Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21 (2010) 418424

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Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

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Discharge characteristics of sharp-crested circular side orifices in open channels

A. Hussain, Z. Ahmad , G.L. Asawa
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Uttarakhand, India

article

info

abstract
A side orifice is a flow diversion structure provided in one or both side walls of a channel to spill/divert water from the main channel. It is widely used in irrigation and environmental engineering. Analytical and experimental studies related to the discharge characteristics of sharp-crested circular side orifices in open channels under free flow conditions have been presented in this paper. Considering the side orifice as large, the discharge equation for the side orifice is derived analytically. Experiments were performed to estimate the coefficient of discharge which depends on the approach flow Froude number and ratio of the diameter of the orifice and bed width of the channel. Relationships for the coefficient of discharge, considering the orifice as large and small were developed. Such relationships were used to compute the discharge through the orifice for data not used for proposing such relationships for the coefficient of discharge. The computed discharges were within 5% of the observed ones. The average percentage error in computation of discharge through the orifice considering it as large and small are, respectively, 1.59% and 1.66% which are practically the same. Therefore, it is recommended that the discharge through the side orifice can be computed considering it as a small orifice within the range of data used in the present study. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 29 April 2010 Received in revised form 18 June 2010 Accepted 26 June 2010 Keywords: Open channel Circular side orifice Flow diversion Coefficient of discharge Froude number

1. Introduction A side orifice, commonly used in irrigation engineering, is a flow diversion structure provided in the side of a channel to spill water from the main channel. It is also used in water and wastewater treatment plants to distribute the incoming flow to parallel process units such as flocculation basins, sedimentation tanks, and aeration basins [1]. Besides the side orifice, the sluice gate and side weir are other structures used for diverting the flow from the main channel. Such structures are special cases of a rectangular orifice and have been extensively studied in the literature [26]. Ghodsian [2] and Swamee et al. [4] obtained the relationship for discharge through a side sluice through the concept of elementary coefficient of discharge for an elementary strip along the gate length. Swamee et al. [4] related the elementary discharge coefficient with depth of flow in the main channel and gate opening for free flow conditions. However, Ghodsian [2] found that it also depends on the approach flow Froude number. A review of literature related to flow through sharp-crested side weirs indicates that the coefficient of discharge is mainly dependent on the approach flow Froude number, ratio of

the depth of flow in the main channel and crest height, and ratio of the length of weir and width of channel [3]. Gill [7] studied relatively short rectangular side orifices (as in sewers) as a special case of spatially varied flow in the open channel and pressure flow. Ramamurthy et al. [1] derived a discharge equation for rectangular side orifices by taking the velocity of jet equal to the resultant of velocity in the main channel and velocity due to differential pressure across the orifice. They found that the coefficient of discharge is a function of the length of the orifice, width of channel and ratio of velocity in the main channel and the resultant jet velocity. Considering the flow in the main channel provided with a side orifice as spatially varied flow, Ojha and Subbaiah [8] proposed a discharge equation using an elementary coefficient of discharge which is mainly dependent on the orifice geometry and crest height. Their equation predicts the discharge through the orifice within an error band 10%. Recently, Bryant et al. [9] investigated the flow pattern behind a normal orifice using potential theory and through experimentation. Emiroglu et al. [10] and Bilhan et al. [11] studied the hydraulics of side weirs using soft computing techniques. Discharge capacity of a sharp-crested circular orifice in an open channel under free flow conditions has been investigated analytically and through experimentation in this paper. To the knowledge of the authors, this has not been investigated previously.

Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: ajmalamin.iitr@gmail.com (A. Hussain), zulfifce@iitr.ernet.in (Z. Ahmad), asawafce@iitr.ernet.in (G.L. Asawa). 0955-5986/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2010.06.005

A. Hussain et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21 (2010) 418424

419

Nomenclature B Cd D Fr g H Q Qm Re T V W Ym z Width of the main channel, (m) Coefficient of discharge Diameter of the orifice, (m) Froude number Acceleration due to gravity, (m/s2 ) Head of water above the centerline of the orifice, (m) Discharge through the orifice, (m3 /s) Discharge in the main channel, (m3 /s) Reynolds number Length of the elemental strip, (m) Velocity in the main channel, (m/s) Crest height, (m) Depth of flow in the main channel, (m) Head over the elemental strip, (m) Height of the elemental strip from the base of the orifice, (m) Inclination of left nappe of water jet, (degree) Inclination of right nappe of water jet, (degree) Mass density, (kg/m3 ) Viscosity, (N s/m2 ) Average percentage error /D

Fig. 1. Circular side orifice in an open channel.

For a known value of Cd , D and H, discharge Q flowing through the orifice can be computed by integrating Eq. (6) numerically. For a small orifice with constant pressure distribution over the flow area, the discharge equation is Q = Cd 2gH

2. Analytical considerations 2.1. Discharge equation

D2 .

(7)

2.2. Dimensional analysis for Cd Consider a large orifice of diameter D fitted in the side of the wall of an open channel at crest height W as shown in Fig. 1. Depth of flow in the channel is Ym and head of water above the centre of the orifice is H. Considering ideal flow without any contraction and varying pressure head over the flow area of the orifice, discharge through an elemental section of width d and length T is [12,13] Side sluice gate and side weir in an open channel are special cases of side orifice. For zero crest height, the rectangular orifice behaves like a sluice gate and once the upper edge of the rectangular orifice is above the free surface, it corresponds to a side weir. Therefore, it is likely that variables affecting the coefficient of discharge of a side sluice gate and side weir would also affect the coefficient of discharge of a side circular orifice. Thus, from a review of the literature, it is found that probable variables affecting the coefficient of discharge Cd for a circular side orifice are D, B, W , upstream velocity in the main channel V , Ym , mass density , viscosity , and acceleration due to gravity g. The functional relationship for Cd may, thus, be written as Cd = f1 (D, B, W , V , Ym , , , g ) . (8) Taking , V and D as the repeating variables, the functional relationship for Cd in terms of non-dimensional parameters may, thus, be written as Cd = f2 B W Ym VD D

dQ =

2gz T d .
D 2

(1)
1/2 1/2

From geometry z = H + and T = 2D D 1 D . Substituting these equations for z and T into Eq. (1), one obtains dQ = 2g H+ D 2

1/2

2D

D
1/2

1/2

1/2

d .

(2)

Total discharge flowing through the orifice is given by Q = 2 2gD3/2

0 D

H D

1 2

1/2

1/2

d . (3)

Taking K = H /D + 0.5, Eq. (3) may be simplified as Q = 2 2gD

3/2 0 D

V gD

(9a)

(K + 1)

2
D2

3
D3

1/2

This equation can, alternatively, be written as d . (4) Cd = f2 B W Ym VD D

Introducing the coefficient of discharge Cd to account for contraction of the water jet issuing out from the orifice, energy loss, approach velocity head, boundary effects etc., the actual discharge through the orifice is expressed as [14] Q = 2Cd 2gD3/2
0 D

(K + 1)

2
D2

3
D3

1/2

d .

(5)

So that Fr = V / gYm represents the approach flow Froude number, Fr. Influence of the Reynolds number, Re = VD/ is relatively insignificant in open channel flows and, hence, may be dropped from Eq. (9b). The final functional relationship for Cd may, therefore, be expressed as Cd = f2 B W Ym D

V gYm

(9b)

For evaluating the above integral, consider /D = , thus Q = 2Cd 2gD5/2

0 1

, Fr .

(10)

K (K + 1) 2 + 3

1/2

d .

(6)

An experimental study was carried out to investigate the effect of the identified non-dimensional parameters on Cd .

