MAHATMAGANDHIMISSIONS JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE,

AURANGABAD.(M.S.) DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING

FLUIDMECHANICSLABORATORY

MANUAL

FLUIDMECHANICSIEXPERIMENTS
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SUBJECT: FluidMechanicsI CLASS: SecondYearCivilEngineering

LISTOFEXPERIMENTS

Sr.No.

NameofExperiment

PageNo. From To
5 8 13 17 21 25 29

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX

Studyofpressuremeasuringdevices. Determinationofmetacentricheight. CalibrationofBernoullisequation. CalibrationofVenturimeter. DeterminationofHydrauliccoefficientfororifices. Determinationofcoefficientofdischargeformouthpiece. CalibrationofRectangularnotch. CalibrationofTriangularNotch. Studyofelectricalanalogymethodforplottingofflownets.

3 6 9 14 18 22 26

TimeAllottedforeachPracticalSession=02Hrs.

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EXPERIMENTNO:IIToDeterminetheMetacentricHeightofaCargo/WarShip

AIM:ToDeterminetheMetacentricHeightofaCargo/WarShip INTRODUCTION:
Metacenterisdefinedas,thepointaboutwhichthebodystartsoscillatingwhenitistilted(inclined)bya smallangle. Metacentermayalsobedefinedas,thepointatwhichthelineofactionofforceofbuoyancywillmeetthe normalaxisofthebodywhenthebodyisgivenasmallangulardisplacement. MetacentricHeightisdefinedas,thedistancebetweentheMetacenterofafloatingbody&centerofgravity.

DESCRIPTION:
Theship modelis approximately37 cmsizesquarein planandisabout 23cmhigh.The modelisfloatedon water.Theshipis tiltedbymovinga smallweightatthe levelofthedeck oftheship.To notedown thetilt oftheship,a plumbisprovided whichrecordsthe tiltonagraduated arcofacircle.An arrangementis madetoloadthe shipasaWarshiporCargoship.

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PROCEDURE:

Sr. No. 1

ForCargoShip
Placesuitablesymmetricalweightsatthe bottomoftheshipandloaditasaCargoShip.

ForWarShip
Placesuitablesymmetricalweightsatthedeck leveloftheshipandloaditasaWarShip. Floattheshiponthewater. Adjustthebalancingweightsonboththesides oftheshipsothatthePlumbindicateszero readingonthegraduatedarc. KeeptheMoving(Hanging)Load/Weightata distanceof3.5cmoffthecentreonleftside. Notedownthetiltoftheshipindegrees.

2 3

Floattheshiponthewater. Adjustthebalancingweightsonboththesides oftheshipsothatthePlumbindicateszero readingonthegraduatedarc.

KeeptheMoving(Hanging)Load/Weightata distanceof3.5cmoffthecentreonleftside.

5 6

Notedownthetiltoftheshipindegrees.

GoonshiftingtheHangingLoadtowardsleft& GoonshiftingtheHangingLoadtowardsleft notedownthedistanceofthecentre,&tiltof theship. &notedownthedistanceofthecentre,&tilt oftheship. Repeattheprocedurebyshiftingtheloadon therighthandsideofthecentre.

Repeattheprocedureby shiftingtheloadonthe righthandsideofthecentre.

OBSERVATION
W1 = Weightoftheshipincludingbalancingweightingrams. W2 =TotalweightaddedtomakeitasaCargo/WarShip. W3 = WeightoftheHangingLoadingrams.

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OBSERVATIONTABLE:

Sr. No.

Distanceoff thecentreto theleftXin cms

Tiltofthe Shipin degrees

Metacentric Height=MG1 in cms.

Distanceoff thecentreto theleftX incms

Tiltofthe Shipin degrees

Metacentric Height=MG2 in cms

Average MGin cms

1 2 3 4

SPECIMENCALCULATIONS:
W=(w1 +w2)ingrams. MG1 orMG2 =Metacentric Heightsincentimeters.
0 =W1 x X/Wx tan

AverageMG=MG1 +MG2 /2

RESULTS:
MetacentricHeightofaCargoShip(MGc) =..cms. MetacentricHeightofaWarShip(MGw) =..cms.

