Professional Documents
Culture Documents
taken as 45o Draw essential contours (circles, curves etc.) on this face
R 25
Oblique view q
Features on the front face can be drawn with the actual dimensions and shape g Receding axis is 45o to the horizontal
Receding axis z
Oblique Projection
40
22
10
50
Solids of Revolution
The cylinder, cone and sphere are called Solids of Revolution.
Cylinder is obtained by rotation of a rectangle about axis. Cone is obtained by rotation of a right angled triangle about axis Sphere is obtained by rotation of a semicircle about axis.
Square Pyramid
Apex Slant Edge
Cylinder
Cone
Apex
Base
Base
Edge of Base
Corner of base
Frustum of cone & pyramids. ( top & base parallel to each other)
STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS Related to Projection of SOLIDS STEP 1: Assume solid STANDING on the PLANE with which it is making INCLINATION. INCLINATION ( If INCLINED to HP, ASSUME it standing ON HP) ( If INCLINED to VP, ASSUME it standing on VP) STEP 2: CONSIDERING SOLIDS INCLINATION ( AXIS POSITION ) draw its FV & SOLID S it s TV. STEP 3: IN LAST STEP, consider remaining inclination, DRAW ITS FINAL FV & TV.
AXIS INCLINED HP
AXIS INCLINED HP
AXIS INCLINED VP
AXIS INCLINED VP
AXIS
er
TO VP
AXIS INCLINED VP
AXIS
er
TO VP
AXIS INCLINED VP
60 mm long, has a triangular face on the ground and the vertical plane containing the axis makes an angle of 450 with the VP. Draw its projections. Take apex nearer to VP.
1st. Angle oF
a1
b1
F aFbF T aT bT o
cFdF dT cT
d1 a1 o1 c1 b1
d1 a1
c1
o1
11
Hints
If axis of given solid is inclined to HP (VP)
1. 1 Assume axis is perpendicular to HP (VP)
Draw top view (FV) and then corresponding front view (TV) (TV).
3. Change position of new top view (FV) if inclination with other principal plane is given.
Problem: A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp which makes 300 inclination with Vp. Draw its projections. More number of generators approximation.
Replace a,b,.. With aT, bT Drawing ellipse? p
Better
h1 F
a hb
h
a1
b1
g1
c g g f d e g1 f o b c d f1 e e1 d1 c1 h1 a1 b1 o1 o
f1 c d1 1 e1
g1 f1 e1 d1 c1 h1 a1 b1 13
o1
30
o1
T
a
1st.
Angle
Problem. Major axis AB & minor axis CD are 100 & 70mm long respectively. Draw ellipse.
STEPS: 1.Draw two axes at 90. Name ends & intersecting point. 2.Taking AO distance, i.e. half major axis, from C, mark F1 & F2 on AB (focus 1 and 2). 2) 3.On line F1- O taking any distance, mark points 1,2,3, & 4 4.Taking F1 center, with distance A A1 draw an arc above AB and taking F2 center, with B-1 distance cut this A arc. Name the point p1 5.Repeat this step with same centers but taking now A-2 & B-2 distances for drawing arcs. Name the point p2 6.Similarly get all other P points. With same steps positions of P can be located below AB. 7. Join all points by smooth curve to get an ellipse.
As per the definition Ellipse is locus of point P moving in a plane such that the SUM of its distances from two fixed p points (F1 & F2) remains constant and equals to the length ( q g of major axis AB.(Note A .1+ B .1=A . 2 + B. 2 = AB) p3 p2 p1 p4
F1
B F2
CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD Problem :- Major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long. : long
3 2 4 C 1 2 1 A 3 5 4 5 B 10 10 9 8 D 9 8 7
Steps:
1. Draw two axes as bi 1 D bisectors of each f h other. 2. Taking their intersecting point as a center, draw two center dra t o concentric circles of 70 mm and 100 mm diameters. 3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts. 4. 4 From all points of outer circle draw vertical lines downwards and upwards respectively. 5.From 5 From all points of inner circle draw horizontal lines to intersect those vertical lines. 6. Mark all intersecting points. 7. Join all these points to get the required ellipse.
6 6
Problem: A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp which makes 300 inclination with Vp. Draw its projections.
1st. Angle
More number of generators approximation.
