APPLICATION OF HEC - HMS IN RAINFALL - RUNOFF AND FLOOD SIMULATIONS IN LOWER TAPI BASIN

Prepared By:Ankit Balyan (U06CE065) Prem Kumar Soren (U06CE032) Alok Chandra Yadav (U06CE070) Guided By:Dr. P.L. Patel P.V. Timbadiya Professor Assistant Professor CED, SVNIT CED, SVNIT Mr.

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

REVIEW OF PROJECT PRELIMINARY

Preliminary literature review on RainfallRunoff modeling using various software Basic fundamental understanding of simulation of rainfall-runoff process Learning functioning of HEC-HMS software has been explored through example of Waller Creek in Austin, Texas HEC-HMS was found to be suitable to carry out the rainfall-runoff simulation with a satisfactory degree of accuracy

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

IMPORTANCE OF STUDY OF RAINFALL - RUNOFF SIMULATIONS

During floods, it becomes very important to find out how much part of that run-off was contributed by rainfall and how much is due to the release from the dam. Rainfall-runoff simulation is also a vital knowledge to have while fixing reservoir capacity. For a water harvesting planner, the most difficult task is therefore to select the appropriate "design" rainfall according to which the ratio of catchment to cultivated Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat area will be determined.

SCOPE OF STUDY
To study and explore the working and functions of HEC-HMS v3.4 which is quite useful in Hydrologic Modeling To develop the Hydrologic Model for the lower Tapi Basin, from downstream of Ukai to the sea, covering a net area of about 1672 km2 To determine the contribution of rainfall in the floods that occurred
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

WHAT IS HEC - HMS?

HEC-HMS is a product of the Hydrologic Engineering Center within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers The Hydrologic Modeling System (HECHMS) is designed to simulate the precipitation-runoffprocesses of dendriticdrainage basins The program is a generalized modeling system capable of representing many different watersheds

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

WHAT IS HEC - HMS?

A model of the watershed is constructed by separating thewater cycleinto manageable pieces and constructing boundaries around the watershed of interest Any mass or energyfluxin the cycle can then be represented with amathematical model Hydrographsproduced by the program are used directly or in conjunction with other software for studies of water availability, reservoir planning, urban drainage, catchment studies, flow forecasting, futureurbanizationimpact,reservoirspillwa ydesign of damage, floodplain regulation and system operation. SVNIT, Surat Civil Engineering Department,

ADVANTAGES OF HEC - HMS

Its support by the US Army Corps of Engineers The future enhancements in progress Its acceptance by many government agencies and private firms Available to download free of charge from HEC's web site The direct download from HEC includes extensive documentation, and scientists and engineers versed in hydraulic analysis should have little difficulty applyingDepartment, SVNIT, Surat Civil Engineering

DISADVANTAGES OF HEC - HMS

All of the mathematical models included in the program are deterministic. This means that the boundary conditions, initial conditions, and parameters of the models are assumed to be exactly known. The design of the basin model only allows for dendritic stream networks. The basin model allows each hydrologic element to have only one downstream connection so it is not possible to split the outflow from an element into two Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat different downstream elements.

HEC - HMS INTERFACE

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

HEC - HMS INTERFACE

Watershed Explorer The Watershed Explorer was developed to provide quick access to all components in an HEC-HMS project. Component Editor All data that can be specified in the model component is entered in the Component Editor Message Log Notes, warnings, and errors are shown in the Message Log Desktop The Desktop holds a variety of windows including summary tables, time-series tables, graphs, global editors, and the basin model map
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

STUDY AREA
The Tapi river basin includes an area of 65145 Km2 The basin lies in the states of Maharastra 50504 Km2 Madhya Pradesh - 9804 Km2 Gujarat - 3837 Km2 Study area is confined to the lower Tapi basin located downstream of Ukai dam. This area has been measured during the course of study to be approximately 1672 Km2

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

STUDY AREA

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DATA COLLECTION

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

PRECIPITATION DATA
Collected from the State Water Data Centre, Gandhinagar (SWDC) In the downstream of Ukai there are 11 different rain gauge stations Daily rain gauge measurements are done every day at 8 in the morning The precipitation data includes the details of the rain gauge stations i.e. its name and location (latitude and longitude) and the daily rainfall data. Since 2006 was very important year considering the flood therefore the data of 2006 were collected
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

