001-WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer ISSUE 1

Internal
WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

ISSUE 1.0
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The physical layer offers data transport services to higher layers. The access to these services is through the use of transport channels via the MAC sub-layer. The physical layer is expected to perform the following functions in order to provide the data transport service, for example Modulation and spreading/demodulation and despreading, Inner loop power control etc.
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References
TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD Radio Transmission and Reception TS 25.201 Physical layer-general description TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD) TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD) TS 25.308 UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2 TR 25.877 High Speed Downlink Packet Acces (HSDPA) Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects TR 25.858 Physical layer aspects of UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Understand radio interface protocol Architecture Understand key technology of UMTS physical layer Understand UMTS physical layer procedures
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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview Chapter 2 Physical layer key technology Chapter 3 Physical Layer Processing Procedure Chapter 4 Physical Layer Procedures
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UTRAN Protocol Structure

Core Network Iu RNS Iur RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iub Node B RNC Iub Node B RNS Iu
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Radio Interface Protocol Structure

GC Nt DC Duplication avoidance GC C-plane signaling Nt DC U-plane information UuS boundary
RRC control control control control
control
L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP BMC L2/PDCP L2/BMC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC RLC RLC RLC
RLC
L2/RLC
Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels L1
PHY
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Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps Channelization operationwhich transforms data symbols into chips. Thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal, The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading FactorSF.The operation is done by multiplying with OVSF code. Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal .
Data bit
Chips after spreading
OVSF code
Scrambling code
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Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) C ch,2,0 = (1,1) C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) C ch,1,0 = (1) C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) C ch,2,1 = (1,-1) C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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Scrambling Code
Scrambling code GOLD sequence. Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips. The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers. For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.
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Primary Scrambling Code

Primary scrambling code 0 Set 0 Scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Secondary scrambling code 1 Secondary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 51116
Set 1
Set 511
8192 scrambling codes
512 sets
Secondary scrambling code 5111615
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are included in a set.
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Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary scrambling code 0 Group 0 Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Group 1 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 8*63
Group 63
Primary scrambling code 63*87 512 primary scrambling codes 64 primary scrambling code groups Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes
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Chapter 1 Physical Layer Overview Chapter 2 Physical layer key technology Charter 3 Physical layer processing procedure Chapter 4 Physical Layer Procedures
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Chapter 2 Physical layer key technology Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions Section 2 Channel Mapping
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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel. Logical channel: Carrying user services directly. According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types: Control channel and service channel. Transport channel: It is the interface of radio interface layer 2 and physical layer, and is the service provided for MAC layer by the physical layer. According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel. Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each kind of channel which uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase (I or Q) can be regarded as a dedicated channel.
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logical channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel DTCH CTCH Traffic channel
Broadcast control channel BCCH Paging control channel Dedicate control channel Common control channel PCCH Control channel DCCH (CCCH
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Transport channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH) Dedicated transport channel
-The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is an uplink or downlink channel.
Broadcast channel Forward access channel Paging channel Random access channel
(BCH) (FACH) (PCH) (RACH) Common transport channel
High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)

Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code (scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase. In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channels. Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. Two types of physical channel:UL and DL Physical Channel
Frequency,code,phase
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Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
(Downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) High-Speed Packet Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HSSCCH) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
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Downlink Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH) High-Speed Dedicated Physical Channel (HSDPCCH) Uplink Common Physical Channel Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Uplink Physical Channel
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Function of physical channel

Cell broadcast channels
P-CPICH-Primary common pilot channel P-CPICH-Primary common pilot channel S-CPICH-secondary common pilot channel S-CPICH-secondary common pilot channel P-CCPCH-Primary common control physical channel P-CCPCH-Primary common control physical channel SCH- Synchronisation Channel SCH- Synchronisation Channel
Paging channels
S-CCPCH-Secondary common control physical channel S-CCPCH-Secondary common control physical channel PICH-paging Indicator Channel PICH-paging Indicator Channel
Random access channels Node B

PRACH-Physical random access channel PRACH-Physical random access channel AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel
UE
Dedicated channels
DPDCH-dedicated physical data channel DPDCH-dedicated physical data channel DPCCH-dedicated physical control channel DPCCH-dedicated physical control channel
High speed downlink share channels

HS-SCCH-High speed share control channel HS-SCCH-High speed share control channel HS-PDSCH-High speed physical downlink share channel HS-PDSCH-High speed physical downlink share channel HS-DPCCH-High speed dedicated physical control channel HS-DPCCH-High speed dedicated physical control channel
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Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)

