Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FILE NO.
CONTENTS
Pages 1. Construction of LCD Display ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 - 5 1-1 Principle of LCD Display ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1-2 Construction of LCD Display --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 - 3 1-3 Main Component of LCD Display --------------------------------------------------------------- 4 - 5 2. Principle of Liquid Crystal --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 - 8 2-1 Liquid Crystal --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 2-2 Rubbing-process------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 - 7 2-3 Operation of Liquid Crystal ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 3. Principle of LCD --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 - 11 3-1 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD Panel (Shutter)----------------------------------------- 9 3-2 Operation of Alignment Film------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 3-3 Operation of LCD Panel ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 - 11 3-4 Transparent Electrode -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 4. Type of LCD Display Construction ------------------------------------------------------------ 12 - 13 4-1 Twisted Nematic (TN) Type -------------------------------------------------------------------- 12- 13 4-2 Super TN (STN) Type---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12- 13 4-3 Triple STN (TSTN) Type / Film STN (FSTN) Type --------------------------------------- 12- 13 5. System of LCD Display ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 - 20 5-1 Dot-Matrix System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 5-2 Colorization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 5-3 Drive System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 5-4 Passive Matrix System-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 - 17 5-5 Active Matrix System ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 - 19 5-6 Drive of Active Matrix System----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 - 20 6. Improvement Technology of LCD Display -------------------------------------------------- 21 - 27 6-1 Subject of LCD Display ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 6-1-1 Angle of View ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 6-1-2 Response Characteristic--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 6-2 Angle of View-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22 6-3 Multi-Domain System --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 6-4 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) System ----------------------------------------------- 24 6-5 IPS (In-Plain Switching) System ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 6-6 Optically Compensated Film ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26 6-7 OCB (Optically Compensated Birefringence) System ---------------------------------------- 26 6-8 Improvement of Response Speed ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27 6-8-1 Inpulse System--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 6-8-2 FFD (Feed Forward Driving) System ----------------------------------------------------------- 27 7. Appendix ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 - 31 7-1 Backlight-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 7-2 LVDS Circuit--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29 7-3 Block Diagram Example ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 - 31
The LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) Display is used to display the electric signal, converted from picture data similar to a CRT display. The transistor (TFT) switched by the electric signal changes the transmission to light in small picture elements (pixels) of the LCD. The LCD display makes the picture by grouping these elements of each RGB color.
Backlight
A fluorescent light is used for the Backlight.
TFT: Thin Film Transistor LCD Panel and LCD Shutter: They are the same things, but in the explanation LCD panel is used
for structure and LCD shutter is used for function.
-2-
Backlight Polarized Board Glass Plate Pixel (Picture Element) Transparent TFT Electrode (Pixel, TFT) Transparent Electrode (Common) Color Filter Glass Plate Polarized Board Board Module (TFT side) LCD Layer
The light of each picture element is transmitted by switching the drive transistor (TFT) on and off.
Fig. 1 Construction
of LCD Display
Liquid Crystal
Liquid Crystal is a material whose state is between a solid and a liquid. It has both characteristics of solids and liquids, and generally it is a white turbid liquid. Its molecules are normally arranged comparatively opaque and change to transparent with the application of voltage or heat.
Alignment Film
This is a film for arranging liquid crystal molecules and is made of Polymid resin.
Polarized Board
The light with a specified direction passes through a polarized board.
Drive Transistor
The thin film transistor (TFT) is used to drive the LCD shutter of each pixel.
Color Filter
It is a filter with three colors (R, G, B) arranged for each pixel.
Backlight
Liquid crystal does not emit light. A light source is needed for display. The light source placed on the reverse side of the LCD panel is called Backlight.
-4-
Backlight
Polarized Glass Board Plate Transparent Electrode (Pixel, TFT) Module (Back) LCD Shutter LCD Layer Module (Front) Alignment Film Liquid Crystal Alignment Film Transparent Electrode (Common) Color Filter Glass Plate Polarized Board
Fig. 2 Construction
(Cross Section)
of LCD Display
Backlight
LCD Display
Liquid Crystal is a material whose state is between a solid and liquid. It has characteristics of both solids and liquids, and generally is a white turbid liquid. Its molecules are normally arranged comparatively opaque and change to transparent with the application of voltage or heat. Almost all the materials consist of an organic compound taking the form of a slender stick or a flat plate. There are three types of liquid crystal as shown in Fig. 4, and they depend on the construction and arrangement of molecules. Generally Nematic liquid crystal is used for the display apparatus.
(a) Smectic
Molecules are in layers and arranged parallel to each other. The center of gravity is arranged at random in the layer.
