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P H Y S I C S

HEATING AND LIGHTING EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

What we have already learnt

Energy is the capacity for doing work. Heat energy, light energy, chemical energy, magnetic energy, electrical energy etc. are different forms of energy. An understanding about potential difference (v), electric current (I), Resistance (R). Ohm's law- When temperature is kept constant, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between the ends of the conductor. According to Ohm's law
V I

=R

Magnetic effect of electricity.. Electric iron, electric heater, electric bulb etc. are different types of the appliances working on the heating effect of electricity. Melting point of solids. Kinetic theory of heat. Fundamental ideas about household electric circuits.

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Heating and lighting effects of electricity

In our daily life we make use of different

forms of energy. Of these electricity is the most useful and indispensable. It is the only form which can be conveniently converted into any other form of energy to suit our various needs. Electricity is so much intimately connected to our life. We can not imagine a world without it. All electrical devices depend upon one or more effects of electric current. They are chemical effect, heating effect, lighting effect, magnetic effect and mechanical effect. We have already learnt about the magnetic effect of electricity. As you will study chemical effect of electricity in chemistry classes, we will confine ourselves to the heating and lighting effect in this chapter.

table. On the basis of the above table what is your conclusion about the transformation of energy? Many appliances work on the basis of one or more effects of electricity. Based on the table(2.1) and the figure (2.1) note down in your science diary the appliances in which electric energy is converted into heat energy. Let us examine through an experiment how we can find out the amount of heat energy produced in a current carrying conductor? and also the factors depending on it. Two small pieces of thin aluminium wire and nichrome wire of nearly equal length and thickness are connected in series to a 6V battery using copper conductor as shown in the figure (2.2). Pass an electric current through the circuit for some time. What do you observe? Nichrome wire becomes red hot.
Energy change

2.01 Heating effect of electric current

Some heating appliances used in our daily life are listed in table(2.1) below. From this table you get some idea about the conversion of energies in those appliances. Fill up the
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Appliances electric iron electric fan electromagnet electric heater loud speaker hair dryer electric bulb battery (when it is being charged)
Table 2.1

electrical energy is converted into heat energy electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy electrical energy is converted into magnetic energy

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Fan
Room heater Soldering iron Hair dryer Immersion heater

Electric iron

Electric heater figure 2.1 Various heating appliances

Electric kettle

Why is the nichrome wire red hot while the aluminium wire is not so? Though the magnitude of current in each wire is the same why does the nichrome wire alone become red hot? The resistance of the nichrome wire (R) is greater than that of aluminium wire. So we understand that a conductor of high resistance can convert more electric energy into heat energy.Now let us connect the aluminium wire alone to the circuit and pass current for the same time as before. Though the resistance of
Nichrome Aluminium

the aluminium wire is low it becomes red hot. In this case the total resistance in the circuit is less than that before. Therefore the current (I) through the aluminum wire increases. And this increased current through the aluminum wire causes the conversion of greater quantity of electric energy into heat energy. Then the current is maintained for a longer period through this circuit. We can observe that the quantity of heat also increases. Discuss the observations in the above experiment and list the factors affecting the conversion of electric energy into heat energy. Electric current (I) Resistance of the conductor (R) Time of flow of electric current (t)

6V

figure 2.2 Nichrome and aluminium wire connected to a 6V battery

Joule's law
Considering the above three factors

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Heating and lighting effects of electricity James Prescot Joule conducted a quantitative study of the heating effect of electric current and formulated a law known as Joule's Law. The quantity of heat developed in a current carrying conductor is equal to the product of the square of the electric current, the resistance of the conductor and the time of flow of current through the conductor. If I is the current in ampere (A), R the resistance of the conductor in ohm (), t the time in seconds (s) then the heat H produced in joule (J), is H = I2 Rt joule Using Ohm's law R= , the above
V= 230V I = 5A t = 3 minute = 3 60 second = 180 second H = VIt = 230V 5A 180s = 207000J

The resistance of the coil

R= V I = 230V 5A = 46

equation can be changed into different forms. Can you try to find out the other equations? H = VI t
V I

Calculate the time required to produce 24000J of heat when a current of 2A flows through an electric kettle under a supply of 240V. Find out the quantity of heat produced in a resistance 10 when 2A current is supplied to it for 8 minutes. Find out the quantity of heat produced in an electric kettle of resistance 120 when it is connected to a 240V supply for 10 minutes.