CONCLUSION:
0 Astheangleoftilt( )increases,MetacentricHeight(MGorGM)also

increases/decreases.

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EXPERIMENTNO:III toVerifyBernoullisTheorem
AIM:ToverifytheBernoullistheorem. Apparatus: BernoullisSetUp,StopWatch,&MeterScale. Theory:BernoullisTheoremstatesthat,insteady,idealflowofanincompressiblefluid,thetotalenergyatany pointofthefluidisconstant.ThetotalenergyconsistsofPressure Energy,KineticEnergy,&PotentialEnergy (DatumEnergy).TheenergyperunitweightofthefluidisPressureEnergy. Therefore, PressureEnergy=P/g
2 KineticEnergy=V /2g&

DatumEnergy=Z The applicationsofBernoullistheoremare: 1) VenturiMeter 2) OrificeMeter 3) PilotTube

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Description:
Theequipmentisdesignedasaselfsufficientunitithasasumptank,measuringtank,&0.5HPmonoblockpumpfor watercirculation.TheapparatusconsistsofSupplyTank&DeliveryTank,whichareconnectedtoaPerspexflow channel.Thechanneltapersforalengthof25cm&thenpiezometertubesarefixedatadistanceof5cm,centre to centreformeasurementofpressurehead.

Procedure:
1. Keepthebypassvalveopen&startthepump&slowly startclosingthevalve. 2. Thewatershallstartflowingthroughtheflowchannel.Thelevelinthepiezometertubesshallstartrising. 3. Openthevalveatthedeliverytankside,&adjusttheheadinpiezometertubestoasteadyposition. 4. Measuretheheadsatallthepointsandalsodischargewiththehelpof DiversionPaninthemeasuringtank. 5. Changethedischarge&repeattheprocedure. 6. Dothenecessarycalculationsusingthereadingsnoteddownbefore.

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Specifications:
Tube 1 No. C/S Area 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

ObservationTable:

Result: 1)Atdischarge..liters/second, Totalheadis..centimeters. 2)Atdischarge..liters/second, Totalheadis..centimeters.

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EXPERIMENTNO: IVFLOWTHROUGHVENTURIMETER
AIM: Todeterminethecoefficient(K)oftheVenturimeter.

DESCRIPTION: Venturimeter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing through a pipe line. The pressure difference between the inlet and the throat of the Venturimeter is recorded using a mercury differential manometer, and the time is recorded for a measureddischarge. Venturimeters are used to measure the flow rateof fluid in a pipe. It consists of a short length of pipe tapering to a narrow throat in the middle and then diverging gradually due to the reduced area and hence there is a pressure drop. By measuring the pressure drop with a manometer,theflowratecanbecalculatedbyapplyingBernoullisequation. Themetersarefittedinthepipingsystemwithsufficientlylongpipelengths(greaterthan10mmdiameter) upstream of the meters. Each pipe has the respective Venturimeter with quick action cocks for pressure tappings. These pressure tappings are connected to a common middle chamber, which in turn is connected to a differential manometer. Each pipe line is provided with a flow control water is collected in an M.S. collecting tank of cross sectionalare0.4mx0.4mprovidedwithgaugescalefittinganddrainvalve.

PROCEDURE:

1. Thediametersoftheinletandthroatarerecordedandtheinternalplan dimensionsofthecollectingtankaremeasured. 2. Keepingtheoutletvalveclosed,theinletvalveisopenedfully. 3. Theoutletvaleisopenedslightlyandthemanometricheadsinboththelimbs(h1 andh2)arenoted. 4. TheoutletvalveofthecollectingtankisclosedtightlyandthetimetrequiredforHriseofwater inthecollectingtankisobservedusingastopwatch. 5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the required readings. 6. TheobservationsaretabulatedandthecoefficientoftheVenturimeteriscomputed.