PRECIPITATION DATA
Station Code Station Name Tahsil / Taluka Bodhan Bodhan Olpad Godsamba Kadod Kakrapar Kamrej Kathor Kholvad Mandvi Puna Rander Surat Godsamba Kadod Kakrapar Kamrej Kathor Kholvad Tapi @ Mandvi Puna Rander Surat Mandvi Bardoli Songadh Kamrej Kamrej Kamrej Mandvi Chorasi Chorasi Chorasi Lat Long 21o1720 73o0515 21o1646 73 o1350 21o1300 73 o1258 21o1529 73o2228 21o 740 72o5830 21o1730 72o5630 21o1630 72o5655 21o1436 73o1813 21o1520 73o1545 21o1324 72o4733 21o1220 72o4950

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

PRECIPITATION DATA

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

CATCHMENT AREA
The catchment of Tapi in the study area concerned is demarcated by identifying the point of maximum elevation in the surrounding area of Tapi downstream of Ukai. This is done with the help of Google Earth Pro.5.1. The line of demarcation is drawn beyond which the elevation is clearly decreasing. Thus the total catchment which would drain water to the Tapi River is plotted on the map. Its area is measured with the help of area measuring tools of Google Earth Pro and is found to be approximately 1672 Km2

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

CATCHMENT AREA

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RIVER CROSS SECTION

Measurement of the various cross sections of the Tapi River at appropriate distances Collected from the Surat Municipal Corporation, Surat In the AutoCAD usable format

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

SOIL CLASSIFICATION
A map clearly showing the different soil conditions in the region of interest was procured from National Bureau of Soil survey & Land Use Planning (INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) , NAGPUR This proved to be really helpful in calculating the Curve Numbers of the different sub-basins, which is explained in later slides.

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RAINFALL AND RUNOFF MODELLING

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STEPS INVOLVED

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COMPUTATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL IN THE CATCHMENT

Rainfall at a daily time scale is the single most important parameter in hydrological computer simulation models. In this case the gages are not uniformly distributed over the catchment Some gages are considered more representative of the area concerned than others and the relative weights may be assigned to the gages in computing the areal average. Due to these limiting conditions, the Theissen polygon method is best suited for finding out Engineering average Surat the Department, SVNIT, rainfall of the Civil

THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD

This method takes its name after A.M.Theissen who suggested it first in 1911. It assumes that at any point in the watershed the rainfall is the same as that at the nearest gage. It attempts to make allowance for irregularities in gauge location by weighing the record of each gauge in proportion to area which is closer to that gauge than to any other gauge. So the depth recorded at a given gage is applied out to a distance halfway to the Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD

The areas for a given network of gauge stations

are determined as described below:1.Straight lines are then drawn joining the adjacent rain gage location to form triangles. 2.Perpendicular bisectors are now drawn to each side of all the triangles . These bisectors define a set of polygon contains only points that are closer to the gauge at its centre than to any other gauge. 3.The polygonal areas around each rain gauges station within the basin boundary are then measured. 4.The average depth of rainfall P is computes as Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD

Station Bodhan Godsamba Kadod Kakrapar Kamrej Kathor Kholvad Mandvi Puna Rander Surat Total Avg Rainfall 139 . 5613783
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

Observed Rainfall ( mm ) 90 145 152 129 256 203 220 104 100 139 211.4

Area ( Sq . Km .) 197.48 135.7 144.73 623.78 77.58 57.88 58.38 75.29 136.9 101.28 63.84 1672 . 84

Weighted Rainfall ( mm ) .2 17773 19676.5 21998.96 80467.62 19860.48 11749.64 12843.6 7830.16 13690 14077.92 13495.776 233463 . 856

THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

DIVISION OF CATCHMENT INTO SUB - BASINS

There are no major tributaries available on the downstream of Ukai. It becomes extremely difficult to divide the area into the various sub-basins. Considering the smaller tributaries available in the region and the soil characteristics of the different zones, a classification has been suggested. This is not accurate but under the limiting conditions of the region, this can be assumed to be so.