Replace a,b,.. With aT, bT
Better
h1 F
a hb
h
a1
b1
g1
c g g f d e g1 f o b c d f1 e e1 d1 c1 h1 a1 b1 o1 o
f1 c d1 1 e1
g1 f1 e1 d1 c1 h1 a1 b1 18
o1
30
o1
T
a
PROBLEM: Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 300 & 400 Inclined to HP & VP respectively. End A is 12mm above Hp and 10 mm in front of VP. Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant.
bF
TL
b1
F aF T aT
TL Top View
bT
b1
PROBLEM: Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with VP while its FV makes 550. End A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP. If line is in 1st quadrant draw its projections and find its inclination with HP.
bF b1 LOCUS OF b1
550
F T
aF
Front View
aT
LFV
Top View
LOCUS OF b
bT
b1
Problem: A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one point of a base circle on Vp while its it s axis makes 450 with Vp and Fv of the axis makes 350 with Hp Draw 1st angle projections Hp. projections.
4d 3 3 c a d 4
1 a
F T
2 b 2 b a bd c 450
b b
350 c1 d1 a1 4 b1 3
24
3 1
1 + 2 + 3 = 180
= 135o
From A draw a cord of length OA, which intersects circle at B. Length OB will be ????
O E
Equilateral triangle??? q g Angle CAB = 120 Method to make a hexagonal of side = AB.
8 7 6 5 4 P
E 5
Line
24
Problem: A cube of 50 mm long edges is so placed on Vp on one corner that a body diagonal is parallel to Vp and perpendicular to Hp. Draw it s its 3rd angle projections.
Replace a,b,.. With aT, bT
11 21
2,4 3
a
41 a1 31 d1
Ta F
a,1
b,d
b, d d,4
b1 4
' 1
d a
' 1
' 1
c1
' a1
c,3
' 1
' 1
' 1
' b1
' 11 ' c1
' d1
' 21
' 41 ' 31
b,2
' b1
' 21
Scales S l
Dimensions of large objects must be reduced to accommodate on standard size drawing sheet. This reduction creates a scale of that reduction ratio is represented by REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR. (R F ) t db FACTOR (R.F.)
REPRESENTATIVE FACTOR (R F ) = (R.F.) DIMENSION OF DRAWING DIMENSION OF OBJECT
FOR FULL SIZE SCALE R.F.=1 OR ( 1:1 ) ). Other RFs are described as 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000, 1:1,00,000
Lab 06
28
Section (thin parallel) lined areas are those portions that came in actual contact with cutting plane. Visible parts behind the cutting plane are shown, but not hatched.
Hatching Pattern g
Continuous thin lines at convenient angle (preferably 45 ) to the 45) principal outlines.
Spacing between the hatching lines should be chosen in proportion to the size of the hatched areas, provided that the requirement for minimum spacing are maintained.
Common Mistakes
NOTES S i l views are Sectional i always viewed in the direction defined by cutt g plane arrows. cutting p a e a ows.
Any hidden surface that is behind cutting plane is not included in sectional view.
Hatch lines represent location of cutting plane passing through solid material. g
33
35
Section B-B a b c
Section A-A
36
37
Front view
a) Although the spoke is in line with the front view, it can give the impression that it is a stunted spoke b) Sectioned spoke can indicate that it is a continuous web S i d k i di h i i i b c) The full length of spoke is shown to indicate the structure. It should be shown along with front view to indicate the number of spokes and angles between them 38
Revolved sections
Cutting plane
39
Revolved sections examples show the shape of an objects l d i l h h h f bj cross-section superimposed on a longitudinal view
Removed Sections
Removed sections R d ti are like revolved sections but moved ti b t d aside.
Section A-A A Section B-B
B B
Section C-C
Offset Sections
C i plane lines need not be drawn as straight Cutting l li d b d i h lines Stepped line
Include as many features as p possible without causing confusion
42
Countersunk hole
43
Phantom line
45
Section B-B B B
Section A-A
47
Su Summary y
When a part is cut fully in half, the resulting view is called a full section. section A line called the cutting-plane line shows where the object was cut and from which direction the section is viewed.
The arrows point toward the section being viewed.
In the section view, the areas that would have been in , actual contact with the cutting plane are show with section lining. The visible edges of the object behind the cutting plane are generally shown because they are now visible but they are not cross-hatched. cross hatched Section views can replace the normal top, front, side, or any other standard orthographic view. view
Su Summary y
Labeling !!
Wh a cutting plane coincides with a center line, When i l i id ih li the cutting plane line takes precedence. Omit hidden lines in section views. y p y A section-lined area is always completely bounded by a visible outline
To avoid a false impression of thickness and solidity, ribs/webs, gear teeth, and other similar features are not hatched with section lining even though the cutting plane slices them.
