (v) the law of attraction A leopard cant change its spots. like attracts like /kskruiet /j knt get bld at v stn/ /get smbdi smwe/ nt get smbdi enwe/ /t fst glns/ /wt l fs z bat/ /l t gltz z nt gld/ /wt gz rand kmz rand/ /grnt j wz/ /hmn/ /mpla/ / l v trkn/ / lepd knt en ts spts/ /lak trkts lak/

A composite picture is made up of two or more separate parts. Cultural boundaries are the differences that exist between different cultures. If you are in daily contact with someone, you see them every day. If you are dead against something, you disagree with it completely. Reading in dim light can damage your eyes. The feminine ideal of beauty is embodied in dolls like Barbie and Sindy. An evolutionary reason is one that is connected with the process of human change and development. An excruciating experience is one that is extremely unpleasant or painful. 'You cant get blood out of a stone' means that it is extremely difficult to persuade someone to give you something or tell you something. Despite the fact Cindy had a genius IQ it never got her anywhere. The picture look similar at first glance, but in fact theyre different. The Secret has sold 1.5million copies. Could you tell us what all the fuss is about? 'All that glitters is not gold' means that what looks attractive or pleasant may not be so. 'What goes around comes around' means that if you treat people badly, you will eventually suffer yourself. If someone grants your wishes, they give you what you ask them for. A hormone is a substance produced by your body that makes it develop and grow. The film implies that for centuries people in power have kept the 'law of attraction' secret. 'The law of attraction' is a principle that says our thoughts and feelings influence events in our lives. 'A leopard cant change its spots' means that someone cannot really change their character. 'Like attracts like' means that people are attracted to other people who are similar to themselves.

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materialise (v) negative thinking (n) objective (adj) phenomenon (n) positive thinking (n) be in power pull (v) quantifiable (adj) ramble (on) (v) rank (v) scientific evidence (n) self-help book/film (n) session (n) sign up for sth (phr v) speed dating (n) think big (TS) top-ranking (adj) transform (v) vibes (n pl) (TS) volunteer (n)

/mtrilaz/ /negtv k/ /bektv/ /fnmnn/ /pztv k/ /bi n pa/ /pl/ /kwntfab()l/ /rmb()l (n) / /rk/ /santfk evdns/ /selfhelp bk/flm/ /se()n/ /san p f sm/ /spid det/ /k bg/ /tprk/ /trnsfm/ /vabz/ /vlnt/

concrtiser penses ngatives objectif phnomne pense positive tre au pouvoir attirer quantifiable radoter classer vidence scientifique livre/film de dveloppement personnel session sinscrire pour qch speed dating, rencontres rapides avoir de grandes ides en tte de classement transformer charisme bnvole

Kevin has had a few serious relationships, but nothing has materialised. Negative thinking attracts bad things. An objective conclusion is based on facts, not personal feelings. A phenomenon is an event or situation which is new or surprising. Positive thinking attracts good things. Those who are in power are the people who control things. If you pull someone, that person is attracted to you in a sexual or romantic way. Something that is quantifiable is able to be measured. If someone rambles on about something, they talk about it in a boring way for too long. Photographs of women were ranked for their attractiveness by a number of volunteers. Scientific evidence has come to the conclusion that beauty is objective and quantifiable. A self-help book or film helps you to solve your own problems. At the end of the session the couple can swap telephone numbers if they wish. Five women and five men signed up for the speed dating night. Speed dating is an event in which people looking for a partner spend 5 minutes with different people to decide who they like best. If you think big, you think in a positive way that is likely to bring success. The top-ranking person or thing is the one that is most important or popular. The film says that the 'law of attraction' has the power to transform our lives. Vibes are the general impressions you get about a person from the way they behave. A volunteer is someone who does something without being paid.

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APPEARANCE
appealing (adj) arched eyebrows (n pl) attractiveness (n) baby-faced (adj) be in line with beauty comes from within beauty is in the eye of the beholder bone structure botox (n) brunette (n) collagen (n) cosmetic surgery (n) cute (adj) dimples (n pl) exaggerated features (n pl) fat (n) feature (n) full lips (n pl) good looks (n pl) high cheekbones (n pl) implant (n) inject (v) sbs inner beauty shines out (TS) nose job (n) nostril (n) /pil/ /t abraz/ /trktvns/ /bebi fest/ /bi n lan w/ /bjuti kmz frm wn/ /bjuti z n i a v i bhld/ /bn strk/ /btks/ /brunet/ /kl()n/ /kzmetk sri/ /kjut/ /dmp()lz/ /gzretd fiz/ /ft/ /fi/ /fl lps/ /gd lks/ /ha ikbnz/ /mplnt/ /nekt/ /smbdz n bjuti anz at/ /nz b/ /nstrl/ attachante sourcils arqus charme qui a un visage poupin re align avec la beaut vient de lintrieur il ny a pas de laides amours morphologie osseuse botox brune collagne chirurgie esthtique mignonne fossettes traits outrs graisse trait lvres pleines belle allure/mine pommettes hautes implant injecter laisser ressortir sa beaut intrieure opration nasale narine An appealing face is one that you think is attractive. Arched eyebrows have a high curve. Photographs of women were ranked for their attractiveness by a number of volunteers. Many women like baby-faced stars like LeonardoDiCaprio and Jude Law. Her chin was moved back so it was in line with her upper lip. 'Beauty comes from within' means that it is someones personality that makes them attractive, not their appearance. 'Beauty is in the eye of the beholder' means that people have different opinions about what is beautiful. Your bone structure is the shape of your face that is formed by the bones underneath. Botox is a substance that makes your skin look younger. A brunette is a girl or woman with dark-brown hair. Cindy had collagen put in her lips. Do you think having cosmetic surgery is selfish? Someone who is cute looks young and attractive. Dimples are small areas on your cheeks that go inwards. Exaggerated features are larger or more prominent than usual. They took fat from Cindys thighs and injected it into her lips. What features do you think make a face look attractive? Full lips look large and round. My ideal date is someone with both intelligence and good looks. High cheekbones are usually considered attractive. An implant is something that is put into someones body during a medical operation. They took fat from Cindys thighs and injected it into her lips. Not everybody has the confidence to let their inner beauty shine out. A nose job is a type of cosmetic surgery to change the shape of your nose. Your nostrils are the two holes at the end of your nose.

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pert (adj) piercing (n) prominent cheekbones (n pl) sexiness (n) size zero (n) smooth skin (n) sparkling eyes (n pl) a square jaw (n) tattoo (n) a turned-up nose (n) white teeth (n pl) widen (v)

/pt/ /ps/ /prmnnt ikbnz/ /seksns/ /saz zr/ /smu skn/ /spkl az/ / skwe / /ttu/ / tnd p nz/ /wat ti/ /wad()n/

coquin piercing pommettes saillantes allure sexy taille 34 peau douce yeux brillants une machoire carre tatouage un nez retrouss dents blanches agrandir, largir

A pert nose is small and considered to be attractive. A piercing is a hole in someones skin for jewellery to fit through. Prominent cheekbones are easy to see or notice in someones face and are considered attractive. Karens ideal date is someone with intelligence, good looks and sexiness. A size zero model is extremely thin. Smooth skin has no rough areas or spots. Sparkling eyes look bright and lively. Men with a square jaw are traditionally considered to be attractive. A tattoo is a picture that is drawn on your body. A turned-up nose curves slightly at the end. White teeth look bright, healthy and attractive. If you widen something, you make it wider.

CHARACTER
bubbly (adj) conventional (adj) dependable (adj) dizzy (adj) down-to-earth (adj) drippy (adj) enigmatic (adj) experienced (adj) be full of yourself grown-up (adj) indulgent (adj) (TS) intense (adj) laddish (adj) laid-back (adj) level-headed (adj) lively (adj) /bbli/ /knven()nl/ /dpendb()l/ /dzi/ /dantu/ /drpi/ /engmtk/ /ksprinst/ /bi fl v jself/ /grnp/ /ndl()nt/ /ntens/ /ld/ /ledbk/ /levlhedd/ /lavli/ ptillant conventionnel sur qui on peut compter tourdi qui a les pieds sur terre mielleux nigmatique expriment tre imbu de soi-mme adulte, mr indulgent exalt rustre dcontract pondr plein dentrain Sindy was bubbly and lively Id like to see her again. People who are conventional are very traditional and not modern. Someone who is dependable is honest and can be trusted. Someone who is dizzy is not practical or down-to-earth. Someone who is down-to-earth is not pretentious. Someone who is drippy may be kind but is not very interesting. Someone who is enigmatic is interesting because they seem mysterious. I prefer the company of people who are experienced and grown-up. Erica seemed selfish and full of herself. I prefer the company of people who are experienced and grown-up. People who are indulgent do what they want without thinking of other people. He can be very intense and a bit obsessive. A laddish man is young and not sophisticated. She doesnt let things worry her shes very laid-back. Someone who is level-headed is calm and sensible. Sindy was bubbly and lively Id like to see her again.