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

DIVISION OF CATCHMENT INTO SUB - BASINS

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

DIVISION OF CATCHMENT INTO SUB - BASINS

The detailed areas of the various sub-basins are as soon as follows:Sub - Basin Sub - Basin 1 Sub - Basin 2 Sub - Basin 3 Sub - Basin 4 Sub - Basin 5 Sub - Basin 6 Sub - Basin 7 Sub - Basin 8 Total Area 362.69 295.37 458.44 160.85 105.84 76.43 94.36 48.4 1602 . 38

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

REPRESENTATION OF THE SYSTEM IN HEC - HMS

The above shown system of sub-basins and the river is shown in the HEC-HMS environment as:

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

REPRESENTATION OF THE SYSTEM IN HEC - HMS

Some of the elements used in the representation are: Sub-basin Used for rainfall-runoff computation on a watershed. Reach Used to convey (route) stream flow downstream in the basin model. Reservoir Used to model the detention and attenuation of a hydrograph caused by a reservoir or detention pond. Junction Used to combine flows from upstream reaches and sub-basins. Diversion Used to model abstraction of flow from the main channel. Source Used to introduce flow into the basin model (from a stream crossing the boundary of the modeled region). Source has no inflow. Sink Used to representDepartment, SVNIT, Surat physical Civil Engineering the outlet of the

COMPUTATION OF RUNOFF FROM SUB - BASINS

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COMPUTATION OF LOSSES
HEC-HMS computes runoff volume by computing the volume of water that is intercepted, infiltrated, stored, evaporated, or transpired and subtracting it from the precipitation. Interception and surface storage are intended to represent the surface storage of water by trees or grass, local depressions in the ground surface, cracks and crevices in parking lots or roofs, or a surface area where water is not free to move as overland flow. Infiltration represents the movement of water to areas beneath the land surface. Interception, infiltration, storage, evaporation, and transpiration collectively are referred to in the HECHMS program and documentation as losses.
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

SCS CURVE NUMBER

Runoff curve number is an empirical parameter used in hydrology for predicting direct runoff or infiltration from rainfall excess. It is widely used and efficient method for determining the approximate amount of direct runoff from a rainfall event in a particular area. It is based on the areas hydrologic soil group , land use , treatment and hydrologic condition. The basic assumption of the scs curve number method is that for a single storm the ratio of the actual soil retention after runoff begins to potential maximum retention is equal to the ratio if direct runoff to available rainfall.
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

SCS CURVE NUMBER

The empirical relations used in this method are:I a = 0.2S

Plotting the data for P and Pe from many watersheds, the SCS found standard curves. To standardize these curves a dimensionless curve number CN is defined such that 0< CN<100. For impervious and water surface CN= 100 for natural surfaces CN<100.

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

SCS CURVE NUMBER

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

SCS CURVE NUMBER

Sub - basin Initial Curve Abstraction ( mm ) Number 88 90 86 88 88 91 90 90 % impervioussne ss 2 3 6 10 4 5 20 40 Sub-basin 1 27 Sub-basin 2 22 Sub-basin 3 32 Sub-basin 4 27 Sub-basin 5 27 Sub-basin 6 19 Sub-basin 7 22 Sub-basin 8 22

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

TRANSFORMATION OF THIS EXCESS RAINFALL INTO RUNOFF

HEC-HMS refers to the process of direct runoff of excess precipitation on a watershed as Transformation of precipitation excess into point runoff. With HEC-HMS, there are two options for these transform methods: 1) Empirical models - These are the traditional unit hydrograph models. The system theoretic models attempt to establish a causal linkage between runoff and excess precipitation without detailed consideration of the internal processes. 2) A conceptual model - The conceptual model included in HEC-HMS is a kinematic-wave model of overland flow. It represents, to the extent possible, all physical mechanisms that govern the movement of the excess precipitation over the watershed land surface and in small collector channels in the watershed.
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

SNYDER S UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD

The standard lag as given by Snyder is calculated by the following equation:.3 t = C C (LL )0 p 1 t c

Sub - Basin Sub-Basin Sub-Basin Sub-Basin Sub-Basin Sub-Basin Sub-Basin Sub-Basin Sub-Basin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Standard lag ( Hr ) 1.3 1.23 1.55 1.89 1.65 1.54 1.55 2.65

Peaking Coefficient 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4 0 .4

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

FLOOD ROUTING ALONG THE STREAM

Each of the flood routing models included in HECHMS computes a downstream hydrograph, given an upstream hydrograph as a boundary condition. They do so by solving the continuity and momentum equations. Muskingum Cunge is one of the simpler and more popular methods for the purpose of routing. This method allows the entire hydrograph to be obtained at required cross sections instead of requiring solution over the entire length of the channel.
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