Summary
Sheet 8 ??
PROBLEM: A room is of size L=6.5m, D=5m, H=3.5m. An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling. A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the room 1 5m flooring. Draw the projections and determine real distance between the bulb & switch. PROBLEM:- A picture frame 2 m wide and 1 m tall is resting on horizontal wall railing makes 350 inclination with wall. It is attached to a hook in the wall by two strings. The hook is 1.5 m above wall railing. Determine length of each chain and true angle between them
51
PROBLEM: FV of line AB is 500 inclined to XY and measures 55 mm long while its TV is 600 inclined to XY line. If end A is 10 mm above HP and 15 mm in front of VP, draw its projections Find TL inclinations of line with HP & VP VP projections. TL, VP.
bF b1
aF
500
600
aT
Using Rotational Method to find TL. For true length projection in one of j ti i f principal view needs to parallel to reference line.
bT
b1
PROBLEM :- Line AB is 75 mm long . Its FV and TV measure 50 mm & 60 mm long respectively. End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp. Draw g p y p p projections of line AB if end B is in first quadrant. Find angle with HP and VP.
bF b1
LTV
X
a
LFV 1
bT
b1
PROBLEM: L=6.5m, D=5m, H=3.5m. H=3 5m An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling. A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring. Draw the projections and determine real distance between the bulb and switch.
5m
Answer: a b1
h
(chains)
ab ab
1.5 m
wide & 1 m tall is resting on horizontal wall railing makes 350 inclination with wall. It is attached to h k i th t a hook in the wall by two strings. ll b t t i The hook is 1.5 m above the wall railing. DETERMINE LENGTH OF EACH CHAIN AND TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM
1m
cd X a1 ad
(wall railing)
Y
(frame)
h
(chains)
b1
bc
PROBLEM:- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.0 m above ground and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall but on opposite sides of it. If the distance measured between them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6 m, Then find real distance between them by drawing their projections.
TV
0.3M THICK
56
a 1.5
3.0
PROBLEM:- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 15 3 00 m above ground and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall but on opposite pp sides of it. If the distance measured between them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6 m, Then find 26m real distance between them by drawing their projections.
2.6
bB 1.5
1.2 12 a
PROBLEM:-Flower A is 1.5 m & 1 m from walls Q (parallel to reference line) & P (perpendicular to reference line) respectively. Flower is 1.5 m above the ground. Orange B is 3.5m & 5.5m from walls Q & P respectively. Drawing projection, find distance between them If orange is 3.5 m above ground.
b b b1
Ground
b Wall P 5.5 m
58
PROBLEM :- An object contains three rods OA, OB and OC whose ends j , A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm above ground. The top view of object contains three lines oa, ob & oc having length equal to 25mm, 45mm and 65mm respectively. These three lines are equally inclined and the shortest line is vertical. Draw their projections and find length of each rod.
Tv
O C A
Fv B
PROBLEM :- A top view of object (three rods OA, OB and OC whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm above ground) contains three lines oa, ob & oc having length equal to 25mm, 45 l t 25 45mm and 65 d 65mm respectively. Th ti l These th three li lines are equally inclined and the ll i li d d th shortest line is vertical. Draw their projections and find length of each rod.
TL2
TL1
b1
a a
a1
c1
o b c
PROBLEM:- A pipeline from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due South - East. Another Point B is 12 m from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B runs 150 Due East of South and meets pipeline f l l f i li f f h d i li from A at point C. Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and its inclination with ground.
5 1
12 M
Bearing of a LINE: Horizontal angle between line & meridian ( idi (north south th th line)----Measured in DEGREES (0 to 90). Measured in Top View. S 45 E. S 15 E.
PROBLEM:- A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due South - East. Another Point B is 12 m from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B runs 150 Due East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C. Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and its inclination with ground.
12m
5 1
FV
x
W
c
N
c1
c2
450
EAST
150
TV
c = Inclination of pipe line BC
SOUTH
PROBLEM: A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M high, at the angles of depression 300 & 450 respectively. Object A is due North-West direction of observer and object B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of objects from observer and from tower also.
O
300 450
A
S
B
W
o
300 450
15M a1 a a b N
PROBLEM: A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M high, at the angles of depression 300 & 450. Object A is due North-West direction of observer and object B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of objects from observer and from tower also.