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materialistic (adj) mature (adj) mysterious (adj) obsessive (adj) open-minded (adj) outgoing (adj) self-centred (adj) selfish (adj) sensible (adj) sensitive (adj) spaced-out (adj) stand-offish (adj) straight (adj) tolerant (adj) trustworthy (adj) unambitious (adj) unfriendly (adj) unpretentious (adj)

/mtrilstk/ /mtj/ /mstris/ /bsesv/ /pnmandd/ /atg/ /selfsentd/ /self/ /sensb()l/ /senstv/ /spestat/ /stndf/ /stret/ /tlrnt/ /trs(t)wi/ /nmbs/ /nfrendli/ /nprtens/

matrialiste mre mystrieux obsd qui a lesprit ouvert sociable gocentrique goste sense sensible flipp qui garde ses distances conventionnel, guind tolrant digne de confiance sans ambition antipathique sans prtention

Someone who is materialistic is interested in money and possessions. Girls are often more sensible and mature than boys. A mysterious person seems interesting because they are not easy to understand. Obsessive people are only interested in one person or thing. Someone who is open-minded is tolerant and willing to listen to other peoples opinions. People who are outgoing are friendly and sociable. Stop thinking of yourself and being so self-centred! A selfish person thinks about themselves and is not interested in other people. A sensible person doesnt do stupid or crazy things. A sensitive person cares about other people. Someone who is spaced-out seems not very sensible and slightly crazy. Claire seemed stand-offish and not interested in me. Lara thought Jim was polite, but a bit too straight. My parents are rather traditional I wish theyd be more tolerant. Trustworthy is an adjective used to describe someone who you can trust. Erica thought Kevin was too young and unambitious. Hes not unfriendly, hes just shy. Someone who is unpretentious does not try to impress people with their money or intelligence.

BODY IDIOMS
get it off my chest play it by ear be up to your eyes in work have your fingers in a lot of pies /get t f ma est/ /ple t ba / /bi p t jr az n wk/ /hv j fgz n lts v paz / dire ce quon a sur le coeur jouer/agir dinstinct tre dans le travail jusquau cou tre ml beaucoup affaires If you get something off your chest, you talk about something that is worrying you. If you play something by ear, you see how you deal with a situation without having a plan. If you are up to your eyes in work, you have a lot of work to do. If you have your fingers in a lot of pies, you are involved in a lot of different things.

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put your foot in it sb hasnt made up their mind this neck of the woods a shoulder to cry on

/v pt j ft n t/ /smbdi hznt med p e mand/ /s nek v wdz/ / ld t kra n/

mettre les pieds dans le plat qn na pas encore pris de dcision mon coin une paule pour pleurer

If you put your foot in something, you say something stupid or embarrassing. If you havent made up your mind, you havent decided about something yet. This neck of the woods is an expression that means the place where you are or where you live. If you need a shoulder to cry on, you need someone to listen to your problems.

Unit 9 (p.88)
affectionate (adj) ailment (n) be aligned with sth (TS) alluring (adj) anguished (adj) (TS) approach (v) approve (v) backer (n) backside (n) (TS) bakelite (n) (TS) barren (adj) (TS) brainchild (n) a bunch of captivating (adj) choir (n) /fek()nt/ /elmnt/ /bi land w sm/ /lr/ /gwt/ /pr/ /pruv/ /bk/ /bksad/ /beklat/ /brn/ /brenald/ / bn v/ /kptvet/ /kwa/ affectueux indisposition tre align avec qch Affectionate laughter shows that you love or care about something. An ailment is an illness or disability. Something that is aligned with something else is in the correct position in relation to that thing. attrayant An alluring place is attractive and interesting. angoiss Someone who is anguished is extremely upset. contacter If you approach a person or organization, you make contact with them in order to discuss something. approuver The site for the Bilbao Guggenheim was approved in a week. investisseur, bailleur de fonds If you find a backer for a project, you find a person or company who will provide money for it. derrire Your backside is an informal word meaning your bottom. baklite Bakelite is a type of hard plastic used in the 1940s and 1950s for making radios and telephones. aride Barren land is dry and plants cannot grow there. ide originale The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao was the brainchild of Thomas Krens. une poigne de Frank Gehry affectionately describes the site as 'a dirty river and a bunch of run-down buildings'. fascinant A place that is captivating is attractive and interesting. choeur A choir is a group of people who sing together.

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city council (n) commission (v) component (n) conceal (v) confidentiality agreement (n) (TS) contract polio confined to craftsman (n) (TS) devastated (adj) divorce proceedings (n pl) dominate (v) dove (n) drastically (adv) drizzling (adj) enchanting (adj) endure (v) equinox (n) (TS) eruption (n) establish (v) extramarital (adj) face (v) frantic (adj) get off the ground (TS)

/sti kans()l/ /km()n/ /kmpnnt/ /knsil/ knfdenilti grimnt/ /kntrkt pli/ /knfand tu/ /krftsmn/ /devstetd/ /dvs prsidz/ /dmnet/ /dv/ /drstkli/ /drzl/ /nnt/ /ndj/ /ikwnks/ /rp()n/ /stbl/ /ekstrmrt()l/ /fes/ /frntk/ /get f grand/

conseil municipal passer commande partie composante dissimuler accord de confidentialit attraper la polio oblig de rester dans artisan ravag procdures de divorce dominer tourterelle de manire drastique bruineux charmant tre encore l, rester quinoxe ruption tablir extra-conjugal tre en face de frntique sortir de terre

Krens didnt like the original site chosen by the city council for its new art museum. The Basque regional government commissioned the best architects to redesign the city. A key component of something is an important part of something. The clothes Frida Kahlo wore were worn partly to conceal her physical ailments. A confidentiality agreement is an official document that says that important information must be kept secret. Frida contracted polio, which made her walk in a strange way. At the age of 6, she spent nine months confined to her room with polio. A craftsman is someone who makes beautiful or practical objects. Frida was devastated by the divorce proceedings. In April 1939 Frida and Diego began divorce proceedings. The Bilbao Guggenheim dominates the city at every turn. Her father described Diego and Fridas marriage as 'like an elephant marrying a dove'. Many shops have reduced the prices of goods drastically. When it is drizzling, it is raining slightly. A placethat is enchanting is extremely attractive and interesting. Stonehenge has been standing for 5,000 years and still endures. An equinox is one of the two days in the year when the day and the night are the same length. The eruption of a volcano is the period when it explodes and flames and rocks come out of it. The museums director, Thomas Krens, wanted to establish a European base for the Guggenheim. Frida and Diego both had extramarital affairs. Bilbao faces out onto the Bay of Biscay. As the hymn was about to start, Fry would have a frantic search for the right page. If something gets off the ground, it starts to develop or grow.

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glimpse (v) handrail (n) horseshoe (n) (TS) hymn (n) incentive (n) intriguing (adj) ironically (adv) lever (n) marvel (at) (v) (TS) meander (v) melted (adj) a mere 4 tonnes/50 years etc newly-appointed (adj) ochre-brown (adj) outer space (n) overcast (adj) overlook (v) ozone destruction (n) pierce (v) Post-it (n) radar-based (adj) a raunchy number (n) (TS) redevelopment programme (n) remote control (n)

/glmps/ /hndrel/ /hsu/ /hm/ /nsentv/ /ntrig/ /arnkli/ /liv/ /mvl (t) / /mind/ /meltd/ / m f tnz/ffti jz/ /njuli pntd/ /kbran/ /at spes/ /vkst/ /vlk/ /zn dstrk()n/ /ps/ /pstt/ /redbest/ / rni nmb/ /ridvelpm()nt prgrm/ /rmt kntrl/

entrevoir rampe fer cheval cantique bonus fascinant de manire ironique levier smerveiller (de) aller sans se presser fondu (rien) que 4 tonnes/50 ans qui vient dtre nomm ocre-brun espace cosmique couvert dominer trou dans la couche dozone transpercer Post-it bas sur les radars un morceau torride programme de remise en valeur tlcommande

As you leave the airport, the Guggenheim Museum can be glimpsed in the distance. A handrail is the thing you hold onto with your hand when you are travelling in a bus or tram. If something has the shape of a horseshoe, it has a curved shape that is not quite complete. A hymn is a religious song. An incentive to do something is a reason for doing it. An intriguing place is one that is attractive in a mysterious way. Ironically she painted some of her most powerful works during her separation from Diego. The stones for Stonehenge were moved by a system of levers. If you marvel at something, you admire it very much. If you meander somewhere, you move there slowly and in an indirect way. A solid substance that is melted has become like a liquid. The stones weighed a mere four tonnes each. Someone who is newly-appointed to a job has just started it. Ochre-brown is a colour between brown and yellow. Outer space is the area that contains the stars and the planets. When the sky is overcast it is grey and full of rain. The Jesuit University overlooks the River Nervion. Ozone destruction is caused by chemical reactions. Frida Kahlo was injured in an accident when a handrail pierced her body. Post-its are small pieces of coloured paper that you can stick on things. Dr Percy LeBaron Spencer was working on a radar-based project when he made the discovery that led to the first microwave. A raunchy number is a song that is sung in a sexy way. In the 1980s the Basque regional government began a redevelopment programme for Bilbao. A remote control is a small piece of equipment that you press to use a TV, Hi-Fi etc.

