INTRODUTION TO EMBEDDED SYS N ROBOTICS

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What we are going to do:i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) LED blinking. Seven segment display Motor driving. Autonomous Bot. Buzzer LCD Sensor ADC Obstacle follower Line follower(B/W) Wall follower Timer ,interrupt and PWM(Introduction)

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LED.
Normal Led Blinking Led Patterns Led chaser Seven Segment display LED Matrix Led Message Display Board

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LCD Display

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LCD
Normal LCD display (Name and etc) Timer Display Menu Display Normal Animations Sensor and other Reading Display

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Sensor Interface
Sensor Interface (ADC Reading) Control action using Sensor reading Sensor + Motor Interface Different types of sensor Alarm Systems

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Applications..
Line Follower Robot Obstacle avoider Robot Digital Scale Digital thermometer Wireless Robots Mobile Control Robots

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Development Board

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Programmer

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Sensor

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Motors and Wheels

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And finally we have

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A Sample Program
To display a Name on LCD.. lcd_gotoxy(0,0); lcd_putsf(My Name );

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Embedded system ????..

1) An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions.
2) Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP4 player to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants.

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Embedded system:- An intro.

An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system . Embedded systems contain processing cores that are typically Microcontrollers.

Hardware System

Software System

Embedded System

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Application of Embedded system

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Robot

Mechanical Module

Electrical Module

Electronic Module

Software Module

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Microprocessor
A microprocessor incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit. It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output.

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MICROCONTROLLER ????..
A microcontroller (also microcontroller unit, MCU or C) is a small computer on a single integrate circuit consisting of a relatively simple CPU.

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Difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller

Microprocessor: Memory is not there. Microprocessor only process the i/o data. Microprocessor has more generalized functions. Brain of any computing machine. Microcontroller: It has owes Memory. Microcontroller can also process the data. A Microcontroller is more specific to its task. Microcontroller is complete Computing machine.

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Simple difference between Microprocessor and Microcontroller:

Microprocessor = CPU

Microcontroller = CPU + Peripherals + Memory Peripherals = Ports + Clock + Timers + UART + ADC +DAC + other stuff Memory = EEPROM + SRAM + EPROM + Flash

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Types of microcontrollers(arch.)
As of 2011 there are several architectures: 1) 8051 2) AVR 3) PIC 4) PSoC 5) 68HC 11
6) eZ8,eZ80

7) Etc
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Atmel AVR
The AVR is a Modified Harvard architecture 8-bitRISC single chip microcontroller (C) which was developed by Atmel in 1996. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to One-Time Programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

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AVR

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AVR classification:Atmega 8
AVR MegaAVR or ATmega Atmega 16

Atmega 32
Atmega 128

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Atmega 8

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Atmega 16

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Pin configuration of Atmega 8

VCC GND Port A (PA7..PA0) Port B (PB7..PB0) Port C (PC7..PC0) Port D (PD7..PD0) RESET XTAL1 XTAL2 AVCC AREF

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LED

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What is 7-segment LED Display?

7-segment LED Display is display device which can display one digit at a time. Actually one digit is represented by arrangement of 7 LEDs in a small cubical box. For representing 3 digit number we need three 7-segment LED Displays.

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How it look like?

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Internal structure
There are two types of 7-segment LED Display

1. Common Cathode 2. Common Anode

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Common Cathode

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How to glow the segments?

We need to provide +5 V to other open ends to turn ON that particular segments. We need to provide 0 V to other open ends to turn OFF that particular segments.

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How to print 2 on LED Display?

To show 2 on LED display then you must illuminate A, B, G, E and D segments of the display. So you must give voltages on pins 10, 9, 8, 5, 4, 2, 3 and 7 in Common cathode slide as High, High, Low, High, High, Low, High and Low respectively for drawing 2 on display.

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Common Anode

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How to glow the segments?

We need to provide +5 V to other open ends to turn OFF that particular segments. We need to provide 0 V to other open ends to turn ON that particular segments.

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Inputs and Outputs of BCD to 7 segment decoder

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Pin Out of Common Anode LED Display

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Multi Digit 7 segments LED Display (Multiplexing)

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Circuit diagram for multiplexing

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