(b) Nematic
Molecules are not in layers. They are arranged parallel. The center of gravity is able to move freely to the major axis.
(c) Cholesteric
Molecules are in layers and arranged parallel. The arranging direction of the major axis for the neighboring layers is shifted gradually. In order to use liquid crystal for display, it is necessary to regularly arrange the molecules of Nematic (Rubbing-process).
2-2 Rubbing-process
After chemicals for arranging are put on the glass plate, they are hardened, and then the surface on the plate is rubbed with a cloth to fix the direction of the gaps that are made. The arranging direction of molecules is settled in the gaps. This process is used to change the characteristics so the molecules that touch the rubbed surface are arranged to the major axis of the rubbed direction. This thin film on the glass plate is called Alignment film.
-6-
(a) Smectic
(b) Nematic
(c) Cholesteric
Fig. 5 Rubbing-Process
-7-
Transparent Electrode
Liquid Crystal
Electric Field
Electric Field
Electric Dipole
-8-
Light is an electromagnetic wave that is oscillating at right angles to the direction of advance. In fact, the oscillating directions of all light is mixed. A polarized board can let only the light in the specific direction pass from the light with which these various oscillating directions were mixed. Therefore, only the light of the same direction as the polarization direction of a polarized board can be taken out by letting the light pass through this polarized board. That is, if the oscillating direction of light and the direction of a polarized board are in agreement, the light will pass through a polarized board. Moreover, if the direction of a polarized board differs from the oscillating direction of light, the light cannot pass through a polarized board. When the oscillating direction of a polarized board and light are shifted 90(right-angled), the light is blocked completely. The light passes and looks bright if the two boards are in the same direction when looking at two polarized boards in piles, however, if shifted at right-angles, the light is blocked and looks dark. Oscillating direction of light Oscillating direction of light
Polarized Board
The oscillating direction of light and the direction of a polarized board are in agreement.
The direction of a polarized board differs from the oscillating direction of light
Fig. 7 Operation of
Polarized Board
Passage
Light The two boards are
the same directions.
Interception
Light The two boards are
shifted right-angled.
Fig. 8 Operation of
Polarized Board
White
Black
-9-
Alignment Plate
Alignment Film
Direction of Groove
By the upper-and-lower alignment films, spirally, a liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90 and arranged.
Alignment Film
Direction of Groove
Fig. 9 Operation of
Alignment Film
On the contrary, in the condition (Switch-On) that voltage is supplied, the liquid crystal molecules are arranged in a line at right angles to a glass plate. Since vertical liquid crystal molecules do not affect the oscillating direction of light, the light that passed the upper polarized board passes as it is without changing the oscillating direction. Since the oscillating direction of this light differs from direction of the lower polarized board which is shifted 90 and arranged, the light collides with this polarized board and cannot pass. This is the liquid crystal shutter-off condition and the LCD panel (LCD shutter) blocks the light. This is the basic structure (OnOff of the light by the LCD shutter) of an LCD panel. It is a sandwich structure of the upper and lower sides of transparent electrodes, alignment films, and polarized boards, with an enclosed liquid crystal material between them. The LCD panel shown in Fig. 10 is a type of panel that changes the light into a passage condition when voltage is not supplied between the upper-and-lower polarized boards that are arranged at 90. This type of panel has the advantage that black contrast is improved, and it usually works well. This mode is called Normally White Mode. An LCD panel that passes light when voltage is not supplied is referred to as Normally Black Mode. In practice, with this type (when the upper-and-lower polarized boards are arranged in the same direction), displaying perfect black becomes difficult due to the leakage of light caused by variations in the arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules.
Lig
Polarized Board Transparent Electrode (Upper) Alignment Film Liquid Crystal Alignment Film Transparent Electrode (Lower) Polarized Board
ht
Lig
ht
Polarized Board Transparent Electrode (Upper) Alignment Film Liquid Crystal Alignment Film Transparent Electrode (Lower) Polarized Board
Fig. 10 Operation of
Passage Interception
LCD Panel
A Nematic type of LCD Display where the liquid crystal molecules are twisted 90 between upper and lower boards is called a Twisted Nematic type (TN type) liquid crystal. Most LCD displays are of this type and feature high contrast (ratio) under low voltage and power.