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A. Hussain et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21 (2010) 418424

Fig. 2. Layout of the experimental set-up. Table 1 Ranges of data collected in the present study. Parameter Unit m /s m3 /s m m m/s m Dimensionless
3

Range of data Minimum Maximum 0.15647 0.02942 0.15 0.5938 0.8901 0.25 0.521

Qm Q D Ym V W Fr

0.01654 0.00144 0.05 0.1716 0.0771 0.05 0.036

0.25 m and for each set of D and W for three to four discharges in the main channel Qm . For each Qm , different depths of flow were maintained in the main channel by regulating the sluice gate. For each run, water levels in the main channel in the vicinity of the orifice and head over the crests of weir-A and weir-B were measured by digital point gauges of accuracy 0.01 mm. Experiments were performed under free flow through the orifice and also under no-formation-of-vortex conditions in the main channel in the vicinity of the orifice. The ranges of data collected in the present study are given in Table 1 and complete sets of data are given in Table 2. 4. Analysis of data 4.1. Observations during experiments Measured water surface level in the main channel indicates a small decrease in water level in the main channel downstream of the orifice. Such a decrease was more for the 15 cm size orifice than for the 5 cm orifice. Specific energy in the main channel was observed to be constant as were the findings of Mostkow [15] and Ghodsian [2] for flow over the bottom rack and sluice gate, respectively. The water jet issuing out from the circular orifice, was not truly circular downstream of the orifice. The centreline of the water jet was inclined and not in the direction of normal to flow in the main channel. Such an inclination increased with the increase in the velocity of the channel. Further, inclination of the left nappe of water jet was more than the inclination of the right nappe as shown in Figs. 1 and 3. Under the same conditions, increase in the velocity in the main channel resulted in a decrease in the discharge through the orifice. A vortex was noticed in the main channel in the vicinity of the orifice during the experiments when the head of water above the orifice was relatively less. However, no run for discharge through the orifice was taken under this condition.

3. Experimental work The experiments were carried out in a rectangular main channel of 9.15 m length, 0.50 m width and 0.60 m depth (Fig. 2). A sluice gate was provided at the end of the main channel to regulate the depth of the flow. Water was supplied to the main channel from two 0.20 m diameter supply pipes. A circular orifice was provided in the left side of the main channel at a distance of 5.18 m from the upstream end of the channel. Discharge through the orifice was passed into a diversion channel of 3.80 m length, 0.26 m width and 0.41 m depth and, then, to a return channel. A rectangular sharp crested weir-A, calibrated using an ultrasonic flow meter, was provided at the end of the diversion channel to measure the discharge flowing through the orifice. The discharges from the main and the diversion channels were passed into a return channel of 15.0 m length, 0.65 m width and 0.45 m depth and, then, to a sump. A rectangular sharp-crested weir-B, calibrated with an ultrasonic flow meter, was provided at the end of this channel to measure the total discharge. Splitter plates and flow suppressors were provided at the upstream of each channel to break large size eddies and to dissipate the surface disturbances, respectively. Experiments were performed for orifice sizes D = 5, 10, and 15 cm and crest heights of orifice W = 0.5, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and

