BY: Dr. G. S.

Kame Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

Concrete, is a product or mass made by the use of a cementing medium. Generally, this medium is the product of reaction between hydraulic cement and water (Neville and Brooks, 1987).

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

Concrete is prepared by mixing cement (binder), sand (binder) (fine aggregate), gravel (coarse aggregate) and water with specific proportions. The cement and the water will react through the hydration process. The hydrated cement composed of four major compounds namely, tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF). The most important products of the hydration reaction are the calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and the calcium hydroxide (CH). The h d ti Th hydration reactions of the major compounds can be ti f th j d b written as below:
2C3 S + 6 H C3 S 2 H 3 + 3Ca(OH ) 2
2C 2 S + 4 H C3 S 2 H 3 + Ca(OH ) 2 C3 A + 6 H C3 AH 6

C 4 AF + 2Ca(OH ) 2 + 10H C3 AH 6 + C3 FH 6
Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering 3

1. 2. 3. 4.

Type of cement that usually used: Ordinary Portland Cement Rapid-Hardening Portland Cement Sulfate-Resisting Portland etc.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE

Workability agent k bl Water reducer and plasticizer - to achieve a higher strength by decreasing the water/cement ratio at the same workability as an admixture-free mix. Its also to achieve the same workability by decreasing the cement content so as to y reduce the heat of hydration in mass concrete.

Air-entraining agent In climates where the concrete will be exposed to freeze-thaw cycle, air is deliberately mixed in with the concrete in from of billions of tiny air bubbles about 0 004in in diameter The bubbles provide interconnected pathway so that 0.004in diameter. water near the surface can escape as it expands due to freezing temperatures. Retarding agent Used to slow the set of concrete when large masses must be placed and the concrete must remain plastic for a long period of time to prevent the formation of cold joint between one batch of concrete and the next batch. Accelerating agent Accelerator serves to i A l t t increase th rate of strength gain and to decrease th the t f t th i dt d the initial setting time.
Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering 5

MINERAL ADMIXTURE -usually used to enhance the properties of concrete in strength, workability and durability. durability
1. 2. 3. 4. 5 5. Fly ash Ground granulated blast-furnace slag Silica fume Rice husk ash Metakaoline

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

Generally, the main properties of fresh concrete is the workability. Definition of workability:
It is the property which determines the ease and homogeneity with which concrete can be mixed, p , placed, compacted and , p finished. A workable concrete will not have any segregation or bleeding. Segregation causes large voids and hence concrete become less durable. Bleeding results in several small pores on the surface due to excess water coming up. Bleeding also makes concrete less g p g durable. The degree or workability of concrete is classified from very low to very high with the corresponding value of slump. y g p g p
Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

Relationship due to the mix proportion Workability test that commonly used: Slump test Compaction test Vebe test Flow table test

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

Compressive strength Tensile strength T il h Modulus of elasticity Stress strain Stress-strain relationship Thermal expansion coefficient Shrinkage Poissons ratio Durability of concrete Creep

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

Compressive strength value can be used to determine the overall characteristic of concrete structure The value structure. depends upon many factors including the quality and proportions of the ingredients and the curing environment. The compressive strength of concrete is given in term of the characteristic compressive strength of cubes tested at 28 days. The characteristic strength is defined as the strength of the concrete which not more than 5% of the test result are expected to fall. This concept assumes a normal distribution of the strength of the samples of concrete concrete.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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Strength development i concrete St th d l t in t

Characteristic G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati Dr. strength of concrete

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Concrete has almost no tensile strength (usually measured to be about 10 to 15% of its compressive strength), and for this reason it is almost never used without some form of reinforcing. reinforcing The tensile strength of concrete can be expressed as flexural tensile strength, splitting tensile strength and direct tensile strength.

Flexural tensile test

Splitting tensile test

Direct tensile test

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Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

The stiffness of concrete is required to estimate the deflection of members. The stiffness is given by the modulus of elasticity. For non-linear stress versus strain behaviour of concrete the modulus can be initial, tangential or secant modulus. The modulus is expressed in term of characteristic compressive strength and not the design compressive strength. There no doubt that the modulus of elasticity increases with an increase in the compressive strength of concrete, b t th t but there i no agreement on th precise form of is t the i f f the relationship. The modulus of elasticity also can be affected by the modulus of elasticity of the aggregate and also by the y gg g y volumetric proportion of aggregate in the concrete.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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Tangential and secant modulus of elasticity

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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The stress versus strain behaviour of concrete under uniaxial compression is initially linear (stress is proportional to strain) and elastic (strain is recovered at unloading). With the generation of micro-cracks, the behaviour becomes nonlinear and inelastic. After the specimen reaches the peak stress, the resisting stress decreases with increase in strain.