W b Answers: Distances of objects from observe oa1 & ob From tower oa & ob o
Point view of line b1 a1 p1 x1 a p y b y1 Auxiliary plane method. Find point view of line. Draw reference line parallel to line and obtain true length. p2 Point a2, b2 Shortest distance a2 p2
xT F
p a b
Find T.L. of one of the lines and project its p p j point view using auxiliary plane method Project the other line also in each view. Shortest distance between skew lines can be measured along the one line perpendicular to both. Common perpendicular !! C di l
66
d b
T F
a c d
T F b B
A dP is to ab
Draw P.A. V. such that one line (AB) shows its True Length Draw S.A.V. view with reference line perpendicular to the True Length of the line (AB) to get the point view of the line Draw a tertiary auxiliary view with reference line parallel to the other line in order to get its True Length Since the secondary auxiliary view had the point view of the first line, the tertiary auxiliary view will have the True Length of th first line also. L th f the fi t li l
68
c3
a3
2 c2 a2 ,b2
d3
True length c1 a1
d1
Parallel
a T c F a c b d y d
Angle between two nonintersecting lines is measurable in a view that shows both lines in true shape. shape
Piercing Point
Intersection between a line and plane
Point Piercing point. point True angle between line and plane ??
70
Line T F
Plane
In a view showing the plane as an edge, the edge piercing point appears where the line intersects the edge view. Draw auxiliary view to get EDGE VIEW.
Principal line
d a T x F a a b b
Obtain an auxiliary view such that the reference line is perpendicular to the True Length of the line of intersection of the planes In this case, the intersection line y is parallel to both principle planes and hence is in True Length in both g front and top views
d e e
Both planes will be seen as edge views in the auxiliary view. i i h ili i The angle between the edge views is the angle between the planes
b1, a1 y y1 1
c1, d1
d e e
Helix
Space curve
FV & TV specify helix completely. Widely employed on screw threads, helical springs, conical spring, screw conveyors, staircases, etc.
PROBLEM: Draw a helix of one convolution, upon a cylinder. Given 80 mm pitch and 50 mm diameter of a cylinder.
8 7 6 5
P8 P7 P6
P5 P4 P3 P2 P1
6 7 5
4 3 2 1
P
F T
1 2
PROBLEM: Draw a helix of one convolution, upon a cone, diameter of base 70 mm, axis p , , 90 mm and 90 mm pitch.
P8 P7
P6 P5 P4 P3 P2
P1
6 7 5
P6
P5 P4
4
P7 P8
P1
1
P3 P2
2 3
Problem: Draw a spiral of one convolution. Take distance PO 40 mm. IMPORTANT APPROACH FOR CONSTRUCTION! FIND TOTAL ANGULAR AND TOTAL LINEAR DISPLACEMENT AND DIVIDE BOTH IN TO SAME NUMBER OF EQUAL PARTS.
2 P2
SPIRAL
3 P3
P1
P4
7 6 P7 P6
5 4
2 1
P5
2,10
P2
3,11
P3 P10 P11 P4 P12 P13
P1 1,9
P9
16
P15 P14
13
10
4,12 4 12
8 P7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8
8,16 ,
P7 P5 P6
5,13
7,15
6,14
Problem: A link 60 mm long, swings on a point O ob e : o g, sw gs o po from its vertical position of the rest to the left through p 60 and returns to its initial position at uniform velocity. During that period a point P moves at uniform speed along the center line of the link from O p g at reaches the end of link. Draw the locus of P.
O, P
Find the shortest distance of point P from the body diagonal AB of the cube of side 50 mm as shown
, a1, b1 a1 p1 1 10 Required distance p1 dg dg 10 p 50 b, b e b1
Draw an auxiliary view to get the true length of the line Draw an auxiliary view to get the point view of the diagonal Project the point P in these views to get the required distance F, A f,d p
c, d c,b
a,g
d,e
Auxiliary Views
83
Problem: A right circular cone, 40 mm base diameter and 60 mm long axis is resting on Hp on one point of base circle such that its axis makes 450 inclination with Hp. Draw i projections in I angle projection method. ih its j i i l j i h d
F T
a h b
c g g
f d e
450
g1 f e h1 a1 b1 c1 1 f1 e1 d1 o1
b c
PLANES
Plane to one principal plane and inclined to other principal plane termed as Auxiliary Plane.
A.V.P. A VP
to Hp & to Vp
Line in TV.
Line in FV
Line in FV & TV
AVP is represented by a reference line TA drawn at the prescribed angle (in this case ) Procedure for drawing auxiliary view Draw Draw TA at an angle to FT Draw PT PA perpendicular to TA such that PFO = PA O
86
D Draw FA such that it makes an angle with FT h h i k l ih Project PA on AIP by drawing a line PF PA such that PF PA is to FA and O PT = O PA.
