2-D SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION AND PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF BHANGALI FIELD ON THE BASIS OF SEISMIC LINES OX-S88-20, OX-S88-23

& OX-S88-36 AND BHANGALI-01 WELL, EASTERN POTWAR, PAKISTAN

By

Omer Kamal Shah

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad

2011

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2-D SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION AND PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF BHANGALI FIELD ON THE BASIS OF SEISMIC LINES OX-S88-20, OX-S88-23 & OX-S88-36 AND BHANGALI-01 WELL, EASTERN POTWAR, PAKISTAN
A thesis submitted to Bahria University, Islamabad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc. Honours (Geophysics)

By

Omer Kamal Shah

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad 2011

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FINAL APPROVAL OF THESIS

This is to certify that we have read the thesis submitted by Mr. Umar Kamal Shah of B.Sc. Honours (Geophysics) and we find it of sufficient standard to fulfill the partial requirements for the degree of B.Sc. Honours (Geophysics) from the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad.

Miss. Sarah Akram

(External Supervisor)
________________________________

Mr. Saqib
(Internal Supervisor)
________________________________

Dr. M. Zafar
(HOD,E&ES)
________________________________

External Examiner

________________________________

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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST BENEFICIENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL

DEDICATED TO

MY GRAND PARENTS
(May their souls rest in peace)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Chapter # 1
1.1 xi xii

INTRODUCTION
Introduction to the Study Area 04 05 05

01
01

1.2 Physiography 1.3 Objectives of Research 1.4 Data Obtained for Interpretation

Chapter # 2

STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE
07 09 09 09 10 10 Tobra Formation Dandot Formation Warchha Formation Sardhai Formation 10 11

07

2.1 Pre-Cambrian Sedimentary Rocks 2.2 Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks 2.2.1 2.2.1.1 2.2.1.2 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.2.3 2.2.2.4 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 2.3.1.2 2.3.1.3 2.3.2 2.3.2.1 2.3.2.2 Eocene Nammal Formation Sakeser Formation Permian Cambrian Khewra Sandstone Kussak Formation

11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14

2.3 Paleogene Sedimentary Rocks Paleocene Hangu Formation Lockhart Limestone Patala Formation

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2.3.2.3 2.4 2.4.1 Miocene 2.4.1.1 2.4.1.2 2.4.1.3 2.4.2 2.4.2.1 Pliocene

Chorgali Formation 15 15 Murree Formation Kamlial Formation Chinji Formation 16 16

14

Neogene Sedimentary Rocks

15 15 16

Nagri Formation

Chapter # 3
3.1 3.2

REGIONAL TECTONIC SETTING

19

17

Geological Structure of the Salt Range Tectonic Setting of Eastern Salt Range/ Potwar Plateau 3.2.1 3.2.2 Basement Offsets 20 Fault-Propagation Folds 21

19

Chapter # 4
4.1 4.1.1 4.1.1.1 4.1.1.2 4.1.1.3 4.1.1.4

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
22 22 22 23 23 23 Source Rocks Reservoir Rocks Traps Burial History Eastern Salt Range/Potwar Plateau

22

Indus Basin

Chapter # 5
5.1 5.1.1 5.2

SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITION

24 25 26 Vibroseis

24

Seismic Energy Sources for Reflection Shooting Seismic Detectors 5.2.1 Geophones

26

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5.3

Spread Geometry

27

Chapter # 6
6.1

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

28

28

Processing Sequence

Chapter # 7
7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.1.5 7.1.6

SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION

31 32 33 37 37 39 40

31

2-D Seismic Data Interpretation of Line O/881-CW-06 Reflection Selection Fault Identification Base Map Time-Contour Map Average Velocity Graph Depth Section

Chapter # 8

PETROPHYSICAL EVALUATION

42 43 43 43 43 44 46 48 51 52

8.1 Log Interpretation Flow Chart 8.2 Raw Log Curves 8.3 Zone of Interest 8.4 Lithology 8.5 Volume of Shale 8.6 Porosity Calculation 8.7 Saturation of Water 8.8 Bulk Volume of Water (BVW) 8.9 Reserves Estimation

CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES

53 54 60

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The generalized structural map of Salt Range/ Potwar Foreland Basin. Figure 2: Base Map showing the seismic lines of the study area. Figure 3: Flow Chart showing the various stages of Seismic Processing. Figure 4: Flow Chart showing the Processing Sequence. Figure 5: Interpreted Seismic Section of lines OX-S88-20. Figure 6: Interpreted Seismic Section of lines OX-S88-24. Figure 7: Interpreted Seismic Section of lines OX-S88-36. Figure 8: Time Contour Map of Upper Eocene (Chorgali Formation). Figure 9: Depth Contour Map of Upper Eocene (Chorgali Formation). Figure 10: Flow Chart showing the Workflow of Petrophysical Evaluation. 42 Figure 11: Graph Showing Vsh and Depth. Figure 12: Graph Showing Porosity Vs. Depth. Figure 13: Graph Showing Sw with Depth. Figure 14: Graph Showing comparison between Sw and Depth. Figure 15: Graph Showing Sw with Porosity. Figure 16: Graph Showing BVW with Porosity. Figure 17:Chart Showing the Reserves Etimation Unit. 50 51 52 45 47 48 49 02 03 29 30 34 35 36 38 41

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: General Stratigraphy of Salt Range/Potwar Foreland Basin. Table 2: Acquisition Parameters of lines OX-S88-20, OX-S88-23 & OX-S88-36. Table 3: Receiver Parameters of lines OX-S88-20, OX-S88-23 & OX-S88-36. Table 4: Spread Parameters of lines OX-S88-20, OX-S88-23 & OX-S88-36. Table 5: The picked TWTs & Velocities to Calculate Average Velocities. Table 6: The Zone of Interest . 27 39 43 26 25 08

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ABSTRACT
The seismic lines OX-S88-20, OX-S88-23, OX-S88-36 and Bhangali-01 well, obtained from Directorate General of Petroleum Concessions (DGPC), was shot by Occidental of Pakistan Inc. in the area of Bhangali (Eastern Salt Range/Potwar Plateau). The direction of the dip lines is NorthWest to SouthEast and that of the strike line is SouthWest to NorthEast. Two prominent reflectors namely Chorgali Formation and Basement were marked on the seismic section on the basis of observed reflection events. A fault was marked which continued along the Pre-Cambrian basement. Two more thrust faults were marked which show a fault-propagating fold in the form of the anticline of Bhangali. The TWT picked from the seismic section was posted on the base map to make a time contour map of the Upper Eocene Chorgali Formation, as it was continuing throughout the area. The seismic velocities (Vrms), given in the velocity windows on the seismic section, were used to find the average velocities of the Upper Eocene Chorgali Formation and the Pre-Cambrian basement. These average velocities were then used to find the depths of the formation for the depth contour map of the Upper Eocene Chorgali Formation. Well data of Bhangali-01 was used to mark the thicknesses of the individual formations and to perform petrophysical evaluation. The interpreted seismic sections and the contour maps showed that the area was structurally deformed due to salt decollement and compressional tectonic movements. Traps for hydrocarbons were developed in the anticlines as they truncated against the basement fault. Salt probably moved into these anticlines due to compressional movements. The Bhangali anticline was the prospective zone and was the primary targets for oil exploration, where the depth of the Upper Eocene formation was almost 3600m, favourable for drilling.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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