MUSKINGUM CUNGE METHOD

The different data required are reach length, reach slope, mannings constant, bottom width and side slope. The reach length is calculated by using the length measuring tool in Google Earth Pro v5.1. Mannings constant has a value of 0.03. From the Tapi data collected from SMC, Surat office, we can get the RLs at the two end points of the reach. Knowing the horizontal distance between them we can get he slope of the reach. From the cross-sections of the relevant section, they are converted into equivalent trapezoidal sections and the bottom width and side-slope are calculated Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat Civil

MUSKINGUM CUNGE METHOD

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

MUSKINGUM CUNGE METHOD

Reach Length (m) Reach 1 15350 Reach 2 38240 Reach 3 19160 Reach 4 10550 Reach 5 11610 Reach 6 7640 Reach 7 17340 Slope 0.000289 0.000663 0.000571 Manning's Constant 0.03 0.03 0.03 Shape Trapezoidal Trapezoidal Trapezoidal Trapezoidal Trapezoidal Trapezoidal Trapezoidal Bottom Width Side (m) Slope 157.5 150 264.665 372.345 189.762 370 430 0.257 0.304 0.424 0.275 0.493 0.584 0.41

0.0000602 0.03 0.000189 0.00004 0.00002 0.03 0.03 0.03

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

RESULTS
Once again referring back to the model produced in HEC-HMS:

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RESULTS

The resulting hydrograph at Sub-basin 1:-

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

RESULTS

The resulting hydrograph at Junction 6:-

Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

RESULTS

The resulting hydrograph at Junction 1:-

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RESULTS

The resulting hydrograph at the outlet i.e. Junction 5:-

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Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat

CONCLUSION
The rainfall is averaged over the entire catchment using Theissen Polygon method and then the volume of runoff is calculated using SCS Curve Number method. This volume of precipitation is transformed into runoff by using Snyders Unit Hydrograph method. Thus, the runoff reaches the main stream. From one point on the stream to the other, hydrologic routing has been carried out using MuskingumCunge method. It uses the principle of continuity to add the incoming inflows at one junction to produce the outflow. Thus, the outflow hydrographs can be obtained at the necessary cross-section including the outlet point. The peak discharge at the outlet of the catchment is measured to be 189.5 cumecs on 31st July, 2006. The floods in Surat, however, occurred from 6th to 8th August, 2006. This goes on to show that the runoff due to the Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat rainfall in the catchment is not the main contributor to the

LIMITATIONS
The results of the study are constrained by the following assumptions: The rainfall over the entire weighted area is assumed to be the same as that at the rain gage station. The equivalent cross-section is assumed to be uniform throughout the length of the reach. Some of the coefficients considered in the SCS curve Number method and the Snyders Unit Hydrograph method are calibrated values and their actual values on the field may be different. During flow routing in the channel using Muskingum Cunge method, it is assumed that there are no losses. The linear and area measurements accuracy are limited by the accuracy of Google Earth data. No baseflow is Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat of a baseflow, the considered. In the event

REFERENCES
Biswa Bhattacharya, Doddi Yudianto and Fransisca Mulyantri(2008) Training On Hydrological Modelling with HEC-HMS, UNESCO-IHE Flood Modelling for management Online Course Chow, V.T., Maidment D.R., and Mays, L.W. (1988). "Applied Hydrology." McGraw-Hill, New York, NY . Chow, V.T. (1959). Open channel flow. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY Calabro, P.S. (2004) Design Storms and Water Quality Control, J. Hydrol. Eng., 9(1), 28-34. Daniil, E.I. and Michas S.N. (2005) Discussion of Factors Affecting Estimates of Average Watershed Slope by A. J. Hill and V. S. Neary, J. of Hydrologic Eng., ASCE

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REFERENCES

Singh, V.J. and Woolhiser W. (2002) Mathematical Modeling of Watershed Hydrology, JHydrologic Eng., 7(4), 270-292 Sharma J.P., Shyampura and R.L., Sehgal J. (1994), Soils of Gujarat for Optimising Land Use, Soils of India series 2, National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), ISBN 81-8546013-2 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), Hydrologic Modeling System, Users Manual. (2008). http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-hms/-documentation/C United States Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic Engineering Center USACE- HEC_2000_. Hydrologic modeling system HEC-HMS technical reference manual, Davis, California. Watershed Modeling System _WMS_. _1999_. WMS V6.1 tutorials. Brigham Young University, Surat Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Environmental

THANK YOU
Civil Engineering Department, SVNIT, Surat