Stress-strain relationship according to BS 8110 College of Engineering

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati

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The knowledge of thermal expansion of concrete is very important as it is prepared and d d remains in service at wide range of temperature in different countries which having very hot or cold climates. The coefficient of thermal expansion depends on the nature of cement, aggregate, cement content, relative humidity and size of the section section.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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Shrinkage of concrete is defined as the contraction due to loss of moisture. Generally, the shrinkage occurs due to two causes; loss of th h i k d t t l f water from void and reduction of volume during carbonation. The following figure shows the variation of shrinkage strain with time.

Variation of shrinkage strain with time

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering 17

The shrinkage strain will increases with the increases of ambient temperature, temperature gradient in the members, water-to-cement ratio and cement content. b t t t ti d t t t The shrinkage strain decreases with the increase; age of concrete at commencement of drying, relative humidity and volume to surface ratio. The shrinkage also depends on the type of aggregate.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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Generally, Poissons ratio for normal weight and lightweight concretes lies in the range of 0.15 0.20.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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The durability of concrete is of vital importance regarding the life cycle cost of a structure. The life cycle cost structure includes not only the initial cost of the material and labour, but also the cost of maintenance and repair. The durability of concrete is de ed as its ab ty to resist e du ab ty o co c ete s defined ts ability es st weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration. The common durability problem in concrete are; sulphate attack and other chemical attacks of concrete, alkali-aggregate reaction, f f lk li i freezing and i d thawing damage in cold region, and corrosion of steel bar or tendons.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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Creep of concrete is defined as the increase in deformation with time under constant load. If a concrete specimen is load subjected to slow compressive loading, the stress versus strain curve is elongated along the strain axis as compared to the curve for fast loading. This can be explained in term of creep. If the load is sustained at a level, the increase in strain due to t e oad s susta ed e e , t e c ease st a creep will l d to a shift from the fast loading curve to the ill lead hif f h f l di h slow loading curve.

Stress-strain curves for concrete under compression Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati
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Creep is quantified in term of the strain that occurs in addition to the elastic strain due the applied loads If the applied loads are close to loads. the service loads, the creep strain increases at decreasing rate with time. The ultimate creep strain is found to be proportional to the elastic strain. strain The ratio of the ultimate creep strain to the elastic strain is called the creep coefficient.

Variation of strain with time for concrete under compression

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering 22

If the load is removed, the elastic strain is immediately recovered. However the recovered elastic strain is less than the initial elastic strain, as the elastic modulus increases with age. There is reduction of strain due to creep recovery which is less than the creep strain.

Variation of strain with time showing the effect of unloading

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering 23

Table: P T bl Properties of Concrete (Mechanic of Material, James M. Gere) ti fC t (M h i f M t i l J M G ) Plain Weight density, (kN/m3) Mass density, (kg/m3) Modulus of elasticity (compression) E (compression), (GPa) Poissons ratio, Ultimate t Ulti t stress (compression), U ( i ) (MPa) Coefficient of thermal expansion, 6 (10-6/ 0C) 23 2300 Reinforced 24 2400 17 31 0.1 - 0.2 10 70 7 - 14 Lightweight 11 - 18 1100 - 1800

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Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

Common Hardened Concrete Testing

Compression test Tensile test Rebound Hammer Winsor probe test b Porosity and Water Absorption test Gas Permeability test Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity UPV

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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, p ) Shear failure ( (tension, compression) Flexural failure (tension, compression) Bond and anchorage fail re (slipping) failure Concrete crushing or bursting (co ce t ated oad, bearing) (concentrated load, bea g) Concrete cracking and spalling (micro cracking, thermal cracking)

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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Flexural failure occurred in a critical sections of maximum bending. The failure mode is characterized by flexural cracking at the slab soffit, excessive deflection and finally rupture in the prestressing tendons.