Used for cell search Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH. SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of every time slot. PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each time slot.
Slot #0 Slot #1
SSC specifies the scrambling code groups of the cell. SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256, there are altogether 64 primary scrambling code groups.
Slot #14
Primary SCH Secondary SCH
ac p ac si,0 256 chips 2560 chips
ac p ac si,1
ac p acsi,14
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
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Secondary Synchronization Channel (S-SCH)

Scrambling Code Group Group 0 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 61 Group 62 Group 63 #0 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 #1 1 1 2 2 2 10 11 12 #2 2 5 1 3 16 13 12 10 #3 8 16 15 1 6 10 15 15 #4 9 7 5 8 6 11 12 13 #5 10 3 5 6 11 15 9 14 slot number #6 #7 #8 15 14 12 5 15 15 13 9 8 16 16 2 5 9 13 14 10 3 6 5 12 16 11 15 #9 16 10 11 8 1 12 14 11 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 2 5 2 4 15 14 10 11 7 12 16 4 12 13 16 13 15 14 11 6 16 16 15 12 7 12 15 3 11 14 14 16 16 10 12 7 2 11 16 10
Slot # ? P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #?
Slot #?
acp 16
256 chips 2560 chips
acp 6
acp 11
..
Group 2 Slot 7, 8, 9
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Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Carries pre-defined sequence. Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256 Primary CPICH Uses the fixed channel code--Cch, 256,0 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code Only one CPICH per cell Broadcast over the entire cell The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH.
Pre-defined symbol sequence
Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot # i 1 radio frame: Tr = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

Fixed rate , fixed OVSF code30kbpsCch,256,1 Carry BCH transport channel The PCCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot. Only data part STTD transmit diversity may be used
256 chips SCH T PCCPCH Data 18 bits slot = 2560 chips,20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: T = 10 ms f
Slot #14
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Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

PICH is a fixed-rate(SF=256) physical channel used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI). PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped. Frame structure of PICHone frame of length 10ms consists of 300 bits of which 288 bits are used to carry paging indicators and the remaining 12 bits are not defined. N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144. If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.
288 bits for paging indication

b0 b1
12 bits (undefined)
b 287 b 288 b 299
One radio frame (10 ms)
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Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

Carry FACH and PCH. Two kinds of SCCPCH: with or without TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should be transmitted, UE must support TFCI. Possible rates are the same as that of downlink DPCH SF =256 - 4. FACH and PCH can be mapped to the same or separate SCCPCHs. If mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they can be mapped to the same fame.
TFCI N TFCI bits
Data N Data bits T slot = 2560 chips, 20*2 k bits (k=0..6)
Pilot N Pilot bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms
Slot #14
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Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
The random-access transmission data consists of two parts: One or several preambleseach preamble is of length 4096chips and consists of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips16 available signatures totally 10 or 20ms message part Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by higher layer
PRACH Transmission Structure
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Message part
10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble 4096 chips
Preamble
Preamble
Message part 20 ms (two radio frames)
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PRACH Access Timeslot Structure

radio frame: 10 ms 5120 chips radio frame: 10 ms
#1 Access slot #0 Access slot #1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission
Access slot #7 Access slot #8
Random Access Transmission Random Access Transmission
Access slot #14
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PRACH Message Structure

Data N data bits
Data
Control
Pilot N Pilot bits T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k=0..3)
TFCI N TFCI bits
Slot # 0
Slot # 1
Slot # i
Slot # 14
Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
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Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Frame structure of AICHtwo frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 20 symbols(5120 chips). Each time slot consists of two partsan Acquisition-Indicator(AI) and a part of duration 1024chips with no transmission. Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature. CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.
AI part
a0 a1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33
Unused part
a38 a39
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
AS #i 20 ms
AS #14
AS #0
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Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH&DPCCH)

DPDCH and DPCCH are I/Q code multiplexed within each radio frame DPDCH carries data generated at Layer 2 and higher layer DPCCH carries control information generated at Layer 1 Each frame is 10ms and consists of 15 time slots, each time slot consists of 2560 chips The spreading factor of DPDCH is from 4 to 256 The spreading factor of DPDCH and DPCCH can be different in the same Layer 1 connection Each DPCCH time slot consists of Pilot, TFCIFBITPC
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Frame Structure of Uplink DPDCH/DPCCH
DPDCH
Data N databits Pilot Npilot bits TFCI NTFCI bits FBI NFBI bits TPC NTPC bits
DPCCH
k Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2bits (k=0..6)
Slot #0 Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: fT= 10 ms
Slot #14
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Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (DPDCH+DPCCH)