A. Hussain et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21 (2010) 418424 Table 2 Data collected in the present study. Run no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 D (m) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Q (m3 /s) 0.00167 0.00207 0.00234 0.00320 0.00356 0.00226 0.00254 0.00281 0.00329 0.00354 0.00282 0.00294 0.00309 0.00341 0.00275 0.00294 0.00304 0.00331 0.00356 0.00188 0.00216 0.00250 0.00290 0.00330 0.00356 0.00221 0.00273 0.00322 0.00353 0.00181 0.00250 0.00343 0.00247 0.00269 0.00290 0.00323 0.00344 0.00155 0.00185 0.00228 0.00269 0.00302 0.00338 0.00144 0.00187 0.00204 0.00239 0.00279 0.00163 0.00191 0.00216 0.00239 0.00257 Qm (m3 /s) 0.03183 0.03183 0.03183 0.03183 0.03183 0.07728 0.07728 0.07728 0.07728 0.07728 0.11113 0.11113 0.11113 0.11113 0.11898 0.11898 0.11898 0.11898 0.11898 0.07424 0.07424 0.07424 0.07424 0.07424 0.07424 0.02028 0.02028 0.02028 0.02028 0.04559 0.04559 0.04559 0.12348 0.12348 0.12348 0.12348 0.12348 0.04822 0.04822 0.04822 0.04822 0.04822 0.04822 0.08325 0.08325 0.08325 0.08325 0.08325 0.05161 0.05161 0.05161 0.05161 0.05161 Ym (m) 0.1716 0.2222 0.2583 0.3855 0.4511 0.2465 0.2811 0.3221 0.4060 0.4678 0.3306 0.3505 0.3780 0.4395 0.3623 0.3984 0.4196 0.4690 0.5103 0.2461 0.2751 0.3240 0.3890 0.4694 0.5110 0.2790 0.3573 0.4470 0.5091 0.2465 0.3286 0.4797 0.3772 0.4140 0.4463 0.5025 0.5394 0.2676 0.2940 0.3475 0.4070 0.4668 0.5334 0.2580 0.2940 0.3171 0.3562 0.4110 0.3147 0.3473 0.3806 0.4125 0.4368 W (m) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Run no. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 D (m) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Q (m3 /s) 0.00279 0.00315 0.00155 0.00173 0.00215 0.00261 0.00285 0.00340 0.00215 0.00231 0.00257 0.00304 0.00337 0.01359 0.01323 0.01244 0.01217 0.01115 0.00771 0.00859 0.00927 0.01092 0.01179 0.01356 0.00600 0.00847 0.01088 0.01341 0.01217 0.01276 0.00917 0.01063 0.01239 0.01372 0.00839 0.01185 0.01274 0.00731 0.00921 0.01119 0.01228 0.00975 0.01192 0.01254 0.01359 0.00593 0.00702 0.00786 0.00905 0.00969 0.01046 0.01096 0.01128 Qm (m3 /s) 0.05161 0.05161 0.08894 0.08894 0.08894 0.08894 0.08894 0.08894 0.12112 0.12112 0.12112 0.12112 0.12112 0.12142 0.12142 0.12142 0.12142 0.12142 0.07059 0.07059 0.07059 0.07059 0.07059 0.07059 0.03664 0.03664 0.03664 0.03664 0.01654 0.01654 0.11494 0.11494 0.11494 0.11494 0.04202 0.04202 0.04202 0.06702 0.06702 0.06702 0.06702 0.02347 0.02347 0.02347 0.02347 0.10924 0.10924 0.10924 0.10924 0.10924 0.10924 0.10924 0.10924 Ym (m) 0.4740 0.5375 0.3114 0.3291 0.3800 0.4470 0.4873 0.5870 0.3806 0.4112 0.4553 0.5160 0.5892 0.4788 0.4586 0.4214 0.4078 0.3606 0.2285 0.2555 0.2811 0.3456 0.3850 0.4687 0.1813 0.2517 0.3410 0.4586 0.3965 0.4332 0.3224 0.3805 0.4621 0.5258 0.2922 0.4272 0.4695 0.2614 0.3215 0.3922 0.4504 0.3374 0.4283 0.4585 0.5103 0.2852 0.3083 0.3346 0.3720 0.3930 0.4225 0.4437 0.4570 W (m)

421

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

(continued on next page)

4.2. Effect of various parameters on Cd Considering the orifice as large, the coefficient of discharge is computed for each data set collected in the present study for known values of D, H, and Q using Eq. (6). The effect of the dimensionless parameters B/D, W /D, Ym /D and Fr as obtained by the dimensional analysis on this computed Cd is examined. A thorough data analysis reveals that Fr and B/D are the predominant parameters which affect the Cd . For the range of data used in the present study, Cd is unaffected by the parameters W /D and Ym /D. However, for low values of W /D the Cd is expected to be less due to the bottom boundary effect. Variation of Cd with Fr for constant B/D is shown in Fig. 4, which clearly indicates a decrease in Cd with increases in Fr. This is also true for the side weir and side sluice gate [2,3]. A perusal of Fig. 4 indicates a decrease of Cd with increase of B/D. Ranga Raju and Asawa [16], based on a large