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be/seem rooted to the ground (TS) sermon (n) settle out of court shawl (n) shipbuilding community (n) site (n) so-called (adj) (TS) social-networking site (n) solstice (n) (TS) speculate (v) (TS) spitting (adj) spout (n) spring (n) (TS) sticky (adj) stormy (adj) streetcar (n) subtract (v) tease (v) at every turn undergo (v) urban sprawl (n) sbs mind begins to wander

/bi/sim rutd t grand/ /smn/ /set()l at v kt/ /l/ /pbld kmjunti/ /sat/ /skld/ /s()l netwk sat/ /slsts/ /spekjlet/ /spt/ /spat/ /spr/ /stki/ /stmi/ /stritk/ /sbtrkt/ /tiz/ /t evri tn/ /ndg/ /bn sprl/ /smbdz mand bgnz t wnd/

tre/sembler clouer au sol sermon rgler lamiable chle centre de chantier naval site ainsi nomm site internet de relations sociales solstice spculer il tombe qq gouttes bec verseur ressort poisseux orageux tramway soustraire se moquer de tout point de vue se soumettre banlieue tentaculaire lesprit de qn se met vagabonder

If something seems rooted to the ground, it seems to be fixed there and unable to move. A sermon is a religious speech made in church. If you settle an argument out of court, you solve it without asking a court to decide. A shawl is a large piece of material worn by a woman around her shoulders. Bilbao is Spains fourth largest city and a former shipbuilding community. Krens didnt like the site chosen by the city council for the new art museum. The bluestones are so-called because they turn blue when they get wet. Facebook is a popular social-networking site. The summer solstice is the longest day of the year; the winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. If you speculate about something, you wonder why it has happened, or what the reason for something is. When it is spitting, it is raining slightly. A spout is the part of a tea- or coffee-pot where the tea or coffee comes out. A spring is a long, thin piece of metal twisted into circles that is often used in machinery. The sticky object turned out to be a melted peanut bar. A stormy relationship is one in which people argue a lot. A 'streetcar' is the American word for a 'tram'. When you subtract one number from another, you take it away from that number. When Frida returned to school, other children teased her about her leg. The Bilbao Guggenheim dominates the city at every turn. Over the years Frida Kahlo underwent thirty-two major operations. Urban sprawl is ugly, unplanned development in a city. Fry was listening to the sermon when his mind began to wander.

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water supplies (n pl) waterfront zone (n) weapons of mass destruction (n pl) wind (through) (v) wine-bottling warehouse (n)

/wt splaz/ /wtfrnt zn/ /wepnz v ms dstrk()n/ /wand (ru)/ /wanbtl wehas/

rserves deau zone/secteur des quais armes de destruction massive serpenter ( travers) usine de mise en bouteille du vin

The Nazca Lines in Peru were a map of underground water supplies. A waterfront zone is an area of a town or city that is near a river. Weapons of mass destruction are very powerful that can destroy large areas and kill large numbers of people. To get to Bilbao, you leave the airport and wind through the green hills of Northern Spain. A wine bottling-warehouse is a large building, like a factory, where wine is put into bottles.

BUILDINGS AND PLACES

19th/20th etc-century (adj) contemporary (adj) eccentric (adj) hideous (adj) metallic (adj) post-industrial (adj) post-modern (adj) run-down (adj) semi-derelict (adj) space-age (adj) sprawling (adj) tough (adj) urban (v) /nantin/twenti senri/ /kntemp()rri/ /ksentrk/ /hdis/ /mtlk/ /pstndstril/ /pstmd()n/ /rndan/ /semiderlkt/ /spese/ /sprl/ /tf/ /bn/ du 19me/20me etc sicle contemporain excentrique hideux mtallique post-industriel post-moderne dlabr moiti en ruines de lre spatiale tentaculaire robuste, solide urbain A 19th/20th etc-century building was built in the 1800s/1900s etc. The Bilbao Guggenheim is a contemporary art museum like no other. An eccentric building or design is one that is very unusual. Hideous is a word that means 'very ugly'. Something that is metallic is made of metal. The architect, Frank Gehry, revelled in the chaos and dirt of the postindustrial environment. The Bilbao Guggenheim is a metallic, post-modern, space-age museum. Run-down buildings are in bad condition. A semi-derelict area is in bad condition and almost too bad to be repaired or restored. The Bilbao Guggenheim is a metallic, post-modern, space-age museum. A sprawling town or city covers an area in an untidy, ugly way. Bilbao is a tough, sprawling former shipbuilding community. Urban is an adjective meaning 'relating to towns or cities'.

COLLOCATIONS
design/develop a prototype do/carry out experiments /dzan/dvelp prttap/ /du/kri at/ kspermnts/ dessiner/dvelopper un prototype faire/raliser des expriences It took Trevor Baylis two to three months to design/develop a prototype for the clockwork radio. Scientists sometimes do/carry out experiments on animals.

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do/conduct a search file for/apply for a patent form/set up a company have/come up with an idea start/begin a production

/du/kndkt s/ /fal f/pla fr /pet()nt/ /fm/set p kmp()ni/ /hv/km p w n adi/ /stt/bgn prdk()n/

faire/conduire une enqute poser/dposer une demande de brevet former/tablir une socit avoir/trouver une ide dmarrer/commencer la production

Were currently doing/conducting a search to find talented musicians in the region. Once Bayliss had developed a prototype, he filed for/applied for a patent. Money was found to form/set up a company in Cape Town. Trevor Baylis had/came up with an idea for a clockwork radio. How easy was it to find a backer and start/begin production?

TIME EXPRESSIONS
barely /beli/ peine avant pendant (sa sparation) chaque mois/anne etc qq jours/mois etc auparavant le jour suivant partir de l au retour de qn un dimanche etc/aprs-midi au cours des annes lge 6/37/70 etc ans, il/elle Pendant quil/elle tait assis/ en train de regarder etc Frida died barely two weeks after taking part in a Communist demonstration. Diego Rivera was 42 and had been married twice before. She painted some of her most powerful works during her separation from Diego. Each Sunday he sang with his local church choir. He remembered that a few months previously a colleague had made a glue which had been discarded. Baylis had a dream and the following day started work on his concept of the clockwork radio. Children at school teased her about her leg and from then on she always concealed it. On their return to Mexico, Frida and Diego started divorce proceedings. One Sunday he was listening to the sermon when his mind began to wander. Over the years Frida Kahlo underwent thirty-two major operations. When Frida was 6 she contracted polio. While she was convalescing she took up painting.

before /bf/ during (her/his etc separation) /djr (h/hz/ /sepre()n) / each month/year etc /i mn/j/ a few days/months / fju dez/mns etc previously privisli/ the following day / fl de/ from then on on sbs return one Sunday/afternoon etc over the years When she/he etc was 6/37/70 etc while he/she etc was sitting/ watching etc /frm en n/ /n smbdz rtn/ /wn snde/ftnun/ /v jz/ /wen i/hi wz sks/ ti sev()n/sev()nti/ /wal hi/i wz st/ w/

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Review C
break out (phr v) distinguished (adj) hangover (n) be nominated for oil reserves (n pl) rate of inflation (n) /brek at/ /dstwt/ /hv/ /bi nmnetd f/ /l rzvz/ /ret v nfle()n/ clater remarquable gueule de bois tre propos pour gisements ptroliers taux de linflation War broke out in 1939. She enjoyed a distinguished career and won an Oscar. A hangover is the feeling of being tired and ill because you have drunk too much alcohol. Audrey Hepburn was nominated for and won an Oscar. Vast oil reserves are thought to exist under the Arctic ice cap. We expect the rate of inflation will rise sharply.

Unit 10 (p.100)
be addicted to antithesis (n) circulation (n) (TS) clue (n) conjure up (phr v) convention (n) couldnt care less by default dejected (adj) disapproval (n) epitomise (v) extract (n) /bi dktd tu/ /ntss/ /skjle()n/ /klu/ /kn p/ /knven()n/ /kd()nt ke les/ /ba dflt/ /dektd/ /dspruv()l/ /ptmaz/ /ekstrkt/ tre passionn pour antithse tirage indice voquer convenances nen avoir rien faire par dfaut abattu dsapprobation incarner extrait Do you think its healthy to be addicted to designer labels? The old man in the straw hat is the antithesis of everything the Levis ad stands for. The circulation of a newspaper is how many copies it sells. A clue to something gives you an idea what it is really about. Something that conjures up an image or scene makes you think of that image or scene. Rebels do not care about conventions. If you couldnt care less about something, it doesnt concern or worry you at all. If there is too much product placement, the producer is the loser and, by default, the brand. Someone who is dejected is very disappointed and upset. Disapproval is the feeling that you do not like or approve of something. The Levis 501s ad epitomises everything that is cool. An extract from a book is a short piece of writing that is taken from it.