DCH consists of dedicated data and control information. Control information includesPilotTPCTFCI(optional). The spreading factor of DCH can be from 512 to 4,and can be changed during connection DPDCH and DPCCH is time multiplexed.
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Frame Structure of Downlink DPCH
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits
DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits
DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits
DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
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High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH)

Bear service data and layer2 overhead bits mapped from the transport channel SF=16, can be configured several channels to increase data service
D a ta N d at a 1 b its T s lo t = 2 56 0 c hip s , M *1 0 *2
k
b its (k= 4 )
S lo t # 0
S lot# 1 1 su b fra m e : T f = 2 m s
S lo t # 2
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High-Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

Carries physical layer signalling to a single UE ,such as modulation scheme (1 bit) ,channelization code set (7 bit), transport Block size (6bit),HARQ process number (3bit), redundancy version (3bit), new data indicator (1bit), Ue identity (16bit) HS-SCCH is a fixed rate (60 kbps, SF=128) downlink physical channel used to carry downlink signalling related to HS-DSCH transmission
N D a ta d a t a 1 b it s T s l o t = 2 5 6 0 c h ip s , 4 0 b it s
S lo t # 0
S lo t # 1 1 s u b f r a m e : Tf = 2 m s
S lo t # 2
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High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH )
HS-DPCCH carries information to acknowledge downlink transport blocks and feedback information to the system for scheduling and link adaptation of transport block CQI and ACK/NACK Physical Channel ,Uplink, SF=256,power control
T
s lo t
= 2 5 6 0 c h ip s
2T
s lo t
= 5 1 2 0 ch ip s CQI
H A R Q -A C K
O n e H S -D P C C H s u b fra m e (2 m s )
S u b fra m e # 0
S u b fra m e # i O n e ra d io fra m e T
f
S u b fra m e # 4
= 10 ms
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Chapter 2 Physical layer key technology Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Functions Section 2 Channel Mapping
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Mapping Between Channels

Logical channels BCCH Transport channels BCH FACH PCCH CCCH PCH RACH FACH CTCH DCCH, DTCH FACH DCH HS-DSCH RACH, FACH Physical channels P-CCPCH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH PRACH S-CCPCH S-CCPCH DPDCH HS-PDSCH PRACH, S-CCPCH
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Setting Common Channel Powers

PCPICH: default = 300(30 dBm) Broadcast Channel: default = -31 (-3.1 dB) AICH: default = -6 (-6 dB) FACH (control): default =18 (1.8 dB) FACH (traffic): default =15 (1.5 dB) Paging channel: default =-0.4 dB
RBS
Paging indication ch: default =-7 (-7 dB) Primary SCH: default =-18 (-1.8 dB) Secondary SCH: default =-35 (-3.5 dB) HS-SCCH: default =2 (2 dB)
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Chapter 3 Physical Layer Processing Procedure Section 1 Coding and multiplexing technology Section 2 Spreading technology Section 3 Modulation technology
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CRC of TB
Error detection is provided on transport blocks through a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) CRC size is informed by higher layer signal 08121624(optional) If no TB are input, no CRC bits should be attached. If TB are input with TB SIZE=0,CRC bits shall be also added ,but all CRC are zero
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TB Concatenation and Code Block Segmentation

All transport blocks in a TTI are serially concatenated . The maximum size of the code blocks depends on whether convolutional coding or turbo coding is used for the TrCH .
Convolutional code: if TBS SIZE>504,segmented to multiple code block of the same size. Turbo code:if TBS SIZE>5114, segmented to multiple code block of the same size. No coding:no segmentation If codes cannot be segmented evenly, fill in 0 bits at the beginning of the first code block. If the code block length of Turbo code<40, fill in 0 bits at the beginning to keep the code length constantly as 40
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Channel coding
The following channel coding schemes can be applied to TrCHs: Convolutional coding, coding rates 1/3 and 1/2 are defined Turbo coding, The coding rate of Turbo coder is 1/3 No coding Usage of coding BCHPCH and RACH1/2 Convolutional coding DCH and FACH1/2or1/3 Convolutional coding ,1/3Turbo coding, no coding
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Rate Matching
Rate matching means that bits on a transport channel are repeated or punctured. The number of bits on a transport channel can vary between different transmission time intervals(TTI). In the downlink the transmission is interrupted if the number of bits is lower than maximum. When the number of bits between different transmission time intervals in uplink is changed, bits are repeated or punctured to ensure that the total bit rate after TrCH multiplexing is identical to the total channel bit rate of the allocated dedicated physical channels.
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Interleaving
Functionreduce the influence of fast fading. Two kinds of interleaving1st interleaving and 2nd interleaving The length of 1st interleaving is TTI of TrCH, 1st interleaving is a inter-frame interleaving The length of 2nd interleaving is a physical frame , 2nd interleaving is a intra-frame interleaving.
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Radio Frame Segmentation