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FORMULAEUSED:

ConstantofVenturimeter,K =

Where,a1 =areaofinlet a2 =areaofthroat h=Venturiheadintermsofflowingliquid= h1 =Manometric headinonelimbofthemanometer h2 =Manometricheadinotherlimbofthemanometer Sm =Specificgravityoffollowingliquid S1 =Specificgravityoffollowingliquid g=Accelerationduetogravity

ActualDischarge(Qa)=

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OBSERVATIONSANDRESULT:
Diameterofinlet, Diameterofinlet, d1 =.mm d2 =.mm

Internalplandimensionsofcollectingtank Length, Breadth, l =.mm b=.mm

Sr. ManometricReadings(mm) No ofWater . h2 H X=(h1h2) Difference

Venturi headin termsof flowing fluid

Timefor H=100mmriset Sec.

Actual Discharge
3 (mm /sec)

Coefficientof Venturimeter

TrialsAvg.

(h)mm 12

01 02 03

MeanValueofC d =.

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MODELCALCULATIONS:(ReadingNo.)
AreaofinletofVenturimeter AreaofthroatofVenturimeter Internalplanareaofcollectingtank Actualdischarge, a1 a2 = = = Qa
2 d12/4(mm ) 2 d22/4(mm )

lxb =

2 (mm ) 3 (mm /s)

CoefficientofMeter,

(K) =

Q a /C.

GRAPH: Qa vs. onXaxis

RESULT: AverageCoefficientoftheVenturimeter,Cd =

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EXPERIMENT NO: IV DETERMINATIONOFHYDRAULICCOEFFICIENTFOR

ORIFICES

Aim
Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistofindandstudythevariationsofhydraulic coefficientsunderdifferentoperatingconditionsofthegivenorifice.

Equipmentrequired
orifice apparatus and measuring tanks with a stopwatch for measuring the actual flow rate. The orifice apparatushasanslidinghookgaugewithittomeasurethecoordinatesofthemovingjet.

Principle
Orificeisaatsharpedgedsmallcircularholefittedinonesideofareser voircontainingfluid.Itmaybeclassifiedonthebasisoftheirsize,shape, upstreamedgeandthedischargeconditions.Mostcommonlyusedarecircular andrectangularorifices.

It isused to determine thed ischarge throughatank. The fluidemergesoutthroughtheorificeasafreejettotheatmosphere,and isacteduponbygravity.Thethicknessofthewallisassumedtobesmallcom paredtothediameteroftheorifice.Becauseoftheconvergenceofthestream linesapproachingtheorifice,thecrosssectionofthejetdecreasesslightlyuntil thepressureisequalizedoverthecrosssection,andthevelocityprofileisnearly rectangular.Thispointofminimumareaiscalledthe venacontracta.Beyondthevenacontracta,frictionwiththeuidoutsidethejet(air)slowsit down,andthecrosssectionincreases.Thisdivergenceisusuallyquitesmall,andthejetisnearly cylindricalwithaconstantvelocity.Thejetisheldtogetherbysurfacetension.Theratioofthe areaofvenacontractatotheorificeareaiscalled
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thecoefficientofcontraction. NeglectingfrictionallossesandapplyingBernoullistheoremtoapointinside thereservoirandotherattheexitoftheorifice,bothbeingatthelevelofthecenterline,weget,

wherethesubscript1and2arethepropertiesattheregionsshowninthefigure andhistheheightofwatercolumninthereservoir.Now,cancelingthezero termsonbothsidesweget,

whichimplies

Then,thetheoreticaldischargethroughtheorificewillbe,

Theactualdischargeislessthanthetheoreticaldischargeduetofrictionloss andthelossduetoreexpansionofthejet.Theactualdischargethroughthe orificecanbedeterminedusingthecollectingtankandstopwatchsetup.

where, a=areaofthecollectingtank.(m2) H=heightdifferenceofthewatercolumninthepiezometer,(m) t=timetakentoriseHmeters,(sec) ThecoefficientofdischargeCDisdefinedastheratiooftheactualdischarge totheoreticaldischarge.

Theactualvelocityofthejetthroughtheorificeisfoundoutbymeasuring thecoordinatesofthemovingjetandapplyingNewtonslaws.Referfigure below.Thecoordinatesxandyofanypointonthejetaremeasuredusingthe slidinghookgauge.