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fiercely male-dominated (adj) flattering (adj) (TS) gutter press (n) (TS) haunting (adj) heart-throb (n) hit the screens holdall (n) inaccuracy (n) (TS) junior school (n) lasting effect (n) look back (phr v) motion sickness (n) (TS) mythical (adj) nostalgically (adv) over-hyped (adj) (TS) promising (adj) rebel (n) resolve to do sth rugged (adj) scandalous (adj) (TS) be scared stiff (TS) soundtrack (n) No smoke without fire. (TS) storyline (n)

/fsli meldmnetd/ /flt()r/ /gt pres/ /hnt/ /htrb/ /ht skrinz/ /hldl/ /nkjrsi/ /uni skul/ /lst fekt/ /lk bk/ /mn skns/ /mk()l/ nstlkli/ /vhapt/ /prms/ /reb()l/ /rzlv t du sm/ /rgd/ /sknd()ls/ /bi sked stf/ /sandtrk/ /n smk wat fa/ /strilan/

sous une dominance masculine implacable flatteur presse scandales obsdant briseur de coeur passer sur les crans sac fourre-tout inexactitude cole primaire effet durable se rappeler mal des transports mythique avec nostalgie surfait prometteur rebelle se rsoudre faire qch endurci scandaleux tre paralys de peur musique du film Pas de fume sans feu intrigue

A business or industry that is fiercely male-dominated is controlled aggressively by men. A flattering photo is one that makes you look good. The gutter press are newspapers that print a lot of shocking stories. A haunting piece of music is sad in a beautiful way. Nick Kamen was considered a heart-throb amongst women. The ad was a massive success the minute it hit British TV screens. A holdall is a large bag used for carrying sports equipment. Inaccuracies are things that are said and written that are not true or correct. In the UK, junior school is for children aged between 7 and 11. If something has a lasting effect, it changes or influences things for a long time afterwards. Every period in history likes to look back nostalgically to a mythical past. Motion sickness is an unpleasant feeling in your stomach when you are travelling. Every period in history likes to look back nostalgically to a mythical past. Every period in history likes to look back nostalgically to a mythical past. Something that is over-hyped is not as good as it is advertised to be. Something that looks promising seems attractive or interesting. A rebel is someone who opposes people in authority or traditional ways of doing things. After his experience in the playground, Neil resolved to be more like the other boys. 'Rugged' is an adjective used to describe a man who is attractive in a strong, athletic way. The gutter press prints scandalous or embarrassing stories about famous people. If you are scared stiff, you are extremely frightened. A soundtrack is the music that accompanies a film. No smoke without fire is an expression meaning if something bad is said about a person or situation, there is usually a good reason for it. A storyline is the events in a book, film etc.

59

strip off (phr v) trade (v)

/strp f/ /tred/

se dshabiller changer

When someone strips off, they take their clothes off. Trading football cards is a popular activity amongst boys.

SALES AND MARKETING

ad (n) advertising (n) advertising partner (n) box office hit (n) brainwashed (adj) brand loyalty (n) branded goods (n pl) commercial (n) credibility (n) (TS) deal (n) designer brand/label (n) designer shop (n) empowering (adj) fake (adj) fake (n) fragrance (n) iconic (adj) jingle (n) (TS) /d/ /dvtaz/ /dvtaz ptn/ /bks fs ht/ /brenwt/ /brnd llti/ /brndd gdz/ /km()l/ /kredblti/ /dil/ /dzan brnd/ leb()l/ /dzan p/ /mpar/ /fek/ /fek/ /fregrns/ /aknk/ /gl/ pub publicit sponsor publicitaire succs au box-office qui subit un bourrage de crne fidlit une marque produits de marque spot publicitaire crdibilit march marque, nom de crateur boutique de crateur dynamisant, nergisant imitation copie parfum, senteur dicne couplet 'Ad' is an informal word meaning 'advertisement'. Advertising is a big part of the Bond movies. The films advertising partners are the companies who finance the film and whose products are advertised in it. A box office hit is a film that is extremely successful. Do you think children are brainwashed by advertising? Brand loyalty is the tendency of customers to buy a particular brand rather than trying other brands. Branded goods are expensive goods that are made by a well-known company. The Levis commercial conjures up an authentic American scene. Children want what their friends have playground credibility is very important. The deals between companies and the makers of the Bond movies were worth millions of dollars. Designer brands/labels are very important to a lot of young people. I love looking at the handbags and shoes in the windows of designer shops. Something that is empowering makes you feel powerful or attractive. I cant stand fake designer goods! If you show me two handbags, one a designer and one a fake, I can usually spot the fake. Fragrance is a word used in advertising to mean 'perfume'. Someone or something that is iconic is extremely famous and well-known. An advertising jingle is the music and words associated with a product that is advertised.

60

a leaping puma logo (n) nag (v) (TS) peer group (n) pester (v) (TS) pester power (n) (TS) playground pound (n) (TS) positioning of a brand product placement clutter promote (v) radical chic (n) revenue (n) a sense of identity (n) sex appeal (n) strategically placed stripe (n) tick (n) youthful rebellion (n)

/ lip pjum/ /lg/ /ng/ /p grup/ /pest/ /pest pa/ /plegrand pand/ /pz()n v brnd/ /prdkt plesmnt klt/ /prmt/ /rdkl ik/ /revnju/ / sens v adentti/ /seks pil/ /strtikli plest/ /strap/ /tk/ /juf()l rbeljn/

un puma bondissant

The leaping puma is a famous designer logo it shows an animal called a puma jumping in mid-air. logo How many of the logos on the first page of Unit 10 do you recognise? harceler If you nag someone, you ask them again and again for something. groupe de ses semblables Brands can help children fit in with a peer group, but they can also exclude them. casser les pieds If you pester someone, you ask them again and again for something. harclement des enfants 'Pester power' is the marketing potential of children who ask their pour obtenir qch parents to buy them things. pouvoir dachat des enfants The 'playground pound' is a key concept for advertisers. public cible dun produit Positioning of a brand in the market refers to the type of people a particular product is aimed at. encombrement de placement Product placement clutter is when there are too many branded de produits products in a movie. promouvoir Twenty different companies promoted their products in the film Die Another Day. chic total Radical chic is stylishness or fashion that is new and original. revenu The Bond franchise rakes in a huge amount of revenue from advertisers. une sensation dappartenance Do you agree that brands give children a sense of identity? sex appeal The Levis 501s advert represented youthful rebellion and sex appeal. plac de manire stratgique Products that are strategically placed appear during a film in ways that are designed to make people notice them. rayure A stripe is a line of colour on a plain surface. coche A tick is the symbol that a teacher writes against an answer to show that it is correct. rvolte de la jeunesse The Levis 501s advert represented youthful rebellion and sex appeal.

SPOKEN DISCOURSE MARKERS

Anyway, to get back to what I was saying ... But the thing is... /enwe t get bk t wt a wz se/ /bt z/ Nimporte, pour revenir ce que jtais en train de dire Mais le fait est ... Anyway, to get back to what I was saying ... The point Im trying to make is that famous people have families with feelings. But the thing is, I rarely seem to read anything true about myself these days.

61

Hang on ... If I could just come in here ... If you would just let me finish ... If you would let me answer the question ... The point Im trying to make here is ... The problem is ... Im sorry to interrupt you but ... Sorry, but ... What you didnt say was ...

/h n/ /f a kd st km n h/ /f ju wd st let mi fn/ /f ju wd let mi ns kwes()n/ / pnt am tra t mek h/ / prblm z/ /am sri tu ntrpt ju/ /sri bt/ /wt ju dd()nt se wz/

Ne quittez pas ... Pour y arriver Si vous pouviez me laisser terminer ... Si vous pouviez me laisser rpondre la question Lide que jessaie de faire ressortir ici est Le problme cest Je suis dsol de vous interrompre mais ... Dsol, mais ... Ce que vous navez pas dit, ctait ...

Hang on, I havent finished. If I could just come in here, I think we need to address the root of the problem. If you would just let me finish of course the press have been important. If you would let me answer the question, I think we need to look at relationship between fame and the press. The point Im trying to make here is that famous people have families with feelings. The problem is, its not always clear whats true and what isnt. Well, Im sorry to interrupt you, but weve run out of time. Sorry, but I cant believe that youre actually complaining about free publicity. What you didnt say was what those inaccuracies were.

VERB PHRASES 'LOOK AT'

eye up gaze at glance at stare at /a p/ /gez t/ /glns t/ /ster t/ lorgner contempler jeter un coup doeil fixer I cant walk past a designer shop without eyeing up the handbags in the window. She spends hours gazing at photos in fashion magazines. I always glance at my reflection in shop windows. People stare at me because I look different.

VERB PHRASES 'SEE'

catch sight of make out notice spot /k sat v/ /mek at/ /nts/ /spt/ apercevoir distinguer remarquer retrouver, reconnatre When she caught sight of my designer mobile phone, I could see she was jealous. I could just make out a building in the distance. A lot of people like to be noticed. Could you spot a fake handbag from a designer one?