87
Ex: A li AB, 50 mm long, is inclined at 30 to the line l i i li d h H.P. Draw its projections.
a'
b'
F T a b
Draw A.V. of a plane ABC (A(50,10,30), B(10,40,0), C(10,30,50)) on a plane which is to frontal plane and inclined at an angle of 45o to top plane. Draw plane another A.V. on a plane which is perpendicular to the top plane and inclined at an angle 60o to the frontal plane. USE III rd ANGLE
x2 X
50 40 30 20 10
Distance of a1 f Di t f from FA = di t distance of a f f from OZ a1 b1 c1 60o 45o y2 y1 Z Distance of b1 from FA = distance of b from OZ Distance of c1 from FA = distance of c from OZ Distance of a1 from TA = distance of a from OZ Distance of b1 from TA = distance of b from OZ Distance of c1 from TA = distance of c from OZ a1
c b
10 20
O
10 20 30 40 50
a a
50
b F x1 b1
c c 1
89
Problem: A square pyramid 30 mm base side and 50 mm long axis is resting on its apex on Hp, such that its one slant edge is vertical and a triangular f face through it is perpendicular to Vp. Draw its 1st angle projections.
bd
a a1 d1
b1 c1
Hidden lines in Projections of solid !
F T a
o d b o b c a1 o1 b1 d1 c1
o o1
bd
F T a
o d b o b c a1 o1 b1 d1 c1
Problem: A square pyramid 30 mm base side and 50 mm long axis is resting on its i apex on H Hp, such that its one slant edge is vertical and a triangular face through it is g perpendicular to Vp. Draw its 1st angle projections.
Vertical plane Edge view is line in top view. view Horizontal plane Edge view is li i f t l i i line in frontal view. Neither vertical nor Horizontal I li d or oblique H i l Inclined bli to principle plane.
Need to f ll some procedure to d follow d get edge view of that plane.
Two intersecting lines. o te sect g es A line & a point Two parallel lines Three points (not on same li line.
92
C B T F A TL T A1
A A C B Principal line
Principle lines: Lines on the boundary or within the surface, parallel to the principle planes of projection
True length a c T F c l l
95
Ex: A line AB, 50 mm long, is inclined at 30 to the 30 H.P. and its top view makes an angle of 60 with the V.P. Draw its projections.
a'
b'
F T a b
c1
e,h
Distances: e1, f1, a1, b1 from TA = e, f, a, b from FT , , h1, g1, d1, c1 from TA = h, g, d, c from FT
d, h
c, g
S.A.V. of a cube
h1
Distances e, f, a, b from TA1 = e2, f2, a2, b2 from A1A2 h, g, d, c from TA1 = h2, g2, d2, c2 from A1A2
e,h
a, e
angle cba is 65. abc is a FV a is 25 mm, b is 40 mm and c is 10 mm 65 a b c FV. a mm b c above Hp respectively. Draw projections of that figure and find its true shape.
a1b1 b 15 15 10 F T c c Y a
c1
b1
A1
A2 c1
a1
300 50 mm
650 b
DISTANCES FOR NEW FV come from PREVIOUS FV AND FOR NEW TV, DISTANCES OF PREVIOUS TV are accounted.
99
Problem Fv & Tv of a triangular plate are shown. Determine its true shape.
50 25 15 a 20
10
c 1 b a c 1 b b1 A1 A2 b1 a1 a1 c1 c1 F T
15
40
DISTANCES FOR NEW FV come from PREVIOUS FV AND FOR NEW TV, DISTANCES f from PREVIOUS TV are accounted.
Problem: A frustum of regular pentagonal pyramid is standing on its larger base on Hp with one
base side perpendicular to Vp. Draw its Fv & Tv. Project its Aux. Tv on an AIP parallel to one of the slant edges showing TL. Base side is 50 mm l h l d h i id i 0 long, top side is 30 mm long and 50 mm is height id i l d 0 i h i h of frustum.
25
34
4 5 1 F T
a b e c d
3 2
Aux.Tv
d1 e1 FA
1
e d
5 4 1 3 2
c1 b1
a1
Summary of Topics
Hidden Lines
CG
H
CG
H/2
H/4 GROUP A SOLIDS ( Cylinder & Prisms) GROUP B SOLIDS ( Cone & Pyramids)
Problem: A pentagonal pyramid 30 mm base sides & 60 mm long axis, axis is freely suspended from one corner of base so that a plane containing its axis remains parallel to Vp. Draw its orthographic projections.