amount of experimental data for different liquids, found that the effects of surface tension and viscosity on the discharging capacity 0 of a weir are quite significant at low values of R0.2 W1 .6 and vanish 1 0.2 0.6 1/2 3/2 at R1 W1 greater than 900. Here R1 = g H / and W1 = gH 2 / ( and are surface tension and viscosity, respectively). 0 In the present study, R0.2 W1 .6 is more than 1000 for all the 1 data sets; therefore, the effect of surface tension and viscosity is negligible. 4.3. Relationship for coefficient of discharge 164 data sets selected randomly out of 216 data sets collected in the present study have been used to propose a relationship for Cd . The remaining 52 data sets have been used for validating the proposed relationship. Using the least squares technique, the

422 Table 2 (continued) Run no. 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 D (m) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 Q (m3 /s) 0.01192 0.00629 0.00718 0.00882 0.00935 0.00991 0.01086 0.01151 0.00680 0.00747 0.00866 0.00975 0.01044 0.01132 0.00615 0.00882 0.00987 0.01046 0.01040 0.01069 0.00668 0.00788 0.00855 0.00874 0.01007 0.01067 0.00903 0.00803 0.00725 0.00657 0.00601 0.00967 0.00931 0.00874 0.00805 0.00669 0.01102 0.01005 0.00959 0.00941 0.00868 0.00815 0.00734 0.00645 0.00591 0.00870 0.00770 0.00707 0.00650 0.00596 0.00845 0.00677 0.00577 0.00696

A. Hussain et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21 (2010) 418424

Qm (m3 /s) 0.10924 0.13103 0.13103 0.13103 0.13103 0.13103 0.13103 0.13103 0.08087 0.08087 0.08087 0.08087 0.08087 0.08087 0.04801 0.04801 0.04801 0.04801 0.03421 0.03421 0.12545 0.12545 0.12545 0.12545 0.12545 0.12545 0.08651 0.08651 0.08651 0.08651 0.08651 0.05450 0.05450 0.05450 0.05450 0.05450 0.03476 0.03476 0.03476 0.11331 0.11331 0.11331 0.11331 0.11331 0.11331 0.08651 0.08651 0.08651 0.08651 0.08651 0.06336 0.06336 0.06336 0.14235

Ym (m) 0.4867 0.2974 0.3190 0.3675 0.3855 0.4088 0.4454 0.4727 0.3035 0.3218 0.3556 0.3949 0.4230 0.4600 0.2845 0.3598 0.3986 0.4235 0.4167 0.4440 0.3468 0.3788 0.4005 0.4072 0.4580 0.4870 0.4100 0.3829 0.3594 0.3436 0.3300 0.4350 0.4220 0.4030 0.3802 0.3410 0.4870 0.4467 0.4257 0.4795 0.4580 0.4415 0.4181 0.3950 0.3870 0.4600 0.4329 0.4094 0.3936 0.3800 0.4490 0.4017 0.3752 0.4090

W (m) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.15

Run no. 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215

D (m) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Q (m3 /s) 0.00698 0.00700 0.00702 0.00709 0.00720 0.02527 0.02655 0.02905 0.01745 0.01977 0.02139 0.02359 0.02793 0.02839 0.01801 0.02017 0.02178 0.02445 0.02754 0.02885 0.02058 0.02252 0.02413 0.02619 0.02756 0.02943 0.02418 0.02555 0.02914 0.01843 0.01992 0.02133 0.02324 0.02464 0.02675 0.02845 0.01752 0.01961 0.02204 0.02361 0.02621 0.02845 0.01646 0.02313 0.02694 0.01916 0.02139 0.02332 0.02700 0.02876 0.02212 0.02391 0.02706 0.02415