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Unit 11 (p.110)
the accounts (n pl) amoebic dysentery (n) ant (n) bash (v) go berserk birth rate (n) black out (phr v) bunk (n) buzz (n) catering company (n) come to your senses dent (v) dodge gunfire embellish (v) faint (v) get sth out of your system judging by latrine (n) lower your expectations premises (n pl) raging fever (n) /i kants/ /mibk ds()ntri/ /nt/ /b/ /g bzk/ /b ret/ /blk at/ /bk/ /bz/ /ketr kmp()ni/ /km t j sensz/ /dent/ /d gnfa/ /mbel/ /fent/ /get sm at v j sstm/ / ba/ /ltrin/ /l jr ekspekte()nz/ /premisz/ /re fiv/ les comptes dysenterie amibienne fourmi cogner devenir fou furieux taux de natalit svanouir couchette brouhaha traiteur revenir soi brcher esquiver les coups de feu embellir svanouir se librer de qch en juger par latrines revoir ses attentes la baisse locaux fivre de cheval The accounts are the record of the money a company receives and spends. Amoebic dysentery is a tropical illness which makes you go to the toilet very often and become weak. An ant is an insect that lives under the ground in large, organised groups and can bite. If you bash something, you hit it very hard. If you go berserk, you start behaving in a very angry or busy way. The birth rate is the number of babies who are born in a particular year or place. If you black out, you suddenly become unconscious. A bunk is one of two small beds that are joined together, one above the other. A buzz is a feeling of excitement among a group of people. A catering company is one that prepares food and drinks for an event or organization. When you come to your senses, you finally start behaving sensibly again. If something dents something else, it pushes the surface inwards. If you dodge gunfire, you run away to avoid being shot. People love to embellish stories to make them sound more dramatic. If you faint, you suddenly lose consciousness. If you get something out of your system, you get rid of strong feelings about someone or something. Judging by her low marks, she is bound to fail the exam. A latrine is a toilet that is outside. If you lower your expectations, you do not try to achieve something because you think it will be too difficult. The premises are the buildings that a business or organization uses. If you have a raging fever, you are very hot and have a very high temperature.

63

skull (n) stinking (adj) stitch (n) be swarming with sth swell up (phr v) womens liberation movement (n) be wracked with pain

/skl/ /stk/ /st/ /bi swm w/ /sm/ /swell p/ /wmnz lbren muvmnt/ /bi rkt w pen/

crne malodorant point de suture qui fourmille de qch

Your skull is the bones of the head. A stinking place or object smells extremely unpleasant. A stitch is a short piece of thread that is used for joining your skin together when you have cut yourself badly. The room was swarming with huge ants.

enfler One ant had bitten my thigh, which had swollen up like a balloon. mouvement de libration des The womens liberation movement is an organisation that makes femmes sure women have the same opportunities as men. se tordre de douleur If someone is wracked with pain, their body, or part of their body, hurts a lot.

EDUCATION
A-level (n) apply for a place (at) boarding school (n) evening course (n) fail an exam fees (n pl) GCSE (n) get a loan get good/low marks go on to further education learn by heart secondary school (n) take a course /elev()l/ /pla fr ples/ /bd skul/ /ivn kls/ /fel n gzm/ /fiz/ /isiesi/ /get ln/ /get gd/l mks/ /g n t f edjke()n/ /ln ba ht/ /seknd()ri skul/ /tek ks/ baccalaurat sinscrire pour une place () internat cours du soir rater un examen frais duniversit brevet prendre un crdit obtenir de bonnes/mauvaises notes allonger la dure de ses tudes apprendre par coeur lyce prendre un cours A-levels are exams that students take in England and Wales before going to university. Henrys teacher told him he shouldnt apply for a place at university. A boarding school is a school where the students can live. Romy took an evening course in maths and accounting. My parents will kill me if I fail the exam! I had to get a bank loan to pay my university fees. GCSEs are exams that students take in England and Wales when they are 15 or 16. I need to get a loan to pay the university fees. Romy wasnt very good at maths at school and always use to get low marks. Nowadays more and more people go on to further education. A lot of vocabulary has to be learnt by heart. Secondary school is a school for students between the ages of 11 and 16 or 18. She decided to take a course in maths and accounting.

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COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS
It took my breath away. burst into tears be at deaths door I was dying for a drink. I was at the end of my tether. I was on my last legs. I was going out of my mind. It was mind-blowing. be over the moon /t tk ma bre we/ /bst nt tz/ /bi t des d/ /a wz da fr drk/ /a wz t i end v ma te/ /a wz n ma lst legz/ /a wz g at v ma mand/ /t wz mand bl/ /bi v mun/ ma coup le souffle. clater en larmes tre larticle de la mort Javais trs envie de boire. Jtais bout de nerfs. Jtais bout de force. jtais en train de perdre la raison Ctait hallucinant. tre aux anges The view from the top of the mountain was spectacular it took my breath away. She burst into tears when she heard shed failed the exam. I was at deaths door until I got the antibiotics. Wed been walking for hours and it was hot and sticky I was dying for a drink. When they still hadnt come home by midnight, I was at the end of my tether. Id been working for 12 hours and was on my last legs. Id been waiting all evening for him to call and was going out of my mind. 'What did you think of the concert?' 'It was mind-blowing.' I was over the moon when I heard Id passed the exam.

JOB INTERVIEWS
concisely (adv) conscientious (adj) embark on a career gain experience highly motivated interpersonal skills (n pl) /knsasli/ /kniens/ /mbk n kr/ /gen ksprins/ /hali mtvetd/ /ntps()nl sklz/ de manire concise consciencieux embrasser une carrire amasser de lexprience hautement motiv comptences relationnelles zle manque dexprience organisation adquate se montrer sr de soi ne pas sloigner du sujet points forts et points faibles If you speak concisely, you use enough words, but not too many, to explain what you mean. Someone who is conscientious works hard. Hed like to embark on a career in the legal profession. Its important to gain as much experience as you can. Someone who is highly motivated works hard and is determined to succeed. Good interpersonal skills are necessary when youre working with other people. Keenness is a word that means the same as 'enthusiasm'. Sound confident but admit your lack of experience in certain areas. Proper planning is an expression meaning 'good organisation'. Sound confident but admit your lack of experience in certain areas. Answer questions concisely and stick to the point. Your strengths are the things you are good at; your weaknesses are the things you are not good at.

keenness (n) /kinns/ lack of experience /lk v ksprins/ proper planning (n) /prp pln/ sound confident /sand knfd()nt/ stick to the point /stk t pnt/ strengths and weaknesses (n pl) /stres n wiknsz/

65

team-player (n) training opportunities (n pl) waffle (v) be well-suited to sth

/timple/ /tren ptjuntz/ /wf()l/ /bi welsutd t sm/

personne qui a lesprit dquipe offres de formation parler pour ne rien dire bien convenir pour qch

A team-player is someone who is good at working with other people. Training opportunities are opportunities to get new skills and learn more. Someone who waffles talks a lot but doesnt say anything important. Im well-suited to this kind of work because I work well under pressure.

Unit 12 (p.118)
aesthetics (n pl) (TS) chunk (n) draught (n) the elements (n pl) estuary (n) fossil fuels (n pl) harbour (v) ivy (n) pitch dark (adj) poker (n) pop next door raker (n) reliance on sb/sth rise (past tense rose) (v) sandbank (n) serenity (n) /setks/ /k/ /drft/ /i elmnts/ /estjuri/ /fs()l fjulz/ /hb/ /avi/ /p dk/ /pk/ /pp nekst d/ /rek/ /rlans n smbdi / /raz (past tense rz) / /sndbk/ /srenti/ esthtique morceau courant dair les lments estuaire combustible fossile abriter lierre tout fait noir tisonnier faire un saut chez le voisin ratissette dpendance de qn/qch se lever banc de sable srnit The word 'aesthetics' relates to the appearance of things rather than their practical use. A chunk is a large piece of something. A draught is cold air that comes into a building or room. 'The elements' is an expression used to talk about the weather, especially the wind and rain. An estuary is the part of a large river where it becomes wide and flows into the sea. Fossil fuels are fuels such as coal or oil; they are bad for the environment. If something harbours an unpleasant or harmful substance or thing, it contains it. Ivy is a plant with dark green leaves that grows up walls or spreads over a large area. If a place is pitch dark, it is totally black with no light. A poker is a metal stick used for moving coal or wood around on a fire. If you pop next door, you go to see your neighbours. A raker is a tool used for separating pieces of burning coal on a fire. The earth shelter demonstrates that you can have a comfortable life without reliance on fossil fuels. When you rise in the morning, you get out of bed. A sandbank is an area of sand at the edge of a river or the sea. Serenity is a feeling of calm and peace.

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at short notice socialise (v) (TS)

/t t nts/ /slaz/

bref dlai frquenter

If you do something at short notice, you do it without having much time to prepare for it. When you socialise with other people, you spend time with them in a relaxed way.

HOUSES/HOMES
apartment block (n) bed and breakfast (n) bungalow (n) central heating (n) earth (n) eco-dwelling (n) eco-friendly (adj) en suite (n) face north/south etc guesthouse (n) heat loss (n) layout (n) lighthouse (n) be in the middle of nowhere plasterboard (n) shelter (n) /ptmnt blk/ /bed n brekfst/ /bgl/ /sentrl hit/ // /ekdwel/ /ekfrendli/ /n swit/ /fes n/sa/ /gesthas/ /hit ls/ /leat/ /lathas/ /bi n mdl v nwe/ /plstbd/ /elt/ immeuble chambre dhte pavillon chauffage central terre habitat cologique respectueux de lenvironnement attenant se situer au nord/sud etc pension perte de chaleur plan, conception phare tre perdu carreau de pltre abri An apartment block is a tall building containing apartments on different levels. A bed and breakfast is a small hotel or private house that provides a room for the night and breakfast in the morning. A bungalow is a house on one level. Central heating is a system that heats a whole house or building. Earth is the substance in which plants grow that covers most of the land. An eco-dwelling is a house that is built in a way that is not harmful to the environment. An eco-friendly house is designed not to be harmful to the environment. An en suite is a bathroom that is joined to a bedroom. One side of the earth shelter faces south with a lot of glass, so we have a lot of daylight. A guesthouse is a small hotel or private house where people pay to stay for the night. Heat loss is the process by which warm air leaves a house or building so that it becomes colder. The layout of a room or house is its shape and the way in which it is designed. A lighthouse is a tall, thin building next to the sea with a light that flashes to warn ships of danger. If you are in the middle of nowhere, you are in a lonely place that is a long way from towns and cities. Plasterboard is plaster that is put between layers of strong paper and used for covering walls. A shelter is a place to live.

