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August 15, 2012 5th period Examine the continents and coastlines seen here and compare them to the Early Native Peoples interactive map. What areas were more well-known than others? Florida, Central America, and the southeastern coastline are most commonly noted. Examine the coat of arms of Spain and France in the upper left, and Portugal in the lower right. What imperial claims do they represent? The coat of Arms of Spain and France represent that the two empires/nations have greater power and luck unlike Portugal, who is being taken by some form of sea monster. Who is holding the Spanish and French coat of arms in the upper right while also following King Phillip IIs chariot across the Atlantic? Several angels follow King Phillip IIs chariot and hold the French and Spanish coat of arms. What creatures are depicted on land, at sea, and as decorative elements around the map legend? Why were Europeans interested in such novel beasts? Various sea monsters, an elephant, a lion, angels, and a rhinoceros are shown on the map. How and where are the Native-Americans presented on this map? How might this have bolstered European claims of sovereignty over otherwise empty lands? They are presented as uncivilized beasts in Central America and South America. In what ways might the cartographer have exaggerated in order to support the colonists complaint about the ramshackle and dispersed nature of the colony? The cartographer may have exaggerated distance and the amount of people of the colony. Where were the slave quarters (listed as F on the legend)? Why did they live separately and get listed anonymously? The slave quarters were miles away on the south coast of the Manatus island. How are the Dutch homesteads arranged across the landscape? How does this compare to the streets of European cities? They are randomly scattered, some in clusters, along the East coast of Manatus.

9. Where are the Native American settlements? What relationships are suggested by the proximity of European settlements? The Native American settlements are scattered across the mainland of Manatus, and few are located on Manatus Island. European settlements do not interfere with that of the natives as for precautionary measures to ensure safety of the travelers. 10. What borough was named after landholder #43 listed in the lower right? Staten Island is named after a wealthy Dutch land holder.

11. Where are the most detailed areas of the map? Why might Europeans be interested in those areas and not others? The more western coast of the western lands is more detailed. Europeans may be interested in these lands for trade of slaves. 12. What is missing from this world map? Could the new areas be inserted as easily as the tip of Africa had been? Australia and the Americas are missing from the map. As big as one America is, I doubt that both AND Australia could squeeze on there. 13. How useful was this map for the three kinds of maritime navigation: coastal piloting, dead reckoning, or celestial navigation. On a scale of 1 10, 10 being GPS reliability; this map would be a 8 for coastal piloting, a 5 for dead reckoning, and a 2 for celestial navigation. 14. How is this map different from other early maps in the collection? This map shows only Europe and Africa, and is the only map that had something added to it. 15. How does this image depict Native Americans? This image shows Native Americans as self-reliable, and able to be majestic, in a way, by representing their culture in clothing and other accessories. 16. How does this image reflect the artists impression of Native Americans? This image reflects an impression that the artist believed the Native Americans culture and way of life were simple, yet sufficient. 17. How does this image provide us with insight into sixteenth-century European world views? The image provides insight that not all European world views were that those with different believes and customs were disorderly and needed to be changed or enhanced. 18. Compare this document to the Virginia Handbill published in 1622. Discuss some of the fundamental differences between the documents. **** 19. What do those differences illuminate about life in the sixteenth-century Virginia? 20. Take note of the title of this article: Briefe and True Report. Is Harriot in fact giving a true report? Do you think he is biased? Why or why not? I believe he is giving an honest report, but only of what he sees. He is biased in a way because he does not go far in depth about every little detail there is of the New World. He barely scratches the surface. 21. Who was the intended audience of this image? How might that affect our understanding of the prints meaning?

 The intended audience of this image was the Spanish. To us, it would seem as just a simple poster of history, but to the Spanish it may have been a great discovery, or a horrible memory.