-12-
TN Type
Module
LCD Layer
Module
Twist of molecule (90)
STN Type
Module
LCD Layer
Module
Twist of molecule (180 - 270)
TSTN Type
Optically Compensated Film Module
LCD Layer
LCD displays have two drive systems, Segment and Dot-Matrix. The Dot-Matrix system is used for LCD television displays. The picture elements (pixels) of the display unit are arranged horizontally (X line) and vertically (Y row) by this Dot-Matrix system, and various characteristics and figures can be displayed. Fig. 12 shows a matrix of X x Y = 10 (pixels) with the character Y displayed. In this Dot-Matrix system, by making the size of a pixel smaller and increasing the whole number of pixels, the big screen with fine character or picture becomes possible. With the present liquid crystal manufacture technology, the number of pixels per inch has reached 200ppi*, and very high definition screen display is possible. Moreover, the number of pixels of an LCD display panel corresponding to bigger screen sizes can be specified and manufactured. For example, the number of pixels of the SXGA* panel is about 1,300,000 (1,280 x 1,024 = 1,310,720 pixels).
R G B
A character or a figure is displayed by making the pixel of each X and Y intersection turn on (or off).
Y
Fig. 12 Dot-Matrix System
-14-
5-2 Colorization
Since an LCD shutter only passes or blocks light, in itself it cannot display a color picture. The color picture is made by mixing the three colors of RGB (three primary colors of light) respectively, like the CRT color television. The color LCD panel has a color filter of RGB attached to the monochrome panel. See Fig. 13. In this color LCD panel, by controlling the voltages and the waveforms that are supplied at each RGB pixel, the transparent ratio is controlled and hue and brightness are adjusted. Therefore, smaller pixels and more numbers of pixels are required for the color LCD Display. For example, although the SXGA panel described before has about 1,300,000 pixels, in colorization, there are about 4 million dots (sub-pixels).
Backlight
Backlight
Wh lo Co r
ite
Wh e
ite
R G B
Color Filter LCD Shutter
Color Panel
Mo
rom ch o
LCD Shutter
Monochrome Panel
Fig. 13 Colorization of LCD Display
-15-
Drive System
Static Drive System Dynamic Drive System Passive Matrix System Active Matrix System
Y Electrode Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4
-16-
Y1 Y0
LCD shutter is turned on or turned off in this address (X2, Y1).
Y1
Y2 X0 X1
Liquid Crystal X2
X2 X3
-17-
COMMON Electrode
Pixel Electrode (Pixel Pattern) X Electrode Glass Plate (Lower) Y Electrode TFT (Switch Element)
Equivalent Circuit (TFT) COMMON COMMON Electrode Liquid Crystal Y0 Y Electrode Y1 X1 X Electrode X1 X2 TFT Pixel Electrode Gate Source Y0 TFT X1 Gate COMMON Electrode Pixel Electrode
By TFT, the shutter of a pixel at the address (X1, Y0) is turned On or Off.
-18-
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3 X0 X1 X2 X3
The LCD shutter is operated by TFT at the address (X1, Y0).
In Fig. 20, the voltage of the data line (Y2) is supplied in the positive direction to a common electrode (DC drive). In practice a uniform AC voltage is supplied to the common electrode (AC drive) to prolong the life of the liquid crystal.
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Yn-1
TFT Pixel Electrode Glass Plate (Common) Liquid Crystal Glass Plate (TFT)
Xn-1
COMMON
Variable Voltage
X Direction
Power Circuit
COMMON
X1 Y2
TFT: On (X1, Y2)
Brightness of Screen
Y2 Y2
In practice, driven by AC signal to COMMON. (AC Drive)
COMMON
TFT: On
Y2 Y2
TFT: Off
-20-
X0 X1 X2 X3
Angle of view means the normal visible range (angle) of a screen. In an LCD display, the angle of view is narrow compared with a CRT or PDP (Plasma Display Panel). The viewing angle of the typical TN type LCD display is about 100. However with the new improved technology that has been developed the angle of view for LCD display has increased to 160 or 170. This improved system will be described later. (The angle of view for a CRT or PDP is 180.)
Vertical
Angle of View
Horizontal
Angle of View Fig. 21 Angle of View
6-1-2 Response Characteristic
The response characteristic of the LCD display is the speed at which the display is refreshed by the input signal (video data signal). If this response characteristic is slow, an afterimage will appear on the screen. Therefore, in large screen LCD television, improving this response characteristic becomes very important.
-21-
Glass Plate
Alignment Film Glass Plate Transparent Electrode (Pixel, TFT) Polarized Board Fig. 22 Angle of View (TN type)
-22-
Glass Plate
-23-
Generally, a Posi-Nematic system is used that aligns the liquid crystal molecules by supplying voltage.