Shear tension failure occurred when the principal tensile stress in the web reached the tensile strength of the concrete in an area containing no flexural cracks. An i li d A inclined crack may appear and f il k d failure may occur suddenly. dd l
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Shear compression failure occurred when a flexural crack develops into a shear crack which propagates through the member into the compression zone. Then, it will lead to an eventual crushing of the concrete. The failure occurred most likely in the vicinity of a concentrated load near support.

Bond and anchorage failure occurred when the slab is subjected to heavy concentrated loads near the support or when heavy loads are applied over a rather short span. The failure is initiated by a flexural crack resulting in a loss of bond around the prestressing tendons due to insufficient anchorage beyond the crack in the uncracked region. Saraswati Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor,
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Possible types of cracks on hollow core slabs according to FIP report.

1.

2. 3. 3 4.

5.

6. 7. 8.

Can affect the load distribution and d d b d during lifting stage. Only little effect. Can reduce shear and moment capacity. Can reduce shear capacity and dangerous at lif i d lifting stage. Can reduce shear capacity and possibility strand slippage. Usually, a minimal effect. Usually no effect U ll ff Usually no effect.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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Infill I fill wall in skeletal structure ll i k l l Usually used as a stability wall. Mode of failure: 1. Development of crack between the component. 2. When shear resistance overcome, the development of crack will slightly incline to the horizontal. 3. Parallel cracks may develop with further increase in load. l d 4. Local crushing or spalling in the region of concentrated Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati loads might occurred.
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Cantilever precast concrete walls Usually provided as enclosures f staircases and lift shafts. U ll id d l for t i d h ft Mode of failure: a) Shear slip at the horizontal and vertical joints if the walls are assembled from separate units and when L/h is greater than 3. p g b) Flexural tension failure under large overturning moment and lightly loaded situation. c) Flexural compression failure due to combined axial forces and moments.

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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General mode of failure in beam

Formation of crack in a reinforces beam

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering 33

Mode of failure in joint and connection

Failure mode of beam to column connection according to Meinheit and Jirsa, 1981. Jirsa 1981

The most desirable failure mode is a ductile flexural failure of the beams at the connection. The formation of hinges in the beams outside the connection allows for absorption of energy through large inelastic deformations without loss of strength.

Although the mechanism is the same as beam hinging, hinging of the column is less desirable than beam hinging. When columns hinge, the frame may have a residual sway deflection and also difficult to repair
Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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The loss of the concrete cover over the reinforcement in the beam-to-column core is undesirable since the column i load compressive l d capacity may be reduced.

The consequences of The loss of connection failure in anchorage of the shear are same as the reinforcement especially loss of anchorage. The in exterior connections is frame also lost the ability particularly to transfer lateral undesirable because shear and ability in lateral shear can no absorbing energy. longer be transmitted by the frame. Failure of the anchorage also causes a reduction in the energy absorbing abilityS.of the Dr. G. Kame, Professor, Saraswati 35 structural system. College of Engineering

General mode of failure of joint

Failure modes o jo co c e e in s ea key a u e odes of joint concrete shear ey

Failure modes of compression joint

Possible failure modes at longitudinal floor g connection subjected to vertical shear.

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General consideration in precast concrete construction

Unrestrained precast concrete element will try to move apart due to shrinkage, thermal, or load induced strains cause volumetric changes (and shortening or lengthening).

Restraining movement without tensile prevention will induced an interface friction at the mating surface. Its will creates a force which is capable to split both Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati element. College of Engineering

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Flexural rotation of the suspended element will reduced the mating length lb and create a stress concentration until the local crushing occurred at the top of the pillar, unless a bearing pad is used to prevent the stress concentration pillar forming.
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Due to the narrow bearing, dispersal of stress from the interior to the exterior of g p the pillar will causes lateral tensile stress, leading to bursting of the concrete at some distance below the bearing unless the section is suitable reinforced.
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If the column is disturbed by an accidental, or a structural force H such that H > R, the displacement is not elastically recoverable and may lead to instability or even loss of bearing altogether unless the bearing possesses shear capacity.
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If the columns foundation fail, the bearing will loss due to the settlement, g unless the bearing has tensile capacity.
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Thank you

Dr. G. S. Kame, Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering

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