When the transmission time interval (TTI) is longer than 10 ms, the input bit sequence is segmented and mapped onto consecutive Fi radio frames. Following radio frame size equalisation in the UL the input bit sequence length is guaranteed to be an integer multiple of Fi. Following rate matching in the DL the input bit sequence length is guaranteed to be an integer multiple of Fi. Fi:Number of radio frames in the transmission time interval of TrCH i.
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Multiplexing of TrCH
Every 10 ms, one radio frame from each TrCH is delivered to the TrCH multiplexing. These radio frames are serially multiplexed into a coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH) The format of CCTrCH is indicated by TFCI TrCH can have different TTI before multiplexing 2 types of CCTrCH:Common and dedicated Common CCTrCH should be multiplexed by common TrCH; Dedicated CCTrCH should be multiplexed by dedicated TrCH There is only one CCTrCH in uplink and one or several CCTrCH in downlink for one user
Insertion of discontinuous transmission (DTX) indication bits

In the downlink, DTX is used to fill up the radio frame with bits. DTX indication bits only indicate when the transmission should be turned off, they are not transmitted. 1st insertion of DTX indication bits This step of inserting DTX indication bits is used only if the positions of the TrCHs in the radio frame are fixed 2nd insertion of DTX indication bits The DTX indication bits inserted in this step shall be placed at the end of the radio frame.
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Physical Channel Segmentation and Mapping

When multiple physical channels are used, one CCTrCH radio frame can be divided into multiple physical frames multicode transmission Each physical channel of multicode transmission must have the same SF DPCCH and DPDCH of uplink physical channel is code multiplexed. DPCCH and DPDCH of downlink physical channel is time multiplexed Uplink physical channel must be fully filled except when cpmpressed mode is used In downlink, the PhCHs do not need to be completely filled with bits that are transmitted over the air. Values correspond to DTX indicators, which are mapped to the DPCCH/DPDCH fields but are not transmitted over the air.
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Transport channel multiplexing structure for downlink

10
data
data
data
dataCRC dataCRC
d CBL CBLa t dataCRCdataCRC a
dataCRC
CBL dataCRC
512
Size Z
5120
CedBL Rate matched data CedBL CedBL data Coded

or
Channel Coding
Rate matched data

or
DTX
Data before 1st interleaved Data after 1st interleaving

Number of Rado frame
Radio frame Radio frame Radio frame
TrCH-1 TrCH-2 TrCH-1 TrCH-2 TrCH-I DTX TrCH-I CCTrCH
Ph-1
data1 TPC TFCI data2
Spreading Scrambling
Ph-2
pilot
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20
TrCH-i
40 or 80ms
TrCH-i+1
16 or 24bits Ktail
Conventional code Turbo code
Ktail
4 or 8
10ms 10ms
Ph-P
pilot

pilot
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Example of Coding and Multiplexing

Parameters for 12.2kb/s AMR speech
The number of TrChs Transport block size CRC Coding TTI 3 81, 103, and 60 bits 12 bits (attached only to TrCh#1) CC, coding rate = 1/3 for TrCh#1, 2 coding rate = 1/2 for TrCh#3 20 ms
Parameters for 3.4kb/s control channel

Transport block size Transport block set size CRC Coding TTI 148 bits 148 bits 16 bits CC, coding rate = 1/3 40 ms
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T ra n sp o rt b lo c k TrC h # 1
C R C atta ch m en t
81 CRC
TrC h # 2
103
TrC h # 3
60
Tail b it attac h m en t
81
12 Ta il
103 Ta il 103 8
60 Ta il 60 8
C o n v o lu tio n a l c o d in g R = 1 /3 , 1 /2 R a te m atch in g
93
303
333
136
1 st in terle av in g
3 0 3 + N RM 1
3 3 3 + N RM 2
1 3 6 + N RM 3
R a d io fram e se g m en tatio n
3 0 3 + N RM 1
3 3 3 + N RM 2
1 3 6 + N RM3
#1a
N R F1
#1b
N R F1
#2a
N RF2
#2b
N RF2
#3a
N R F3
#3b
N RF3
N R F 1 = (3 0 3 + N R M 1 )/2 N R F 2 = (3 3 3 + N R M 2 )/2 N R F 3 = (1 3 6 + N R M 3 )/2
To T rC h M u ltip le x in g
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Example of Coding and Multiplexing(3.4kbps)