Glass Plate
Liquid Crystal Molecule (Nega-Nematic) Alignment Film Boss (Left) Glass Plate (Right) Transparent Electrode (Pixel, TFT) Polarized Board Fig. 24 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) System
-24-
Polarized Board
Electric Field
Liquid Crystal
Liquid Crystal
Liquid Crystal
Polarized Board
Polarized Board
Polarized Board
Compensated Film 2
Glass Plate
Polarized Board Optically Compensated Film Transparent Electrode (Common) Alignment Film Liquid Crystal Molecule
Alignment Film Glass Plate Transparent Electrode (Pixel, TFT) Polarized Board Fig. 27 OCB System
-26-
Voltage
Voltage
Time
Time
Brightness
Brightness
Response Time
Response Time
(By Overdrive Circuit)
Time
Time
Time
Overdrive Circuit
-27-
I Appendix 7 Appendix
7-1 Backlight
An LCD panel does not emit light itself. For the display, a light source is required, and normally fluorescent lights are used for the backlight of the LCD television. The backlight consists of fluorescent lights, a reflective plate, and a diffusion sheet (or board). Fig. 30 shows the structure and photograph of 30V and 15V LCD televisions backlights.
30V Type
LCD Panel
Reflective Plate
15V Type
LCD Panel
Diffusion Sheet
Reflective Plate
Fig. 30 Backlight
-28-
Appendix
3.5mA
LVDS Cable
1.2V
345/200mV
G B
DCLK
TxCLKIN
CLOCK (LVDS)
LVDS
RxCLKOUT
-29-
LCD Module
Appendix
U45
R +12V
Speaker (R)
Audio AMP
4
3 1
Headphone (J26)
LA4263
8 R 10 L
Tuner Board
+9V
8 23 16
U44
Main Board
S_CLK / SIN_OUT/ ENABLE_IN / ENABLE_OUT V33D
Tuner / IF TMQJ8
17 7 6
V33
U19
VY [0-7] VUV [0-7]
VCPU 33/18
IC1
DRO [0-7] DGO [0-7] DBO [0-7]
3 2 1 72
AUDIO_R
AUDIO_L
GGE [0-7]
GRE [0-7]
GBE [0-7]
VCPU 33 37
R_TV
V_TV
L_TV
CVBS
Flash ROM
V33D
U30
47 48 46 41 39 +9V 34
8Mbits
AVDD PVDD
40 43 45 18
U6
16 R_PC L_PC
CVBS_OUT
11
V L R
Monitor Output
V L R
V L R Y Cb Cr
Component
AV2 Input
R H
G V
B
D-SUB
AV1 Input
PC Input
(2) CLT-2053
R
U45
R +14V
Speaker (R)
Audio AMP
4
3 1
Headphone (J26)
LA4263
8 R 10 L
Tuner Board
+9V
8 23 16
U44
Speaker (L)
Main Board
S_CLK / SIN_OUT/ ENABLE_IN / ENABLE_OUT
Tuner / IF TMQJ8
17 7 6
U19
VY [0-7] VUV [0-7] 4 6
LCD Panel
AUDIO_R
AUDIO_L
R_TV
V_TV
L_TV
VCPU 33 37
CVBS
U30
47 48 46 41 39 +9V 34
40 43 45 18
16
CVBS_OUT
11 R3 L3
V L R
Monitor Output
V L R
V L R
AV2 Input
L R
Audio Board
Y Cb Cr
Component
AV1 Input
-30-
Appendix
IC1001
Video SW
7
IC801
CPU
36 37 22 23 OSD_HD VD (For Caption) 12 10 5V 7 SEL_Y/CV
3.3V
IIC Bus
AV1/TV_Y/CV 5
18 19 20 21 16 R G B Y I OSD_CC
AV2
Composite Video Audio
IC1002
Video SW
IC871
DD Converter
13 11 OSD_HD VD 154 153
IC2001
85
DEC_Y/C (0-7)
(For 20V)
AV3
Component Video Audio
IC301
IIC Bus AD_R/G (0-7) (Y/UV)
R/G/B (0-7)
IC4101
38
R/G/B (0-7)
IC781
LVDS Transmitter
(480p)
AD_HS
30 AD_VS 16
31 28 AD_CLAMP
IC1701
AD_Y 26
R: 1
IC361
SDRAM
16 R-OUT (+)
Sync Separation 15
AV1_L/R L: 30
TV (A201)
Tuner IF Sound Multiplex
R: 2 AV2_L/R L: 29
IC001
10 SEL_R
13
IC101
Audio AMP
AV3_L/R L: 28
R: 4 TV_L/R L: 27
R: 3
IIC Bus
-31-
SEP / 2004
Printed in Japan