Chapter VI LABORATORY RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION

A. Laboratory Tests Type of Test Urinalysis February 11, 2011 Normal Values Straw yellow to Amber Actual Result Color: Light Yellow Interpretation/ Implication Normal. The color of urine is mainly a result of the presence of the pigment urochrome, which is produced through endogenous metabolic processes. Nursing Responsibility

Assist on collecting a

clean catch specimen of at least 15 mL.

There is no food or

fluids restriction. Obtain a first voided

Clear to Slightly Cloudy

Transparen cy: Slightly Cloudy

The most common substances that may cause cloudy urine are white blood cells, red blood cells, bacteria, and epithelial cells. Presence of these substances may indicate inflammation or infection of the urinary and genital tracts. It Signifies high level of sediment may be present in case of urinary tract infection and an indicator of kidney disorder.

morning specimen if possible. Medications may be

restricted for it may affect laboratory results.

Note and report intake

and output (I&O) ratio and adequacy, changes in urinary pattern and diuresis, and dehydration and fluid shifts. Monitor I&O and effect on

specimen collection and pH 4.58.0 Reaction: 6.0 Normal. The pH of urine reflects the kidneys ability to regulate the acidbase balance of the body. In general, when too much acid is present in the body (i.e., respiratory or metabolic acidosis), acidic urine (low pH) is excreted. Conversely, alkaline urine (high pH) is excreted in states of respiratory or metabolic alkalosis. Various foods and drugs also affect urinary pH. Normal. The specific gravity of urine is an indication of the kidneys ability to reabsorb water and chemicals from the glomerular filtrate. It also aids in evaluating hydration status and in detecting problems related to secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Normally, glucose is
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testing, urinary sample characteristics and amount, and urinary pattern changes.

1.0021.030

Specific Gravity: 1.015

(-)

Sugar: (-)

(-)

Albumin: (-)

virtually absent from the urine. Urine normally contains only a scant amount of protein, which derives from both the blood and the urinary tract itself. The proteins normally filtered through the glomerulus include small amounts of low-molecular-weight serum proteins such as albumin. Very High. Pus cells in the urine may indicate infection. Normally, urine is sterile. It is usually free of bacteria, viruses, and fungi but does contain fluids, salts, and waste products. An infection occurs when tiny organisms, usually bacteria from the digestive tract, cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. Most infections
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0-2/hpf

Pus Cell: 35-40/hpf

(-)

Bacteria: ++ +

Fasting Blood Sugar February 11, 2011

4.106.60 mmol/L

arise from one type of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), which normally lives in the colon. 3.91 mmol/L Low. Blood glucose (serum glucose, plasma glucose) is measured in a variety of situations. In the fasting state, the serum glucose level gives the best indication of overall glucose homeostasis. Low blood sugar indicates hypoglycemia.

Resume food and

medications withheld before the test after the sample is drawn.

Note and report

decreased levels. Assess for symptoms associated with hypoglycemia such as weakness, sweating, nervousness, hunger, confusion, or palpitations.

Hematology February 15, 2011

Hemoglobin 115-155 g/L

117 g/L

Result shows that haemoglobin count is in between normal range.

Explain test

procedure. Explain that slight discomfort may be felt when the skin is punctured.

Hematocrit

0.360.40 x 0.48 x 10^6 /uL 10^6 /uL

Hematocrit reveals normal result which indicates that there is enough amount of blood carrying oxygen blood in the body.

Encourage to avoid

stress if possible because altered physiologic status influences and changes

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normal hematologic values. RBC Count 4.206.10 x 10^3 /uL 4.16 x 10^3 /uL Levels of RBCs out of the normal range (higher or lower) can be an indication of certain conditions. Polycythemia is the presence of an elevated RBC count; anemia is a decreased RBC count. Normal. The WBC count is used to determine the presence of an infection or leukemia. It is also used to help monitor the bodys response to various treatments and to monitor bone marrow function. An elevated number of white blood cells are called leukocytosis. This can result from bacterial infections, inflammation, leukemi a, trauma, intense exercise, or stress. A decreased WBC count is called leukopenia. It can result from many different situations, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or diseases of the immune system. Counts that continue Explain that fasting is

not necessary. However, fatty meals may alter some test results as a result of lipidemia. Apply manual

pressure and dressings over puncture site on removal of dinner.

WBC Count 5.0-10.0

9.21

Monitor the puncture

site for oozing or hematoma formation. Instruct to resume

normal activities and diet.

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to rise or fall to abnormal levels indicate that the condition is getting worse. Counts that return to normal indicate improvement. Neutrophils 55-75% 74%

Values are within normal range, indicating adequate composition of active phagocytic leukocytes capable of breaking down bacterial cell wall membrane. Results are not indicative of ongoing pathologic processes or viral infections. Values are within normal range, indicating adequate composition of leukocytes responsible for immunity and antibody production. Values are within normal range, indicating adequate composition of active phagocytic leukocytes capable of breaking down bacterial cell wall membrane. Values are within normal range, indicating adequate
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Lymphocyte 14-16%

16%

Monocyte

2-10%

6%

Eosinophil

1-8%

3%

composition of leukocytes capable of phagocytizing antigen-antibody complexes. Results are not indicative of ongoing inflammatory processes and parasitic diseases.

Platelet

150-400 x 10^3/ uL

330 x 10^3 /uL

Roentgenol ogical Report (Pelvic AP) February 15, 2011

The osseous structures are unremarkable. The cortical outline and trabecular patterns are unremarkable.

Values are within normal range, indicating adequate blood composition to protect intact blood vessels from endothelial damages initiate repair through the formation of platelet plugs when blood vessel walls are damaged. There are no localizing signs.

Prepare the patient for

x-rays and explain the procedure

Because a patient may

be apprehensive about the procedure, it's important to work in a kind, patient and compassionate manner.

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