Haven't you seen the heating coils in different types of household appliances like electric iron, electric stove etc used in our daily life. They become red hot when current is passed through them. These heating coils are made up of nichrome, an alloy of nickel, chromium, maganese and iron. Note down the reasons for using nichrome in a heating coil. High melting point The coil can remain in red-hot condition for a long time. High resistance An electric heater works in a 230V supply which draws a current of 5A for 3 minutes. Find out the quantity of heat produced in the heater. Also find out the resistance of the coil in the heater.

2.02 Combination of resistors

You have already learnt that the resistances of different conductors are different and also the intensity of current always depends on the resistance of the conductor. If one or more resistors are connected in different ways in a circuit, the effective resistance and the current through them can be calculated through an experiment. Collect 1, 2, 3 resistances from an electronic shop. Let these resistances be R1, R2, and R3. R1 is connected to a circuit as

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Complete the table(2.2) by repeating the experiment including the resistor R3 also in series in the circuit.
A 6v B
figure 2.3(a) A circuit to find out the effective resistance

V R1

V R1 R2 A

Analyse the readings in the table(2.2). It is clear that if the number of resistors in series increases in the circuit the current decreases even though the voltage in the circuit is the same. From this we can understand that when the resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series, the effective resistance in the circuit increases. If R is the effective resistance, R = R1+R2+R3.
Connect the resistor R1 to a circuit as

shown in figure( 2.4) and measure the current

6v
figure 2.3 (b) R1 and R2connected in series

shown in figure 2.3 (a). The Ammeter reading (I)and the Voltmeter reading (V) are noted in Table 2.2. Also observe the intensity of light in the bulb. The resistances R1 and R2 are connected in series as shown as in figure 2.3(b) and corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings can be noted. Can you observe the difference in the intensity of light in the bulb?

and note it down in Table 2.3 . Also observe the intensity of light in the bulb. Repeat the experiment by connecting the resistance R1 and R2 in the circuit as shown in figure (2.5) and note the readings in table (2.3).

R1

6v
figure 2.4 Circuit with R1only

Sl No.

Resistors in series

Voltmeter reading (potential difference)V

Electric current (I)

Effective resistance

=R

1. 2. 3.

R1 R1, R2 R1, R2, R3

Table 2.2

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Heating and lighting effects of electricity

Sl No Resistors are in parallel Voltmeter reading (potential difference V) Intensity of current I Effective resistance

=R

1. 2. 3.

R1 R1, R2 R1, R2, R3

Table 2.3

V R1

R2

If two or more resistors are connected in series or parallel the change in the potential difference, between the ends of each resistor, the current through each resistor and their effective resistance are shown in table 2.4
B

6V

Two resistors 12 , 6 are connected in series with 9V battery. a. Draw the circuit diagram. b. Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit. c. Calculate the intensity of current through each resistor. Two resistors 5 and 20 are connected in parallel with a 12V battery a. Draw the circuit diagram. b. Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit. c. Calculate the current through each resistor.
In parallel equal at the ends of all resistors different in each resistor decreases

figure 2.5 Circuit with R1 and R2 in parallel

V
I

Complete the table (2.3) repeating the experiment connecting the resistor R3 also in parallel to R1 and R2 with the help of a circuit diagram. Analyse the readings in the table (2.3). It is clear that if two or more resistors are connected in parallel, the effective resistance in the circuit decreases. If R is effective resistance, it can be seen that
1 R = 1 R1 + 1 R2 + 1 R3