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structure (n) stuffy (adj) terrace (n) vinyl (n)

/strk/ /stfi/ /ters/ /van()l/

structure mal ar terrasse vinyle

Living in a round structure, you feel protected. A stuffy room or building does not have enough air. A terrace is a flat area outside a building where you can sit and have meals. Vinyl is a type of light, strong plastic, often used for kitchen floors.

FURNISHINGS
bell (n) blinds (n) bolt (n) candlestick (n) chrome (n) (TS) coat hook (n) curtains (n pl) cushion (n) doormat (n) double-glazing (n) dustpan and brush (n) fireplace (n) fitted carpet (n) floor covering (n) ironing board (n) knocker (n) /bel/ /blandz/ /blt/ /knd()lstk/ /krm/ /kt hk/ /ktnz/ /k()n/ /dmt/ /dblglez/ /ds(t)pn n br/ /faples/ /ftd kpt/ /fl kv()r/ /a()n bd/ /nk/ sonnette stores verrou chandelier chrome patre rideaux coussin paillasson double vitrage pelle et balai chemine moquette revtement de sol planche repasser heurtoir A bell is a piece of equipment on a door that you ring to let someone know you are there. Blinds are window covers that you pull down from the top to the bottom. A bolt is a metal bar that you slide across a door to lock it. A candlestick is an object for holding a candle. Chrome is a hard metal substance used for covering other materials to make them shiny. A coat hook is a curved piece of metal used for hanging a coat on. Curtains are long pieces of material that hang down to cover a window. A cushion is a small square bag used for making a seat more comfortable. A doormat is a piece of material that you clean the bottom of your shoes on before entering a house. Double-glazing is windows made of two layers of glass to make a room warmer and quieter. A dustpan and brush is a small, flat container and brush used for brushing dirt from the floor into. A fireplace is a place in a room where the fire burns. A fitted carpet is a carpet that has been made especially to fit a particular room. Floor coverings are materials that are used to cover floors that you walk on. An ironing board is a tall, narrow table that you use to do the ironing. A knocker is a piece of metal on a front door that you use to let someone know you are there.

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latch (n) letterbox (n) light switch (n) mantelpiece (n) ornament (n) parquet (n) patterned wallpaper (n) power point (n) radiator (n) rug (n) shaving socket (n) shelf (n) shower curtain (n) shutters (n pl) sill (n) sink (n) tea towel (n) tiles (n pl) towel rail (n) tumble dryer (n) washbasin (n)

/l/ /letbks/ /lat sw/ /mnt()lpis/ /nmnt/ /pke/ /pt()nd wlpep/ /pa pnt/ /rediet/ /rg/ /ev skt/ /elf/ /a kt()n/ /tz/ /sl/ /sk/ /ti tal/ /talz/ /tal rel/ /tmb()l dra/ /wbes()n/

loquet bote lettres bouton lectrique manteau ornement parquet papier peint motif prise de courant radiateur carpette prise-rasoir tagre rideau de douche volets rebord vier torchon vaisselle carreaux porte serviette sche linge vier

A latch is a thin, metal bar used for keeping a door shut. A letterbox is a small hole in a door for pushing letters through. A light switch is a piece of plastic like a button that you use for switching a light on and off. A mantelpiece is a shelf above a fireplace that you can put ornaments or photos on. An ornament is a small attractive object used for decoration. Parquet is a floor made of blocks of wood that form a pattern. Patterned wallpaper is paper that covers the walls of a room with a design on it. A power point is a place on a wall where you can connect equipment to the electricity supply. A radiator is a large metal object on a wall used for heating a room. A rug is a small carpet that covers part of a floor. A shaving socket is a place on a wall in a bathroom where men can connect their shaver to the electricity supply. A shelf is a flat piece of wood, metal, or glass used for putting things such as books on. A shower curtain is a long piece of plastic that you pull across a shower to prevent things getting wet. Shutters are wooden covers used for covering the outside of a window at night or when it is hot. A sill is a narrow shelf at the bottom of a window. A sink is a large, open container for water in a bathroom or kitchen. A tea towel is a small, cotton towel used for drying dishes, knives, forks, etc in a kitchen. Tiles are square, flat pieces of stone or other material used for covering walls or floors. A towel rail is a long, thin piece of metal used for putting towels on. A tumble dryer is a piece of equipment used for drying clothes. A washbasin is the container in a bathroom used for washing your face and hands in.

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Review D
binoculars (n pl) grant (n) invoice (n) orphanage (n) troubled (adj) /bnkjlz/ /grnt/ /nvs/ /f()n/ /trb()ld/ jumelles allocation facture orphelinat malheureuse We could see the island in the distance through the binoculars. Adam got a full grant to pay for his studies. Could you take these invoices to the accounts department? An orphanage is a place where children without parents live. Adam had a troubled childhood and was brought up in an orphanage.

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Grammar Extra
Unit 1 Les temps des verbes. Les auxiliaires
1re partie: Les temps des verbes Les temps du prsent
On utilise le prsent simple pour parler dhabitudes et de routines ou de choses qui sont toujours vraies. I usually go to bed around midnight. / The sun rises in the east. On utilise le prsent continu pour parler dactivits en train de se drouler maintenant, ou pour dcrire des situations en train de changer. Im learning Japanese as well as English. / The Earth is getting warmer. On utilise le present perfect pour parler de situations du prsent, commences dans le pass et qui continuent en ce moment, ou qui existent cause dune action acheve du pass, ou qui eurent lieu un moment non prcis du pass. Ive been taking English classes since last year. / Look, shes changed her hairstyle. / Weve seen Madonna in concert nine times!

Les 'question-tags'
En gnral, on emploie une 'question-tag' ngative avec un nonc positif et une 'questiontag' positive avec un nonc ngatif. Youre Irish (+), arent you ()? / Youre not Irish(), are you (+)? On utilise they pour se rfrer somebody, anybody/everybody et nobody. 'Somebody must have seen her, mustnt they?' On utilise une 'question-tag' positive aprs never, hardly, little. He never gives up, does he? On peut employer will/would ou can/cant/could aprs des propositions limpratif. Get me some milk from the shops, would you? Autres cas: Lets go out for dinner, shall we? / Theres no time left, is there? / Nothing can go wrong, can it?

Unit 2 Les constructions verbales (1)

Le style indirect signifie que vous utilisez vos propres mots pour rapporter ce que quelquun a dit.On emploie en gnral les verbes say (that) ou tell (someone that) et ask (someone if / whether) pour les formes interrogatives.

Les temps du pass

On emploie en gnral le prtrit continu (past continuous) en opposition avec le prtrit simple (past simple) pour parler dactivits en train de se drouler lorsque quelque chose eut lieu. He was living in London when he met her. On emploie le plus-que-parfait (past perfect) pour montrer qu une action du pass se droula avant une autre action du pass. The film had started when I arrived. On peut utiliser would ou used to pour exprimer des actions du pass rgulires ou habituelles. When she lived with us, she used to get up at six oclock and would always have coffee for breakfast. On peut aussi employer used to mais pas would en rfrence des tats ou des situations du pass. I used to have a motorbike but I sold it.

verbe + infinitif (to-infinitive)

En rgle gnrale, ces verbes nont pas de complment dobjet avant linfinitif (to-infinitive): aim, arrange, attempt, cant afford, decide, hope, intend, manage, offer, plan, refuse, seem, tend, try. She manages to stay in shape. verbe +objet+infinitif(to-infinitive) a) Ces verbes recoivent parfois un complment dobjet avant linfinitif (to-infinitive): expect, help, want. I wanted her to go out with me, but she said she was busy. b) Ces verbes, en rgle gnrale, ont un complment dobjet avant linfinitif (to-infinitive): allow, encourage, force, remind, teach, urge, warned (not). My father taught me to swim when I was five. verbe + grondif On emploie le grondif aprs les verbes suivants: avoid, cant stand, dont mind, enjoy, fancy, finish, keep, miss, spend/waste time. I cant stand being the centre of attention. verbe+complment dobjet+grondif Les verbes suivants ont parfois un complment dobjet avant le grondif: avoid, dont mind, dread. I dreaded my parents finding out. verb+complment dobjet+ infinitif sans to Make et let recoivent un complment dobjet avant linfinitif sans to. They let me have my own beliefs.

