DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

1 (a) Define: total stress, effective stress and neutral stress as applied to soils. (b) What are the corrections to be made to the phreatic line? And how the same is carried out. (c) What is a ow net? State its properties and applications. What is the quantity of seepage between two successive flow lines and equipotential lines? 2a) Explain the phenomenon of piping. (b) What is the effect of surcharge and the capillary action on the effective stress? (c) An excavation is to be done in 9 m thick clay layer under lain by sand. In a trial bore hole, the ground water rises up to an elevation of 3 m below ground level. Find the depth up to which excavation can be safely carried out with quick condition to occur. The void ratio of soil is 0.7 and specific gravity of solids is 2.7. Also, if excavation is to be safely carried out to a depth of 7 m,how much should the water table is lowered near the trench? 3. (a) Differentiate between flow lines and equipotential lines. (b) Prove that the discharge per unit length of an earth dam with a horizontal filter at its toe is equal to the coefficient of permeability times the focal length. (c) What is a boiling sand condition? Discuss the situation and type of soil in which such condition is developed. 4. (a) State various methods used to construct the ow net and describe any one method. (b) The water table in a certain area is at a depth of 2 m below the ground surface level. The soil of 10m depth consists of very fine sand having an average porosity of 0.40 and G = 2.67. Above the water table, the sand is saturated by capillary water for 1 m thickness. Calculate and show the total,effective and neutral stress diagrams at a depth of 0m, 0.30m and 5m from the surface. 5.a)Why are quick sand condition more common in sandy soils? b)What is the significance of exit gradient in seepage problems? c) A vertical sheet pile penetrates 8 m into an uniform sand stratum, 15 m thick, overlying an impervious layer. It retains water for 6 m above G.L. Draw the flow net and determine the seepage under the pile. Take K = 4 x 10-2 m/sec. 6.a)What are the properties of the flow nets. b)What is critical hydraulic gradient? Explain its importance. 7 (a) What is quick sand? Derive an expression for critical hydraulic gradient. (b) The ground water level in a deposit of fine sand is 1.5 m below ground level. Above the water table, the sand is saturated with capillary water. The bulk unit weight of sand is 21 kN/m3.Calculate the total stress, the neutral stress and the effective stress at a depth of 1 m from the ground level.

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

8. (a) Derive the Laplace equation for two dimensional flow, mentioning the assumptions made there in. (b) Write short notes on flownets. 9. (a) Distinguish between discharge velocity and seepage velocity . (b) Derive the relation to determine the seepage loss from the flownet. 10(a) Briey explain the uses of ow net. (b) Derive an expression for seepage force per unit volume of soil interms of the hydraulic gradient and unit weight of water. 11. (a) Derive the Laplace equation for two dimensional flow. (b) The surface of saturated clay deposit is located permanently below the body of water. The average natural water content of clay is 50% and specific gravity of soil solids is 2.72. Calculate the inter granular pressure at a depth of 8 m below the surface of clay layer.