Qm (m3 /s) 0.12223 0.11312 0.11112 0.09476 0.08053 0.15178 0.15178 0.15178 0.09431 0.09431 0.09431 0.09431 0.09431 0.10338 0.06670 0.06670 0.06670 0.06670 0.06670 0.06670 0.03952 0.03952 0.03952 0.03952 0.03952 0.03952 0.15647 0.15647 0.15647 0.11542 0.11542 0.11542 0.11542 0.11542 0.11542 0.11542 0.07100 0.07100 0.07100 0.07100 0.07100 0.07100 0.05154 0.05154 0.05154 0.13639 0.13639 0.13639 0.13639 0.13639 0.09592 0.09592 0.09592 0.06159

Ym (m) 0.4090 0.4090 0.4090 0.4090 0.4090 0.4040 0.4295 0.4898 0.2615 0.2995 0.3223 0.3623 0.4644 0.4765 0.2660 0.3003 0.3280 0.3813 0.4495 0.4900 0.3077 0.3440 0.3752 0.4200 0.4545 0.5042 0.4340 0.4593 0.5403 0.3270 0.3475 0.3753 0.4104 0.4350 0.4846 0.5235 0.3080 0.3397 0.3816 0.4140 0.4775 0.5235 0.2900 0.3995 0.4825 0.4014 0.4419 0.4830 0.5567 0.5938 0.4530 0.4920 0.5567 0.4976

W (m) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

following equation is proposed for Cd D Cd = 0.678 0.072 Fr 0.130 . (11) B The remaining 52 data sets, not used in the derivation of Eq. (11), were used to validate the proposed relationship for Cd for the computation of discharge through the orifice. Observed and computed values of discharge through an orifice using Eqs. (6) and (11) for the test data are compared graphically in Fig. 5, which revealed that the computed discharge is within 5% of the observed ones, which is a satisfactory prediction of discharge through the orifice. It is to be noted that computation of discharge using Eq. (6) requires integration of this equation for given values of D and H. Computations of discharge through orifices were also performed treating the used orifices as small. The value of Cd is now computed using Eq. (7) for all data sets collected in the present

study. Using this computed Cd for 164 observed data sets and least squares technique a relationship for the Cd was obtained as given below D Cd = 0.670 0.076 Fr 0.136 . (12) B The remaining 52 data sets were used to validate the computation of discharge through Eqs. (7) and (12). Fig. 6 shows comparison of observed discharge with computed ones using Eqs. (7) and (12). Even from the concept of a small orifice, the computed discharge is within 5% of the observed ones. For a numerical measure for selecting best-fit equations that can represent the agreement between the observed and computed values, an average percentage error term was defined as [2]

100 N

Q (computed) Q (observed) Q (observed)

(13)

i=1

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Fig. 3. Water jet issuing out from the side orifice. Fig. 5. Comparison of computed discharge through orifice using Eqs. (6) and (11) with observed ones considering orifice as large.

Fig. 4. Variation of Cd with Froude number for different values of B/D.

The average percentage error in computation of discharge through the orifice considering it as large and small are 1.59% and 1.66%, respectively. As these two values are practically the same, it is recommended that computation of discharge through the orifice can be performed considering it as a small orifice within range of H /D i.e., 0.757.86 collected in the present study. Gupta [17] stated that when the head over an orifice (normal) is less than five times the height of the orifice, it is referred to as a large orifice. However, in the present study even for H = 0.75D, the side orifice behaves like a small orifice. 5. Conclusions Analytical and experimental studies related to discharge characteristics of sharp-crested circular side orifices in open channels have been reported in this paper. A small decrease in the water level was observed in the main channel downstream of the orifice. Specific energy in the main channel was constant. Inclination of the left nappe of water jet was more than the inclination of the right nappe. All other conditions remaining the same, increase in velocity in the main channel resulted in decrease in the discharge through the orifice. The coefficient of discharge depends mainly on the approach channel Froude number and ratio of the diameter of the orifice and bed width of the channel. The computed discharges using the proposed relationships, by considering the orifice as large and small, were within 5% of the observed ones. The average percentage error in computation of discharge through the orifice considering it as large and small were, respectively, 1.59% and 1.66% which are practically the same. Therefore, it is recommended that the discharge through the side orifice can be computed considering it as a small orifice within the range of the ratio of head of water above the centerline of the orifice