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2me partie: Les auxiliaires

so / neither (nor) Les verbes auxiliaires be, have et do sont employs pour former diffrents temps. Ils sont aussi utiliss avec so and neither (nor) dans les question-tags et les rponses courtes. On emploie so pour signifier 'also' dans la construction So+auxiliaire+sujet. 'Im American.' 'So am I.' On emploie neither ou nor pour signifier 'also not' dans la mme construction. 'I cant swim.''Nor can my brother.' So et neither sont utiliss pour exprimer l'accord entre les personnes qui parlent. Remarquez ce qui se passe quand les personnes qui parlent ne sont pas daccord. 'Im Irish.' 'Im not.' (non pas 'Im not Irish.') / 'He hasnt got a car.' 'She has.' (non pas 'Shes.')

Unit 3 Le style indirect. Le conditionnel : expression de lirrel

1re partie: le style indirect
Temps On effectue une concordance des temps 'en arrire'. Le prsent simple, le prsent progressif et le present perfect (present simple, present continuous and present perfect) basculent en prtrit, prtrit progressif et en plus-que-parfait, (past simple, past continuous and past perfect). Le prtrit et le prtrit continu (past simple and past continuous) basculent en plus-que-parfait et en plus que-parfait-progressif (past perfect simple and continuous). Les verbes modaux can et will se changent en could et would. Certaines formes nont pas besoin de changer : un verbe dj au past perfect reste dans le past perfect; les verbes modaux could, might et would demeurent dans la mme forme. Construction des phrases interrogatives indirectes Lordre des mots dans les phrases interrogatives indirectes est le mme que dans les phrases affirmatives (sujet + verbe). On nutilise pas do/does/did. Pour les questions yes/no on utilise if ou whether. 'Do you have enough money?' She asked me if / whether I had enough money. Pronoms et les adjectifs possessifs penvent diffrer. Style direct: 'I like your ideas'. Style indirect1: My boss told me that she liked my ideas. Style indirect 2: His boss told him that she liked his ideas. Rfrences temporelles Voici quelques changements communs utiliss en rfrence au temps pour passer du style direct lindirect: a few weeks ago a few weeks previously; now then; today that day; tomorrow the following day; this week that week;next week the following week. 'Ill see you tomorrow' He said hed see me the following day.

Subordonne en -if
If I hadnt wasted all my money,

Proposition principale
I wouldnt be poor now. (1) I wouldnt have lost my house. (2)

Unit 4 Les temps de la narration. Futur progressif et futur antrieur (Future continuous et future perfect)
1re partie: Les temps de la narration
Prtrit simple et prtrit continu (Past simple and continuous) Le prtrit simple (past simple) est utilis en gnral pour fixer des actions du pass. On peut lemployer pour dcrire les vnements principaux dune histoire. La plupart des verbes sont rguliers et se terminent en-d/-ed/-ied, bien que les verbes les plus utiliss soient souvent irrguliers. Le prtrit continu (past continuous) est souvent utilis en contraste avec le prtrit (past simple). On peut lemployer pour dcrire une action qui tait en train de se drouler quand les vnements principaux de lhistoire eurent lieu. When they looked back, the polar bear was running after them. Plus-que-parfait simple et plus-que-parfait progressif (Past perfect simple and continuous) Le plus-que-parfait (past perfect) peut tre utilis soit la forme simple quand on se rfre une action acheve, soit laspect progressif en rfrence une action en train de se drouler; les deux stant nettement passes avant les faits principaux de lhistoire. When they made their first stop, they had been travelling for 12 hours. / He was just twenty-three and had never been on a polar expedition.

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2me partie: futur progressif (future continuous) et futur antrieur (future perfect)
On emploie le futur continu pour parler dune action qui sera en train de se drouler un certain moment du futur. Dont phone at 8.00 well be having dinner. On emploie le futur antrieur pour parler dune action qui sera acheve avant un certain moment du futur. Ill have finished work by 5.30.

2me partie: Le conditionnel : expression de lirrel

Ces phrases consistent en une subordonne en -if et en une proposition principale et elles sont employes pour exprimer des situations peu probables du prsent ou du pass.

Subordonne avec -if

La subordonne avec -if exprime la condition. Pour montrer que la situation est imaginaire, on effectue une concordance de temps en arrire (present past; past past perfect).

Situation relle
Im not rich. I spent too much money.

Situation imaginaire
If I was/were rich, If I hadnt spent so much money,

Unit 5 La frquence: expression de lhabitude dans le prsent et dans le pass. Formation des temps (2)
1re partie: expression de lhabitude dans le prsent et dans le pass
will / would Pour parler de comportement habituel, caractristique et prvisible, on peut utiliser will au prsent et would au pass. Hell get up at seven oclock and he wont talk to anyone until hes finished his breakfast. / Id walk home every day unless it was raining.

Proposition principale
La proposition principale exprime le rsultat de la subordonne conditionnelle et peut rfrer soit au prsent(1) would/nt + infinitif sans to, soit au pass (2) would/nt + have + participe pass.

Will et would sont presque toujours contracts (ll, d). Les formes compltes peuvent exprimer la colre. She will insist on opening all the windows. used to On peut employer used to pour parler dhabitudes, dtats ou de situations du pass. I used to have a pet rabbit called 'Dingbat'. / I used to come home from school every day at five oclock. I didnt use to enjoy sports lessons.

progressive. Shes lost her keys (NON PAS Shes been losing her keys). ! Les verbes dcrivant des tats sont trs rarement utiliss la forme progressive. Ive known her for years (NOT Ive been knowing her for years).

Part 2me partie: Rvision de la voix passive

Dans les phrases la voix passive, lobjet du verbe actif devient le sujet du verbe passif. sujet Somebody sujet My sandwich sujet The police sujet Two men verbe actif s eaten verbe passif has been eaten! verbe actif are holding verbe passif are being held objet two men. by + agent by the police objet my sandwich!

2me partie: Les constructions verbales

Un petit groupe de verbes peuvent tre suivis soit par un infinitif , soit par un grondif, chaque fois en ayant un sens diffrent. 1 try Avec l infinitif laction du verbe nest pas acheve avec succs. I tried to make her understand my feelings, but she wouldnt listen. Avec le grondif, laction du verbe est acheve avec succs mais sans le rsultat dsir. I tried leaving her messages, but she never replied. 2 stop En utilisant linfinitif, on donne la raison (de stopper lactivit). She stopped to tell me about her boyfriend when I saw her in town. En utilisant le grondif, on explicite que lactivit a stopp. She stopped talking to him after they split up. 3 remember, (never/not) forget En utilisant linfinitif, on se rfre des actions que quelquun est/tait suppos faire. I remembered to buy her a birthday card. But I forgot to post it. En utilisant le grondif, on se rfre des vnements, des actions prcises qui se sont vraiment droules. I remember meeting her in a bar. (= I met her and now I remember this meeting.) / Ill never forget kissing her for the first time. Attention : en rgle gnrale, on nutilise pas laffirmatif de forget + grondif (He forgot meeting Bob.). 'Dont remember' est plutt employ (He didnt remember meeting Bob.).

Dans les phrases la voix passive, 'celui qui fait laction '- appel 'agent' peut soit ne pas tre du tout mentionn soit tre mentionn la fin de la phrase ; il est alors introduit alors par by.

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Unit 7 Les semi-modaux. Les articles

1re partie: les semi-modaux
En plus des neuf 'auxiliaires modaux purs' (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must), il existe des expressions aux fonctions semblables et qui sont appeles des 'semimodaux: be allowed to, have to, need to and ought to. Fonction Expression de la permission affirmative was/were allowed to could ngative wasnt/werent allowed to couldnt construction

Unit 6 Present perfect simple et continu. Rvision de la voix passive

1re partie: Present perfect simple et continu
Le present perfect montre un lien entre le pass et le prsent. Il dcrit des actions ou des processus qui eurent lieu (action acheve) ou qui taient en train de se drouler (action inacheve) dans le pass jusquau moment prsent in time 'up-to-now'. La forme simple dcrit en gnral des actions acheves. On ne prcise pas quand. Ive been to Rome. La forme progressive dcrit en gnral des actions inacheve ou des processus en cours. On prcise depuis quand. Ive been going to Rome since I was a child. La forme progresive peut aussi dcrire une action qui vient juste de finir, and qui a des effets dans le prsent . My hairs wet because Ive been swimming. ! Les verbes dcrivant des actions uniques ne sont pas, en rgle gnrale, utiliss la forme

+ infinitif (sans to) (go / do etc.)

Expression de la ncessit Expression de ' ce qui aurait pu se produire'

had to needed to should have ought to have

didnt have to didnt need to shouldnt have ought not to have + participe pass (gone / done etc.)