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Weknow,

Usingtheaboveequationtheverticalandhorizontaldisplacementsyandx canbeexpressedas,

Cancelingtandsolvingforv,wegettheexpressionforactualvelocityofthe jetemergingoutfromtheorifice.

ThecoefficientofvelocityCVisdefinedastheratioofactualvelocityobtained experimentallytothetheoreticalvelocityobtainedusingtheexpression wederived.i.e.,

ThecoefficientofcontractionCC isdefinedastheratioofareaofvenacontracta ofthejettotheactualareaoftheorifice.Itisfoundtheoreticallyfrom thefollowingequation.

Inthecaseofmouthpiecetheactualvelocityofthejetattheexitisfound outusingthecontinuityequation,

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Procedure
1.Notethedimensionsofthedischargemeasuringtank,orifice. 2.Checkthatthezeroofthescaleoftheinlettankisthesamelevelasthe centerlineofthemouthpieceororifice.Ifnot,measurethedifferencein elevationandtakeitaszeroerror. 3.Adjusttheopeningoftheinletvalvetillthewaterlevelinthesupplytank becomesteady. 4.Notedownthehead. 5.Usingthehookgaugearrangementmeasurethecoordinatesofthejetin aconvenientpoint. 6.Usingcollectingtankandstopwatchsetupmeasuretheactualdischarge. 7.Repeattheexperimentfordifferentinletvalveopeningsandtabulatethe readings. 8.PlotthecharacteristicsCD Vsh,CC VshandCVVsh.

Observationsandcalculations
1.DiameterofMouthpiece= 2.Dimensionofmeasuringtank= 3.Timeofcollectionofwater(t)= 4.Areaofmeasuringtank(A)= 5.AreaofMouthpiece (a)=

ResultsandInference
Hydrauliccoefficients, CD= Cv=

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EXPERIMENTNO:VIIDETERMINATIONOFCOEFFICIENTOFDISCHARGE FORMOUTHPIECE.
AIM
Theobjectiveofthisexperimentistofindandstudythevariationsofhydraulic coefficientsunderdifferentoperatingconditionsofthegivenmouthpiece.

Equipmentrequired
mouthpieceapparatusandmeasuringtankswithastopwatchformeasuringtheactualflowrate.

Principle
Amouthpieceisashortpipeoflengthnotmorethantwoorthreetimesitsdiameter,connectedto anorificeofsamesizeprovidedinthewallofareservoircontaininguid.Itisanextensionofthe orifice and through which the fluid is discharged. Both are used to determine the d

ischarge throughatank.Acylindricalmouthpiecealengthof,twoorthreetimesdiameter, withitsinnerendflushwiththewallofthereservoirsoastoformasharpcorneredentranceis calledstandardmouthpieceorBordamouthpiece.Amouthpieceusuallyowsfull,ifitdoesnot, thenitactslikeanotch. Inthecaseofamouthpiecethevenacontractaremainsinsidethepipe,andthenthejetexpands to fill the tube completely. Finally the jet emergingout of the mouthpiece will have the same diameter of the pipe. As the tube ows full at its outlet the coefficient of contraction is unity. NeglectingfrictionallossesandapplyingBernoullistheoremtoapointinsidethereservoirand otherattheexitoftheorifice,bothbeingatthelevelofthecenterline,weget,

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wherethesubscript1and2arethepropertiesattheregionsshowninthefigure andhistheheightofwatercolumninthereservoir.Now,cancelingthezero termsonbothsidesweget,

whichimplies

Then,thetheoreticaldischargethroughthemouthpiecewillbe,

Theactualdischargeislessthanthetheoreticaldischargeduetofrictionloss andthelossduetoreexpansionofthejet.Theactualdischargethroughthe mouthpiececanbedeterminedusingthecollectingtankandstopwatchsetup.

where, a=areaofthecollectingtank.(m2) H=heightdifferenceofthewatercolumninthepiezometer,(m) t=timetakentoriseHmeters,(sec) ThecoefficientofdischargeCDisdefinedastheratiooftheactualdischarge totheoreticaldischarge.

