NAME: NUR IWANI BINTI KAMAL NOOR CLASS: 2 AL-DINAWARI COLLEGE NUMBER: 11112 TITLE: SPACE EXPLORATION(chapter 10 form3)

Concept map INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF ASTRONOMY The first astronomers were the Greeks who deduced that the earth ia a sphere and attempted to measure its size. Ancient Greek astronomers include Thales and Pythagoras. Eratosthenes of Syene was able to calculate the circumference of the earth. The Greeks still regarded the earth as the centre of the universe, although this was doubted by some philosophers, notably aristarchus of samos, who maintained that the earth moves around the sun. Ptolemy was the last famous astronomer of the greek school. Since the little progress has been made for some centuries. THE DAWN OF A NEW ERA Copernicus demonstrated that the sun, not the earth is the centre of our planetary system. Later, the German mathematician Johannes Kepler was able to prove Copernicuss idea. Before the end o the 17th century, the theoretical work of Issac Newton was able to explain the observed motion of heavenly objects. Later with the help of the telescope, Galileo was able to give strong support to the Copernican theory. He observed the crates of the moon, the phases of Venus, and the myriad of faint stars of our galaxy, the milky way.

FURTHER DISCOVERIES The planet Uranus was discovered by William Herschel. Other discoveries soon followed, e.g. the discovery of the first four asteroids, the discovery of Neptune, and the measurement of the distance of a star. Astronomical spectroscopy was later developed, at the first to interpret the spectra of the sun and the stars. By the 1860s, good photographs of the moon had been obtained. Later with the help of the reflecting telescope, it was found that galaxies tended to form groups, and that the universe is expanding. MODERN ASTRONOMY Modern exploration of the universe was greatly aided by the use of rockets, satellites, space stations and space probes. When the USA launched the Hubble Space Telescope into permanent orbit in 1990, it was the most powerful optical telescope yet constructed. APPLICATION OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY The Apollo and later NASA projects not only expanded mans knowledge of the universe, but they also transferred a lot of technology to make life on earth more convenient and comfortable. The following are some of the contributions from space technology. SCRATCH-RESISTANT LENSES Scratch-resistant lenses were developed by NASA by applying a diamond-like lubricating coating over plastic lenses. Today , this is coating is used in most eye-glasses that people wear every day.

FREEZE-DRIED FOOD NASA adopted the practice of freeze-drying food for their astronauts. This process proved effective in food preservation. In the process, the food is frozen and then most of the moisture is removed from the frozen food. ATHLETIC SHOES This technology was originally developed for the boots to be worn on the moon. This technology improves shock absorption, stability, and motion control. Now these shoes are worn by athletes. CAT AND MRI TECHNOLOGY Computer-aided topography(CAT) and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies were developed to choose a suitable landing ground on the moon for the first man. Today, CAT scanners and MRIs are used greatly to scan patients in hospitals worldwide. COOL SUITS The astronauts suit was designed to keep astronauts a comfortable temperature. Today, this technology is used to design suits for race car drivers, nuclear reactor technicians and shipyard workers.

CORDLESS POWER TOOLS NASA developed cordless power tools. Today, cordless power tools are used everywhere.

REMOVE SENSING Space technology developed remote sensing. Today, this technology is used by: Geologists to search for oil and minerals. Farmers to help plan their planting. Forest officers to detect unusual happenings in the forest. Leaders in disaster management and national security management. The Malaysian Centre for Remote Sensing (MACRES) is responsible for the remote sensing projects in the country.

THE NEED TO CONTINUE EXPLORATION First, through aerospace activities, man can expand his existing knowledge about the earth, the solar system, and the universe. This benefit mankind. Second, through aerospace activities, we can stimulate the nations technological development. It also can bring along the development of other areas such as space physics, life science, microgravity science, space material science, etc. it can also stimulate creativity and make a nation strong and powerful. Thirdly, through space activities, space resources can be fully utilized. We can have products that can only be developed in microgravity or vacuum. Fourthly, through space activities , mans living space can se expanded. Aerospace research is used to continue ally make preparations to expand living space for humans.

DEVELOPMENTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION To design and build a spacecraft, the size, weight, spread and fuel consumption need to be calculated. A theory of how objects move in space must be postulated. Almost all theory of space flight

were worked out by three brilliant scientists between 1600 and 1900. Johannes Kepler He worked out equations for orbiting planets and satellites. In particular, he determined that thr planets move in elliptical paths. Isaac Newton He provided the basic laws of force, motion, and gravitation. Konstatin Tsiolkovsky He was the first to propose the basic equations for rocketry in 1903. He drew several rocket designs. He determined that liquid fuel rockets would be needed to get to space, and that rockets would need to be built in stages. He called them rocket trains.

Robert Goddard was the man who designed, built, and flew the rockets. In 1926 he launched the worlds first liquid-fuelled rocket. he invented almost everything required for modern rocketry and earned over 200 patents.

In 1926 Hermann Oberth published The Rocket Into Interplanetary Space, a highly influential book which persuaded the world that the rocket was something to be taken seriously as a space vehicle. At the end of world war II, Von Braun led the US development of military and space exploration rockets. He led the development of the Saturn rockets, the only series of rockets ever developed to have worked perfectly on every launch. Rockets were used to launch satellites. On October 4, 1957, the Sputnik 1 was the first satellite to be launched into orbit around the earth. It circled the earth once every 96.2 minutes and transmitted information about the earths atmosphere. The first united states satellite, explorer 1, was launched on January 31, 1958. Space programmes in the 1960s included landings on the moon by unmanned spacecraft of the American Surveyor series and the Soviet Luna series. Finally, a man landed on the moon in the US Apollo programmes. The Apollo astronauts collected rocks, took thousands of photographs, and set up scientific instruments on the moon. Since then, manned and unmanned space probes had been launched. They provided a vast new source of scientific data on the nature and origin of the solar system and the universe. By the end of 1986, more than 3,500 satellites have been launched.

SHOULD SPACE EXPLORATION BE CONTINUE ? Everyone directly or indirectly benefits from space exploration as indicated above. Applications of space exploration and some of the space programmes help to bring society together. Space events around the would appear to unify humanity. For example, there were sputnik, the landing on the moon, the international space station, and the rescue efforts of Mir. Weather satellites are used to warn people of hurricanes approaching. The poor are badly affected and from their point of view the funds that are used for space exploration can be redirected to improve their standard of living. Satellites can be used for spying and this will violate communal and personal privacy. Space exploration by satellites can be used for good or evil. For good it would be to protect people and property. For bad, it can be used for spying. Some nations do not have the technology to keep up with or take advantage of the latest innovations.

CONCLUSION Space exploration