T ra n s p o rt b lo c k
C R C a tta c h m e n t
148
C R C
148 1 6 b its
T rB k c o n c a tin a tio n
B T rB k s ( B = 0 ,1 )
T a il b it a tta c h m e n t
164*B
T a il C o n v o lu tio n a l c o d in g R = 1 /3 R a te m a tc h in g In s e rtio n o f in d ic a tio n * D T X

164*B 8*B
516*B
(5 1 6 + N
R M
)* B
st
in te rle a v in g
(5 1 6 + N
R M
)* B + N
D I
R a d io fra m e s e g m e n ta tio n #1
[ (1 2 9 + N
R M
(5 1 6 + N
R M
)* B + N
D I
#2
D I]
#3
D I]
#4
D I]
)* B + N
[ (1 2 9 + N
R M
)* B + N
[ (1 2 9 + N
R M
)* B + N
[ (1 2 9 + N
R M
)* B + N
D I]
T o T r C h M u ltip le x in g
* I n s e rtio n o f D T X in d ic a tio n is u s e d o n ly if th e p o s itio n o f th e T r C H s in th e ra d io fr a m e is f ix e d .
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12.2 kbps data
#1a #2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1a
12.2 kbps data

#2a #1b #2b #1c #2c #1
3.4 kbps data

#2 #3 #4
TrCH multiplexing
#1a #1b #1c #1 #2a #2b #2c #2 #1a #1b #1c #3 #2a #2b #2c #4
2nd interleaving
510 1 2 15 1 2 510 15 1 2 510 15 1 2 510 15
Physical channel mapping
30 ksps DPCH
slot
CFN=4N
slot
CFN=4N+1
slot
CFN=4N+2
slot
CFN=4N+3 Pilot sym bol TPC
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Uplink DPCCH/DPDCH Spreading

The DPCCH is always spread by code cc = Cch,256,0 When only 1 DPDCH exists,(Cd,1 = Cch,SF,k ) k=SF/4 The code used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long or short type
c D P D C H
1 d ,1
c D P D C H
3
d ,3
c
d ,5
D P D C H
lo n g ,n
or S
s h o rt,n
I+ jQ c D P D C H
2 d ,2
c D P D C H
4
d ,4
c D P D C H
6
d ,6
c D P C C H
j
c
Up to 6 DPDCH for one user
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Uplink PRACH Spreading

Message part is shown in the following figurethe value of gain factors is the same with DPDCH/DPCCH
cd PRACH message data part PRACH message control part cc
d Sr-msg,n I I+jQ Q
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Downlink Spreading
Downlink physical channel except SCH is first serial-to-parallel converted , spread by the spreading code, and then scrambled by a complex-valued scrambling code. The beginning chip of the scrambling code is aligned with the frame boundary of P-CCPCH. Each channel have different gain factor
I Data of physical channel except SCH
S P
S dl,n I+jQ S
C ch,SF,m Q
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Downlink Spreading
Different physical channel come from point S
G1
G2
P-SCH GP S-SCH GS
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Uplink Modulation
The chip rate is 3.84Mbps In the uplink, the complex-valued chip sequence generated by the spreading process is QPSK modulated
cos(t) Split real & imag parts Re{S} Pulse shaping Pulse shaping -sin(t)
Complexvalued sequence after spreading
Im{S}
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Downlink Modulation
The chip rate is 3.84Mbps In the downlink, the complex-valued chip sequence generated by the spreading process is QPSK modulated
cos(t) Split real & imag parts Re{S} Pulse shaping Pulse shaping -sin(t)
Complexvalued sequence after spreading
Im{S}
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Synchronization ProcedureCell Search

Slot synchronization
UE uses PSC to acquire slot synchronization to a cell
Frame synchronization and code-group identification
UE uses SSC to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step
Scrambling-code identification
UE determines the primary scrambling code through correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the identified group, and then detects the P-CCPCH and reads BCH information
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Synchronization Procedure Channel Timing Relationship