.
In series

Item potential difference electric current effective resistance

difference between the ends of each resistor equal in all resistors increases
Table 2.4

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2.03 Safety fuse

Safety fuse is a device used in an electric circuit to protect it. Here the heating effect of electricity is made use of. You might have experienced the situation in which the fuse is blown off and the electric supply is cut off. Have you ever noticed when this has actually happened? Can you findout the reason for this? This is because of the enormous amount of heat produced when ever there is an excess flow of current due to short circuiting, over loading or insulation failures of appliances. Examine a safety fuse and list the components in it. A porcelain carrier block

Circuit breaker is another safety device commonly used in homes at present. Here the magnetic effect of electric current is used.

2.04 Lighting effect of electricity

List the different types of electric lamps used in our daily life and expand it. Filament Lamp Fluorescent Lamp Discharge Lamp

Incandescent or filament lamp Observe the figure 2.7 and list out the major parts of an incandescent lamp.

The fuse of house hold circuit is a thin wire which is an alloy of tin and lead. It has low melting point. Different types of fuses used in our daily life are shown in figure 2.6. Try to find out their properties and make a short note.

Coiled coil filament

Coiled filament figure 2.7

Non-coiled filament

Different types of Filament lamps

figure 2.6 Various types of fuses and fuse wires

The main part of an incandescent lamp is a tungsten filament. Tungsten has high resistance and it can be drawn into a very thin wire. If a current is passed through a very thin and long tungsten wire, its temperature rises to 3000C and becomes white hot and glows brightly. Since 'glowing with heat' is represented by the word 'incandescence' all the filament lamps are called 'incandescent lamps'.

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Heating and lighting effects of electricity What are the advantages of tungsten as filaments? High melting point It becomes white hot and glows brightly for a longtime. High resistivity. For increasing the life of an incandescent lamp, the bulb is evacuated and filled with inert gases at low pressure. The presence of these gases retard the evaporation of the filament and make it possible to glow at higher temperatures.
intelligence he was able to reach the pinnacle of glory. This great scientist who invented the electric lamp has 1097 original inventions to his credit. The Patent Houses experienced great stress in registering his inventions as they came in quick succession. Putting an end to his experiments Edison passed away on October 18, 1931 at the age of 84.

Carbon filament in an electric bulb!

Carbon was used as filament in early days. It had numerous defects. Carbon melts at 1600C. It evaporates and its particles stick to the inner side of the bulb making it dark. Moreover this type of bulbs had only short life.

Discharge lamps Now a days discharge lamps have become very popular. So you are very familiar with discharge lamps like mercury vapour lamp, sodium vapour lamp and fluorescent lamps. In these lamps light energy is produced without a filament. Let us study how light energy is produced with different colours. Discharge lamp consists of a glass tube fitted with metal electrodes at both ends and filled with one or more gases at low pressure. When high voltage is applied to the electrodes the electric field ionises the gas inside the tube. The accelerated ions of the ionised gas molecules collide with neutral atoms. Because of this process light energy is given off. The colour of the light depends on the nature of the gas filled in the tube.
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Are the arrangement of filaments in the different types of lamps given in fig 2.7. the same? Observing the filaments of the bulbs find out the most efficient bulb.

"98% perspiration and 2% inspiration

These are the memorable words uttered by the great scientist Thomas Alwa Edison on his 50th Birthday. He was answering a group of press persons. Though he had neither formal education nor status in the society, with hardwork and

P H Y S I C S
Sl. No. 1 2 3. 4. 5. 6. Gas in the discharge tube Neon Nitrogen Sodium Mercury Chlorine Hydrogen Colour of light Orange Red Yellow White Green Blue

emitting invisible ultraviolet rays. These ultra violet rays are received by the fluorescent coating inside the tube and are re-emitted as visible light. The fluorescent lamps have many advantages over the incandescent lamps. Can you list them? The life of the fluorescent lamp is about 5 times that of the incandescent lamps. Saves electrical energy to a great extent. The inconvenience caused by the shadow is minimised. Gives out more light than from an incandescent lamp of same power.