22. How are the conquistadores represented? Are they made to seem sympathetic? How are we supposed to feel about them? They are represented as prideful leaders. They do not seem sympathetic. I personally, would say to have mutual feelings. 23. What is the significance of the two priests? Why are they accompanying the conquistadores? The two priests are praying or possibly asking forgiveness, or thanking their god for a discovery that would be helpful to their homeland. They accompany the conquistadores for religious recovery while searching for new locations. 24. How did European knowledge of the western half of North America compare to knowledge of other parts of the continent in 1650? Europeans knew more of the Western half of North America because they all sailed only in one direction to get to the Americas, west. 25. What might have prevented further exploration of California? How would its location have hindered exploration efforts? The fact that California was far away from where most exhibitionists landed, and that the Americas were still unwell known, or climate. 26. What does the lack of indications of Native habitations suggest about the relationship between Europeans and Native peoples at this time? Native peoples and Europeans may have settled a deal for different coasts of North America. 27. What does the short paragraph about the land leading to the Pacific Coast show about the British attitude towards North America? It shows that the British believe they are better than all those who reside in North America and that it shall overcome all of North America as it would be a better destiny than it attempting to grow on its own. 28. Why arent any Native nations featured on this map? What might this absence suggest? The absence of this suggests that the British planned on getting rid of the Native nations and would turn them into British Colonies. 29. What does the inclusion of the portrait of Sir Frances Drake indicate about his status in British society? The inclusion of the portrait of Sir Frances Drake indicates that he is of high status and is well known in British Society. 30. Examine the image closely. Describe what is portrayed in this engraving. Native women are left to do farming, as it is a form of nurturing, while men take care of the more masculine tasks, like hunting.

31. What assumptions regarding gender roles can the viewer make based on this engraving? Do you think the image shown here is accurate? Why or why not? Females perform tasks that involving nurturing of some sort. I do believe this image is accurate because most books Ive read about old time Native Americans, they divided the work between men and women. Men would hunt for game and marry many wives based on status in the group while women did housework, took care of their children, and took care of farming. 32. Is this image influenced by the creators European culture? If so, how? No. 33. Examine the image closely. What is happening in this engraving? This group is having a ceremonial prayer/sacrifice around a fire. 34. How are Native-Americans portrayed in this image? They are portrayed as undignified, dirty people with ridiculous beliefs. 35. Compare this image by Theodore de Bry to others in this collection. How are the images similar? Different? They are about the same thing Native Americans- and they both portray their culture. The differences are that one is of the natural state, while the other could be seen as somewhat degrading or barbaric. 36. What can the view learn about Native-American society from this engraving? That they have exotic religious views and can sometimes seem extreme. 37. What is the general tone or mood of the image? If you knew nothing else about the figure in this painting, what could you infer? The mood of the image is rather plain. If I knew nothing else of the painting, I would infer its of the natural civilizations in Africa. 38. For what purpose or for whom was this painting done? Was it artistic, scientific or documentary purposes? This painting wasnt necessarily done for any one person or group of people, but if it had to be decided, then it would be for the Englishmen. It was of documentary purposes because it was from surveying the natives as he prospered through the land. 39. What details or features of the image were most important to the artist? Which details help the picture achieve its purpose or goal? The clothing helped showed what culture this man would be from. 40. What does this image tell us about the period in which it was painted? Does it shed light on the artistic movements, the social ideals, or the Native-Americans of the time?

 It tells us that there were many underdeveloped cultures. It sheds light on the Native-Americans of the time. 41. Portraits are shaped by the subject, the patron, the artist, and the potential market for prints. How might those factors have contributed to shaping these portraits? The artist, potential market, and the subject may have all been about British colonization. 42. Examine the clothing and the setting of the portrait. Why is Pocahontas not wearing her native garb? Is there tension between Pocahontas and the clothing? Pocahontas is not wearing her native garb because this is image is after her conversion to Christianity and marriage to John Rolfe under the new name of Rebecca.