2me partie: les articles

Pas d article
On nutilise pas d article avec les noms propres tels que les noms de lieux, de personnes et de socits. Ian Smith is from Leeds. He works at IBM. Sauf lorsque larticle fait partie dun nom (The USA, The BBC, The Beatles). Larticle indfini signifiant 'un, on ne lemploie pas avec des pluriels ou des indnombrables. He had lots of ideas, but not much money. L article indfini a/an: pose lexistence On emploie a/an quand on mentionne pour la premire fois des personnes, des endroits ou des objets nouveaux. There was a tourist from the USA. Larticle dfini the: se rfre ou identifie On peut utiliser the quand on se rfre une personne ou une chose mentionne auparavant. The tourist took a photo of a fisherman. (Le touriste a dj t mentionn.) On peut aussi utiliser the quand la personne ou la chose est un fait notoire. The sun shone brightly as he looked out at the ocean. (De quel soleil et de quel ocan il sagit sont une vidence.) Rfrence et vidence peuvent sajouter. He took a photograph. The click of the camera woke the man up. (Nous savons que pour prendre une photo, il faut un appareil et que la plupart ont un dclic.) Remarque : en rgle gnrale, larticle dfini nest pas utilis avec des noms au pluriel ou avec des noms indnombrables. Tigers are endangered. / Time is money.

Subordonne conditionnelle

Proposition principale infinitive? be + participe prsent? have + participe pass?

If Imagine (that) Supposing (that) Suppose (that) Assuming (that)

subject

past simple past continuous were to + inf. might past perfect

what where how etc.

would could might

subject

Imagine you were meeting someone for the first time, how would you introduce yourself? Assuming that you were to go on another date, where might you be planning to meet?

Unit 9 Les modaux du pass exprimant la dduction. look, seem, appear

1re partie: les modaux du pass pour exprimer la dduction
Il existe plusieurs manires d exprimer des degrs de certitude propos de quelque chose du pass. Degr de certitude 99% certain it WAS. probabilit Modaux du pass must may (It) could + have + participe pass might 99% certain it WASNT. cant Autres phrases Im almost certain it was Im uncertain Im sure it wasnt

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Unit 8 have / get something done. Les structures du conditionnel: expression de lirrel
1re partie: have / get something done
On emploie have something done quand quelquun fait quelque chose pour vous. Comparez les deux phrases. Mandy cut her hair last week. (= Elle les a coups elle-mme.) Mandy had her hair cut last week. (= Quelqu un lui a coup les cheveux.) Remarque : get something done est plus familier.

2me partie: les structures du conditionnel, expression de lirrel

En rgle gnrale, on commence avec if une subordonne conditionnelle exprimant lirrel lorsque lon pose des questions. Voici quelques possibilits.

Stonehenge might have been a kind of temple. It must have taken a long time to move the huge stones. ! Loppos de must have been est cant have been: It cant have been easy trying to move stones without wheels. They must have been really heavy.

2me partie: look, seem, appear

look / seem + adjectif Le verbe look se rfre au sens de la vue et il est suivi par un adjectif . He looks great for his age.Les verbes sappliquant aux autres sens suivent la mme construction (She sounds nice. It tastes great. It feels cold. That smells good.)

look like + nom Cette construction veut dire ressembler , en rgle gnrale, on y fait suivre un nom. He looks like Brad Pitt. (=Il ressemble Brad Pitt.) look / seem as if / though + locution verbale On emploie cette construction pour dcrire quoi quelque chose ressemble. Le verbe de la phrase peut tre employ tous les temps. It looks as if its fallen over. / She always seems as though shes going to cry. seem / appear + to be Cette construction sert dcrire ce que lon ressent dune situation. En rgle gnrale, on y fait suivre un adjectif ou un nom. She seems sad. / He appears to be in trouble.

why its so cold. On peut remplacer What par All pour insister. The only thing that. I only want to play tennis. All I really want to do is play tennis. It is / was + subordonne relative Cette construction peut tre utilise pour mettre laccent sur presque nimporte quelle partie dune phrase. Carla Bruni married Nicolas Sarkozy in Paris in 2008. It was Carla Bruni who married / It was Paris where Carla Bruni married / It was in 2008 that Carla Bruni married Cette construction est souvent employe pour corriger ce que quelquun dit. It wasnt Juliette Binoche who married Nicolas Sarkozy, it was Carla Bruni.

Unit 10 Subordonnes relatives. Insistance (phrases clives)

1re partie: Subordonnes relatives
Relatives non-dterminatives On les utilise dans deux cas principaux . Soit pour commenter la proposition principale, soit pour ajouter quelque information non-essentielle sur la personne ou la chose dont on parle. Comparez les phrases suivantes: Hes going out with Julie, which I cant stand. (= un commentaire qui touche lensemble de la proposition principale ) Hes going out with Julie, who I cant stand. (= un commentaire ou une 'information supplmentaire' propos de Julie) La relative non-dterminative commence toujours par un pronom relatif et elle est spare de la pricipale par des virgules. On nemploie pas that avec des relatives non-dterminatives. On emploie toujours which pour introduire un commentaire qui porte sur lensemble de la proposition pricipale. Relatives dterminatives On emploie une relative dterminative pour savoir exactement de quelle personne ou de quelle chose il sagit. Quand le pronom relatif (who, that ou which) est le sujet de la relative, son emploi est obligatoire . I like friends who never let me down. Cependant, quand le pronom relatif est le complment dobjet de la relative, son emploi nest pas obligatoire. Hes got a job that hes really interested in. ou Hes got a job hes really interested in. Remarque : Un autre pronom relatif nest pas ncessaire. hes really interested in. (NOT hes really interested in it.) ! L emploi de whose est toujours obligatoire. Thats the man whose dog bit my son.

Unit 11 Les expressions du futur et les subordonnes temporelles exprimant le futur

Will (ll), (be) going to, and the present continuous Ce sont les trois formes habituelles pour exprimer le futur. 1 Will (ll) est utilis pour des prdictions ou des dcisions ragissant des circonstances telles que des offres, des promesses et des demandes. Itll be worth a fortune in a few years time. / Ill give you my photograph now. 2 (be) going to est employ pour des intentions ou des prdictions bases sur des vidences actuelles. Im going to concentrate on my musical career. / Look at those clouds. Its going to pour down in a minute. 3 Le prsent continu est utilis pour parler de dispositions. Im moving to London next month. Le prsent simple On peut utiliser ce temps pour parler dvnements fixes du futur: emplois du temps, routines, horaires. My exams start next week. might and may Sil sagit de la spculation dune possibilit future, on peut utiliser might ou may. He might have to get a part-time job. Le futur continu On emploie ce temps pour parler d une action se droulant un certain moment dans le futur. This time next week Ill be trekking in Nepal. Le futur antrieur (future perfect) On emploie ce temps pour parler dune action acheve un certain moment dans le futur. The builder will have finished the kitchen walls by the end of the week. Les subordonnes temporelles exprimant le futur (if, when, as soon as ) Sil est vident, partir de la proposition principale que la subordonne fait rfrence au futur, on nutilise pas de forme au futur dans la subordonne. When I leave school, Im going to concentrate on my music career. (non pas When I will leave school, ) / Itll be a miracle if shes passed the exam. (non pas if she will have passed the exam.)

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2me partie: Linsistance (phrases clives)

Les constructions avec What (= La(les) choses(s) qui) On peut employer What is/was pour mettre laccent soit sur le sujet, soit sur le complment dune phrase. I dont understand why its so cold. What I dont understand is

Autres conjonctions introduisant les subordonnes: after, as soon as, before, once, the moment, the minute, unless, until.

Unit 12 Subordonnes participiales.Les noms et les expressions de la quantit

1re partie: subordonnes participiales
Quand un participe prsent ou pass est partie dune subordonne relative, on peut omettre le pronom relatif (who, which, etc.) et lauxiliaire be. We live in a house located in the centre of town. (= We live in a house which is located in the centre of town.) On appelle les subordonnes relatives avec omission du pronom des subordonnes participiales (='participle clauses') ou 'reduced relative clauses'. Comme pour les autres relatives, elles peuvent tre dterminatives ou non-dterminatives. Relative dterminative avec omission du pronom: The man walking down the street is my neighbour. (= The man who is walking down the street is my neighbour.) Les relatives non-dterminatives avec omission du pronom comprennent en plus une information non-essentielle qui est spare de la proposition principale par des virgules. His house, built in the 1930s, needs redecorating. (= His house, which was built in the 1930s, needs redecorating.)

2me partie: les noms et les expressions de la quantit

On emploie les dterminants (every, most, no) et les quantifieurs (all of, most of, none of) to pour exprimer la quantit. 1 Expressions de la quantit avec des noms dnombrables et indnombrables: none, not any, hardly any, some, a lot, loads, plenty. 2 Expressions de la quantit utilises seulement avec des noms dnombrables: (very) few, a few, several, (too/not) many. 3 Expressions de la quantit utilises seulement avec des noms indnombrables: (very) little, a little, a bit, (too/not) much. 4 Si larticle dfini (the), un pronom possessif (my, your, etc.) ou un pronom dmonstratif(that, these, etc.) est devant le nom, on utilise une expression de la quantit avec of: Several of my friends live in small villages. (non pas Several my friends ) 5 Pour parler de petits nombres ou de petites quantits, on peut utiliser a few / a little pour accentuer le positif (some), ou few / little pour mettre lacent sur le ngatif (not many/ much): We did it because we wanted to have a little fun. Please hurry up! Theres very little time. Les formes verbales On emploie une forme de verbe au singulier si le nom aprs of est indnombrable (U) ou au singulier. On emploie une forme de verbe au pluriel si le nom est dnombrable. (C). Theres lots of traffic (U) in the centre; There are lots of tourists (C) in summer.

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