LINE
o
FOR SIDE VIEW
dg VERTICAL d ce
H g g o c e e a o b c do 1 d1 d
ab Y e1 a1
IMPORTANT:
When a solid is freely suspended from a corner, then line joining point of contact & C.G. remains vertical. ( Here axis shows inclination with Hp.) So in all such cases, assume solid standing on Hp initially.)
H/4 X
a b
b1 c1
Problem. Major axis AB & minor axis CD are 100 & 70mm long respectively. Draw ellipse.
STEPS: 1.Draw two axes at 90. Name ends & intersecting point. 2.Taking AO distance, i.e. half major axis, from C, mark F1 & F2 on AB (focus 1 and 2). 2) 3.On line F1- O taking any distance, mark points 1,2,3, & 4 4.Taking F1 center, with distance A A1 draw an arc above AB and taking F2 center, with B-1 distance cut this A arc. Name the point p1 5.Repeat this step with same centers but taking now A-2 & B-2 distances for drawing arcs. Name the point p2 6.Similarly get all other P points. With same steps positions of P can be located below AB. 7. Join all points by smooth curve to get an ellipse.
As per the definition Ellipse is locus of point P moving in a plane such that the SUM of its distances from two fixed p points (F1 & F2) remains constant and equals to the length ( q g of major axis AB.(Note A .1+ B .1=A . 2 + B. 2 = AB) p3 p2 p1 p4
F1
B F2
CONCENTRIC CIRCLE METHOD Problem :- Major axis 100 mm and minor axis 70 mm long. : long
3 2 4 C 1 2 1 A 3 5 4 5 B 10 10 9 8 D 9 8 7
Steps:
1. Draw two axes as bi 1 D bisectors of each f h other. 2. Taking their intersecting point as a center, draw two center dra t o concentric circles of 70 mm and 100 mm diameters. 3. Divide both circles in 12 equal parts. 4. 4 From all points of outer circle draw vertical lines downwards and upwards respectively. 5.From 5 From all points of inner circle draw horizontal lines to intersect those vertical lines. 6. Mark all intersecting points. 7. Join all these points to get the required ellipse.
6 6
Sectional View
110
450 300
Isom. Scale
r
R r P
r R R
r
C
R r P
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A HEMISPHERE Adopt same procedure. Draw lower semicircle only only. Then around C construct Rhombus of Sides equal to Isometric Diameter. For this use iso-scale. Then Th construct ellipse in t t lli i this Rhombus as usual And Complete Isometric-Projection p of Hemi-sphere.
TO DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE 1. FIRST DRAW ISOMETRIC OF SQUARE PLATE. 2. LOCATE ITS CENTER. NAME IT P. 3. 3 FROM P DRAW VERTICAL LINE UPWARD LENGTH r mm UPWARD, mm AND LOCATE CENTER OF SPHERE C 4. C AS CENTER, WITH RADIUS R DRAW CIRCLE. THIS IS ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF A SPHERE.
PROBLEM: A HEMI-SPHERE IS CENTRALLY PLACED ON THE TOP OF A FRUSTOM OF CONE. DRAW ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS OF THE ASSEMBLY.
r
S 50
R r P
50
30 50 FIRST CONSTRUCT ISOMETRIC SCALE. USE THIS SCALE FOR ALL DIMENSIONS (24.5 & 40.8) IN THIS PROBLEM.
450 300
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view. Block of 60*10*30 l k f * * F.V.
30 20 40
10 X
10
30 10 30 80
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
FV
40
10
30 25 25
10
50
O
80
TV
F.V. & T.V. of an object are given. Draw its isometric view.
FV X
40
O
100 10 10 30 10
10
25 25 30 R R 10
TV
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given in I angle projection . Draw its isometric view. it s
SQ 30 10 40 20
50
10
20 30
O F.V. O
60
S.V. SV
15
15
F.V. and S.V.of an object are given in I angle projection. Draw its isometric view.
Mistake ??
F.V. Sq 20
20 40 40 30
20
10 30 50 60
O
100
F.V. F V and S.V.of an object are given S V of given. Draw its isometric view.
30
20 10
10
20
15
15
15 15
O
50 0 30
F.V., T.V. and S.V.of an object are given. Draw its isometric view. , j g
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
F. V F V.
L.H.S. LHS
20 20
x
20 30
20
50
20
20
20
T. V. T V
40
40
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
10 10
25
25
O
FV
15
50
10
LSV