Fig. 6. Comparison of computed discharge through orifice using Eqs. (7) and (12) with observed ones considering orifice as small.

and the diameter of the orifice i.e., 0.757.86 studied in the present study. This would, obviously, simplify the prediction of discharge as one does not have to integrate terms that appear in Eq. (6). References
[1] Ramamurthy AS, Udoyara ST, Serraf S. Rectangular lateral orifices in open channel. ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering 1986;135(5):2928. [2] Ghodsian M. Flow through side sluice gate. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 2003;129(6):45862. [3] Borghei M, Jalili MR, Ghodsian M. Discharge coefficient for sharp-crested side weir in subcritical flow. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1999;125(1):10516. [4] Swamee PK, Pathak SK, Ali MS. Weir orifice units for uniform flow distribution. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1993;119(6):102635. [5] Tanwar MPS. Flow through side sluice. M.E. thesis. Roorkee (India): University of Roorkee; 1984. [6] Panda S. Characteristics of side sluice flow. M.E. thesis. Roorkee (India): University of Roorkee; 1981. [7] Gill MA. Flow through side slots. ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering 1987;135(21874):104757. [8] Ojha CSP, Subbaiah D. Analysis of flow through lateral slot. ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1997;123(5):4025. [9] Bryant DB, Khan AA, Aziz NM. Investigation of flow upstream of orifices. ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2008;134(1):98104. [10] Emiroglu ME, Kisi O, Bilhan O. Predicting discharge capacity of triangular labyrinth side weir located on a straight channel by using an adaptive neurofuzzy technique. Advances in Engineering Software 2010;41(2):54160.

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A. Hussain et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 21 (2010) 418424 Z. Ahmad is currently Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at IIT Roorkee, India. He obtained his B.Tech. (Civil) degree from AMU Aligarh, M.Tech. (Hyd) degree from Univ. of Roorkee and Ph.D. degree from T.I.E.T., Patiala. He has published about 56 papers in referred national and international journals and conference proceedings. His areas of research are surface water quality management, computational hydraulics and hydraulic structures. He has written two Monographs on Transport of Pollutants in Open Channels and Control Section in Open Channels for AICTE, New Delhi. He has been a recipient of G.N. Nawathe, Jal Vigyan Puraskar (twice); Department of Irrigation Award.

[11] Bilhan O, Emiroglu ME, Kisi O. Application of two different neural network techniques to lateral outflow over rectangular side weirs located on a straight channel. Advances in Engineering Software 2010;41(6):8317. [12] Ahmad Z. End-depth-discharge relationship for circular free overfall. Journal of the Institution of Engineers 2002;83:214. [13] Prohaska PD. Investigation of the discharge coefficient for circular orifices in riser pipes. Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science. US: Graduate School of Clemson University; 2008. [14] Brater EF, King HW, Lindell JE, Wei CY. Handbook of hydraulics. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1996. [15] Mostkow MA. A theoretical study of bottom type water intake. La Houille Blanche 1957;4:57080. [16] Ranga Raju KG, Asawa GL. Viscosity and surface tension effects on weir flow. ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1977;103(10):122731. [17] Gupta RS. Hydrology and hydraulic systems. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): PrenticeHall, Inc.; 1989.

A. Hussain is currently a post graduate student of Civil Engineering at IIT Roorkee, India. He obtained his B.Tech. (Civil) from AMU, Aligarh, India. His areas of interest are hydro power, computational hydraulics and hydraulic structures.

G.L. Asawa joined the Department of Civil Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (formerly University of Roorkee) in 1971 and is presently Professor. He has been teaching hydraulic engineering courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and also is associated with research and consultancy activities in different aspects of water resources engineering and wind engineering. He has published 04 books, about 65 research papers, and written as many reports on consultancy projects. He is a member of the Monitoring Committee for ISO/TC 113 works and also other committees at the national level. He led the Indian delegation for ISO/TC 113 committee meetings in October 1994 and has travelled abroad for various academic programmes.