Table 2.5 The different gases used in discharge tubes and the colour of light produced from them.

Fluorescent lamps Figure2.9 shows the picture of a fluorescent lamp which is very familiar to you. Can you list out its parts?
Ultraviolet rays Heating coil

Electrons

Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

Compact Fluorescent Lamps work using smaller fluorescent tubes. The intensity of current in these tubes is controlled by electronic circuits. So they consume only a small amount of electrical energy.
figure 2.10

Visible light

Mercury atom

Fluorescent substance

figure 2.9 Fluorescent lamps

Heating coils Vapours of argon and mercury Let us examine how the light energy emerges from a fluorescent lamp. The working of a fluorescent lamp is similar to that of a discharge lamp. When high voltage is applied to the coils, they get heated and emit electrons. These fast -moving electrons collide with the atoms of mercury vapour filled in the tube
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Electric arc lamps Do you know how light of high intensity is emitted from a search light or a cinema projector? An arc lamp produces this light. Let us try to understand its working.

Heating and lighting effects of electricity Power P= Electric Power =

Carbon rod 40V to 60V

= I2 R

The unit of power is watt. Can you find out the other equations to calculate the electric power with the help of ohm's law ? Note them down in your science diary. Haven't you noticed the power of different electric appliances recorded on them. Examine some examples given in table 2.6 and find out the energy consumed by each appliance in one hour and arrange them in the ascending order.
Instrument Recorded - power CFL Electric fan Filament lamp Electric iron Electric heater Immersion heater
Table 2.6

Concave mirror

figure 2.11 Arc lamp

Figure 2.11 shows the picture of an arc lamp. Can you list out its parts ? Two carbon rods A concave mirror
Work I 2 Rt Time t

An electric source from 40V to 60V. In an arc lamp there is only a small gap between the carbon rods as shown in figure 2.11. If a potential difference between 40V and 60V is applied on these rods, a glow is formed between the sharp ends of the carbon rods. This glow gives off intense light. Using a concave mirror it is focussed on a point or it is converted into parallel beam. This is how an arc lamp functions.

40 W 60 W 100 W 750 W 1000 W 1500 W

Find the power of an electric stove of 150 resistance which draws a current of 4A. Commercial unit of electrical energy We have already learnt that electric energy is calculated in joule. The joule is too small a unit to calculate energy supplied for domestic or industrial purposes. So for convenience we use a commercial unit of electrical energy which is known as kilowatt hour. It is commonly called 'unit' of electricity.
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2.05 Electric power

You have got some idea about the relation between work and power in lower classes. Energy is the capacity for doing work. So power is defined as the energy consumed in one second. We have learnt that heat energy produced in an electric circuit is calculated by the formula H= I2 Rt.

P H Y S I C S
Sl No. Appliances Power Working hours 3 hours 5 hours 10 hours 2 hours Consumed energy in-- kilowatt hour
1000 3 1000 =3

1 2 3. 4.

Electric iron Bulb Electric fan Immersion heater

1000 W 100 W 60 W 1000 W

Table 2.7

1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1000 watt hour

Watt hour means the quantity of energy consumed in one hour at the rate of 1J/s. Can you find how many joules make one kilowatt hour? Find out and record it in your science diary. The power and working hours of certain appliances are noted in table (2.7). Calculate the energy consumed by them in kilowatt hour and fill the table 2.7 Calculate the time required to consume one unit of electrical energy by the appliances listed in table 2.8 and complete it.
Appliances Power Time taken to consume one W unit (kWh)of energy 100
1000 100 = 10

figure 2.12

Watt hour meter The watt hour meter is an instrument installed by the electricity board, from which we can directly read the amount of electrical energy consumed. Examine the watt hour meter connected in your house hold circuit.Where is it connected in the circuit? What is the reason for it? Discuss these questions and write down your inferences in science diary. Four 60W bulbs are used for 5 hours daily and three 100W bulbs are used for 4 hours daily in a house. What will be the cost of electrical energy they have to pay for 30 days if the cost of electrical energy is Rs 3 per unit?