43. Compare the two portraits and note any differences. Who were the audiences for the engraving (from which cheap prints could be made) and for the painting? The audiences of these were the British. 44. Why does the caption say that she was baptized into the Christian faith? What does that say about the English view of Native-Americans? She converted to Christianity after marrying John Rolfe. It shows the English saw Native-Americans with a lack of religious faith that was domesticated. 45. How would you describe Pocahontas from this portrait? Does she seem weak or strong? Is she passive or active? I would describe her as a well-statured British woman of the 16th century. She seems somewhat weaker than the original thought of her, also very passive. 46. Describe the image of Cahokia. What are the characteristics of the settlement? Its a vast land that held a village of up to 40,000 people. It has many plants and few splotches of trees. 47. What technologies were utilized in order to build the city of Cahokia? It was built by earthen structures by the Mississippian civilization. 48. How are the mounds of Cahokia different from other depictions of NativeAmerican settlements? Most Native-American settlements often show a small community of people living in teepees, but instead 49. Describe the image show here. What is occurring in this engraving? People are severing and preparing bodies to be eaten. 50. What point is the creator trying to make with this image? The creator is trying to show that Native-Americans are savages who eat their own people. 51. Do you think that this is an accurate portrayal of Native-American society? Why or why not? No, not really. In order to have an accurate portrayal you cant just show only one simple piece of their culture; you have to exploit all of it, not just the dark and inhumane things. 52. Describe this image in relation to the other engravings by de Bry in this chapter. How is this image different from the others? This image is far darker than the other works hes made. 53. Who was Martin Luther? Why did he become disenchanted with the Roman Catholic Church?

 Martin Luther was the monk who caused the Protestant Reformation. He became disenchanted with the Roman Catholic Church because they were making people pay money to be forgiven their savior. 54. What kind of power did the Roman Catholic Church have during Luthers life? Why was he seen as such a threat to the power of the Church? The church had more power than the government during Luthers life. He broke from the Catholic Church and followed his own way of praise to God. 55. What did Luther want to reform in the Church? What were his solutions to the corruption he saw? He wanted to reform from the selling of indulgences, so he compiled 95 theses and nailed it to a church door in Wittenburg. 56. How did Luthers work change peoples perception of religion? How did worship change? Luthers work helped people see that they do not need to give money to the church to be forgiven by God. Worship became more religious, rather than governmental. 57. What creatures (both real and imagined) are pictured on the map? Dragons are on the map. 58. Describe the figures on the map. Who do you think they represent? How are they portrayed? The 3 figures at the top are believed to be 2 angels and God, and below that in a circle are Adam and Eve. 59. What is the significance of both Jerusalems placement in the center of the map and the location of the Garden of Eden in the Orient at the top? The Garden of Eden is north of the holy place, Jerusalem. 60. What is the general tone or mood of the image? Which objects are in focus and which are not in the center of the image, but still important? The general mood of this image is rather motherly. In focus are the women and their children, but in the background is a vast and nearly empty farmland. 61. Divide the image into quadrants and discuss the details you observe in section. What, specifically, is going on in each of the sections? In the upper left side, there is a woman with her backside facing towards me, and her child on her back, on the upper right, there is the same or another woman simply, from the front view. The bottom sections consist of a description in a foreign language. 62. For what purpose or for whom was this image drawn? Why did de Bry carve this specific engraving?

 This was drawn to depict how chief ladies of Dasemunkepeuc carry their children and dress. 63. What details or features of the engraving were most important to the artist? The clothing and the way the child is held are important. 64. What is this images purpose and how effective is it in achieving that purpose? This images purpose was simply to show how women of Dasemunkepeuc City carry their children and dress. 65. What refinements were made since the use of the original iron needles? What sort of society could manufacture and use this device? These could measure the ships direction with the compass and its speed with a log. China and Europe used these devices. 66. How reliable would this device be in heavy seas or otherwise rough conditions? Depending on the Earths magnetic field and ocean currents, it could be greatly affected, but once mastered can give a significant advantage.

67. What advantages would the owners of this technology have over cultures that lacked it? It would give a significant advantage over competition in global trade. 68. Why did Europeans rely on celestial navigation (at least in part) to reach the Americas and to round Africa? Using celestial navigation helped find a ships latitude in relation to the sun, moon, planets, and stars. 69. Under what conditions could such a device be used aboard ships? What sort of training would you need? You would need a map and understand some forms of astrology. 70. Compare the astrolabe to the compass, what are the differences? The astrolabe helps sailors perform celestial navigation only on clear nights. The compass shows where north is from a current standing point.