Primary SCH Secondary SCH Any CPICH
P -CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 0 CCPCH,k S PICH PICH for k:th S #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 -CCPCH #6 #7 #8
P -CCPCH, (SFN modulo 2) = 1
k:th S - CCPCH
AICH access slo ts
#9
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
DPCH,n
n:th DPCH
10 ms
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Random access procedure
START
Choose a RACH sub channel from available ones
Get available signatures
Set Preamble Retrans Max
Set Preamble _Initial _ Power
No AI
Send a preamble
Choose a access slot again
Check the corresponding AI Get positive AI Get negative AI
Choose a signature and increase preamble transmit power The counter of preamble retransmit Subtract-1, Commanded preamble power increased by Power Ramp Step Y Counter> 0 & Preamble powermaximum allowed power<6 dB N Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
Increase message part power by p -m based on preamble power
Send the corresponding message part Set physical status to be RACH message transmitted
Set physical status to be Nack on AICH received
Report the physical status to MAC
END
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Random Access ProcedureRACH

Physical random access procedure 1. Derive the available uplink access slots, in the next full access slot set, for the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC. Randomly select one access slot among the ones previously determined. If there is no access slot available in the selected set, randomly select one uplink access slot corresponding to the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC from the next access slot set. The random function shall be such that each of the allowed selections is chosen with equal probability 2. Randomly select a signature from the set of available signatures within the given ASC. 3. Set the Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max

4. Set the parameter Commanded Preamble Power to Preamble_Initial_Power 5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission power. 6. If no positive or negative acquisition indicator (AI +1 nor 1) corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot: A: Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH sub-channels within the given ASC; B: select a signature; C: Increase the Commanded Preamble Power; D: Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure.
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7. If a negative acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access procedure Signature 8. If a positive acquisition indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected , Transmit the random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble 9. exit the physical random access procedure
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Transmit diversity Mode

Application of Tx diversity modes on downlink physical channel
Physical channel type P-CCPCH SCH S-CCPCH DPCH PICH HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH AICH
Open loop mode TSTD applied STTD applied applied applied applied applied applied applied
Closed loop mode Mode 1 applied applied Mode 2 applied
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Transmit Diversity-STTD
Space time block coding based transmit antenna diversity(STTD 4 consecutive bits b0, b1, b2, b3 using STTD coding
b0 b1 b2 b3 b0 b1 b2 b3
Antenna 1
-b 2 b 3 b 0 -b 1 Antenna 2 Channel bits STTD encoded channel bits for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
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Transmit Diversity-TSTD
Time switching transmit diversity (TSTD) is used only on SCH channel.
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #2
Slot #14
ac p
Antenna 1
(Tx OFF)
acp acsi,2
ac p aci,14 s
ac s
i,0
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
acp acs
i,1
(Tx OFF)
(Tx OFF)
Antenna 2
(Tx OFF) (Tx OFF) (Tx OFF)
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Closed Loop Mode
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Transmit DiversityClosed Loop Mode

Closed loop mode transmit diversity
Used in DPCH and PDSCH Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in nondiversity mode. The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1 and w2. The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled to the UTRAN access point (=cell transceiver) using the D-bits of the FBI field of uplink DPCCH. The calculation of weight factor is the key point of closed loop Tx diversity.there are two modes with different calculation methods of weight factor 1mode 1 uses phase adjustmentthe dedicated pilot symbols of two antennas are different(orthogonal) 2mode 2 uses phase/amplitude adjustment the dedicated pilot symbols of two antennas are the same.
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001-WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer ISSUE 1

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001-WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer ISSUE 1

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WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer

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UTRAN Protocol Structure

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Radio Interface Protocol Structure

RRC control control control control

L3 Radio Bearers PDCP PDCP BMC L2/PDCP L2/BMC

RLC RLC RLC RLC

Logical Channels MAC L2/MAC Transport Channels L1

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Chips after spreading

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Primary Scrambling Code

8192 scrambling codes

Secondary scrambling code 5111615

Primary Scrambling Code Group

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WCDMA radio interface has three kinds of channels

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-The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is an uplink or downlink channel.

(BCH) (FACH) (PCH) (RACH) Common transport channel

High-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)

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Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Physical Channel

Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Physical Channel

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Function of physical channel

Random access channels Node B

High speed downlink share channels

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Primary Synchronization Channel (P-SCH)

Primary SCH Secondary SCH

ac p ac si,0 256 chips 2560 chips