Filament lamp

Fluorescent lamp C.F.L Electric iron Immersion heater

60 20 750 1000
Table 2.8

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Heating and lighting effects of electricity The power of 4, 60W bulbs = 4 60= 240W The power of 3, 100W bulbs =
3 100 = 300 W
300 1000 kW 4h = 1.2 unit

Total energy consumed in one day = 1.2+1.2= 2.4 units

Total energy consumed in 30 days= 2.4 30 = 72 units

Electrical energy consumed by 4, 60W bulbs in one day =

5h =1.2unit

Cost of one unit = Rs 3 Electrical energy consumed by 3,100W bulbs in one day =
Cost of 72 units = 3 72= Rs 216.00

S ummary
Heating effect of electricity: When current passes through a conductor, it gets heated. Joules law: The heat developed in a conductor is equal to the product of the square

of the current through it, the resistance of it and the time of flow of current. Appliances working on the basis of heating effect of electricity.
240 1 1 1 1 = kW+ +
1000 R 1 R

Safety fuse, soldering iron, electric iron, arc welding etc.

Combination of resistors:

R2

R3

Effective resistance in series is R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ........ Effective resistance in parallel is R, given by

+........

Lighting effect of electricity: incandescent lamps, filament lamps, discharge lamps, fluorescent lamps, arc lamps etc Electric power P = I2R

Commercial unit of electricity is kilowatt hour Watt hour meter- An instrument used to measure the electrical energy consumed in kWh.

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More activities for XpS {]h-\-

1

you

The air inside a glass bulb is not removed when it gives off light . What happens? Discuss the reason for your answer.

2. The glass bulb of an electric lamp is broken. If we connect it to the mains what will happen? Give reason for your answer. 3. Calculate the amount of heat produced by a room heater of 1 kilowatt power in 10 minutes when a current of 2A is passed through it. Find the resistance of the heating coil also. 4. An electric heater of 3kW is working in 240V line. What is the amperage of the fuse to be used in mains out of 5A, 10A, 15A? 5. 230V is applied to a 12V, 48W car head lamp. What happens? Give reasons for your answers. 6. What are the uses of porcelain carriers and sockets in safety fuse? 7. Calculate the heat produced in the circuit given below when current is passed for one minute through the circuit.
6 3

3V figure 2.14

8. Nichrome wire is not used in filament lamps as filaments. Why? 9. Note the amount of electrical energy consumed in 10 hours after taking the reading of watthour meter. Calculate the consumed energy for that particular time using the powers of different instruments and corresponding working hours. Compare these two values and check the accuracy of the watt-hour meter. 10. Four 100W bulbs, five 60W bulbs and five 60W fans work for 5hours a day in a house. What is the cost of electrical energy consumed in one month at the rate of Rs 3.00 per unit? R mA 11. Arrange an electric circuit as shown as in the figure. Measure the electric current using the ammeter. Heat the resistor using a candle. Observe the difference in the ammeter reading. Give reasons for your observation.
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6V
figure 2.14

Heating and lighting effects of electricity 12. It is dangerous to use a thick wire as fuse instead of a fuse wire. Why? 13. You are given three, 2 resistors. Draw the connection diagrams to get the effective resistances given below. (1) (2) 6 (3) (4)

14. You are given ten one ohm resistors. What are the highest and lowest effective resistances you can make with them? 15. The effective resistances are 1 and 4 Find the values of the resistors. when 2 resistors are connected in a circuit.

rrrrrrr

3 2 4

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