Complex Number Definition

Complex Number Definition A complex number is a number that can be put in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is called the imaginary unit, where i2 = 1. In this expression, a is called the real part and b the imaginary part of the complex number. Complex numbers extend the idea of the one-dimensional number line to the twodimensional complex plane by using the horizontal axis for the real part and the vertical axis for the imaginary part. The complex number a + bi can be identified with the point (a, b). A complex number whose real part is zero is said to be purely imaginary, whereas a complex number whose imaginary part is zero is a real number. In this way the complex numbers contain the ordinary real numbers while extending them in order to solve problems that cannot be solved with only real numbers. Complex numbers are used in many scientific fields, including engineering, electromagnetism, quantum physics, and applied mathematics, such as chaos theory.

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Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano is the first known to have introduced complex numbers. He called them "fictitious", during his attempts to find solutions to cubic equations in the 16th century. Definition :- where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit, satisfying i2 = 1. For example, 3.5 + 2i is a complex number. It is common to write a for a + 0i and bi for 0 + bi. Moreover, when the imaginary part is negative, it is common to write a bi with b > 0 instead of a + (b)i, for example 3 4i instead of 3 + (4)i. The real number a of the complex number z = a + bi is called the real part of z, and the real number b is often called the imaginary part. By this convention the imaginary part is a real number not including the imaginary unit: hence b, not bi, is the imaginary part.[3][4] The real part is denoted by Re(z) or (z), and the imaginary part b is denoted by Im(z) or (z). For example, Some authors write a+ib instead of a+bi (scalar multiplication between b and i is commutative). In some disciplines, in particular electromagnetism and electrical engineering, j is used instead of i, since i is frequently used for electric current. In these cases complex numbers are written as a + bj or a + jb. A real number a can usually be regarded as a complex number with an imaginary part of zero, that is to say, a + 0i. However the sets are defined differently and have slightly different operations defined, for instance comparison operations are not defined for complex numbers. A pure imaginary number is a complex number whose real part is zero, that is to say, of the form 0 + bi. Complex plane :- A complex number can be viewed as a point or position vector in a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system called the complex plane or Argand diagram named after Jean-Robert Argand.

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The numbers are conventionally plotted using the real part as the horizontal component, and imaginary part as vertical. These two values used to identify a given complex number are therefore called its Cartesian, rectangular, or algebraic form. The defining characteristic of a position vector is that it has magnitude and direction. These are emphasised in a complex number's polar form and it turns out notably that the operations of addition and multiplication take on a very natural geometric character when complex numbers are viewed as position vectors: addition corresponds to vector addition while multiplication corresponds to multiplying their magnitudes and adding their arguments (i.e. the angles they make with the x axis). Viewed in this way the multiplication of a complex number by i corresponds to rotating a complex number counterclockwise through 90 about the origin: .

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