Theactualvelocityofthejetthroughtheorificeisfoundoutbymeasuring thecoordinatesofthemovingjetandapplyingNewtonslaws.Referfigure below.Thecoordinatesxandyofanypointonthejetaremeasuredusingthe slidinghookgauge.

Weknow,

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Usingtheaboveequationtheverticalandhorizontaldisplacementsyandx canbeexpressedas,

Cancelingtandsolvingforv,wegettheexpressionforactualvelocityofthe jetemergingoutfromtheorifice.

ThecoefficientofvelocityCVisdefinedastheratioofactualvelocityobtained experimentallytothetheoreticalvelocityobtainedusingtheexpression wederived.i.e.,

ThecoefficientofcontractionCC isdefinedastheratioofareaofvenacontracta ofthejettotheactualareaoftheorifice.Itisfoundtheoreticallyfrom thefollowingequation.

Inthecaseofmouthpiecetheactualvelocityofthejetattheexitisfound outusingthecontinuityequation,

Procedure
1.Notethedimensionsofthedischargemeasuringtank,orifice. 2.Checkthatthezeroofthescaleoftheinlettankisthesamelevelasthe centerlineofthemouthpieceororifice.Ifnot,measurethedifferencein elevationandtakeitaszeroerror. 3.Adjusttheopeningoftheinletvalvetillthewaterlevelinthesupplytank becomesteady. 4.Notedownthehead. 5.Usingthehookgaugearrangementmeasurethecoordinatesofthejetin aconvenientpoint. 6.Usingcollectingtankandstopwatchsetupmeasuretheactualdischarge. 7.Repeattheexperimentfordifferentinletvalveopeningsandtabulatethe readings. 8.PlotthecharacteristicsCD Vsh,CC VshandCVVsh.

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Observationsandcalculations
1.DiameterofMouthpiece= 2.Dimensionofmeasuringtank= 3.Timeofcollectionofwater(t)= 4.Areaofmeasuringtank(A)= 5.AreaofMouthpiece (a)=

ResultsandInference
Hydrauliccoefficients, CD= Cv =

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EXPERIMENTNO: VIICALIBRATION OF RECTANGULAR NOTCHES

Objectives
ToDeterminethecoefficientofdischargeofthegiven Rectangularnotchfordifferentratesofflow.

Equipmentrequired
Thegivennotchfittedonanopenchanneloftheexperimentsetup,hook gaugetomeasurethewaterleveloverthenotchandmeasuringtankwithstop watchtomeasuretheactualflowrate.

Principle
Inopenchannelflows,weirsarecommonlyusedtoeitherregulateortomeasure thevolumetricflowrate. Theyareofparticularuseinlargescalesituationssuchasirrigationschemes,canalsandrivers.Forsmall scaleapplications,weirsareoftenreferredtoasnotchesandaresharpedgedandmanufactured from thinplatematerial.Thebasicprincipleisthatdischargeisdirectlyrelatedtothewaterdepthabovethe crotch(bottom)ofthenotch.Thisdistanceiscalledheadoverthenotch.Duetotheminimalinstallation costsflowratemeasurementwithanotchisverylessexpensive.Therectangularnotchisthemost commonlyusedthinplateweir.Theflowpattern overanotchorweiriscomplexandthereisnoanalytical SolutiontotherelationshipbetweendischargeandheadsothatasemiempiricalApproachhastobeused.

Theexpressionfordischargeoverarectangularnotchisgivenby,

where, L=widthofthenotch,(m) h=headofwateroverthenotch,(m) 2 g=accelerationduetogravity(m/s) Waterisallowedtopassthroughthegivennotchatdifferentflowrates.Ac tualdischargethroughthechannelcanbedeterminedusingthecollectingtank andstopwatchsetup.

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Where,
2 a=areaofthecollectingtank.(m) H=heightdifferenceofthewatercolumninthepiezometer,(m) t=timetakentoriseHmeters,(sec)

ThecoefficientofdischargeCDisdefinedastheratioofactualdischarge obtainedexperimentallytothetheoreticaldischarge.i.e. Calibrationisthevalidationofspecificmeasurementtechniquesand equipment. Itisthecomparisonbetweenmeasurementsofknownmagnitudemade withonedeviceandanothermeasurementmadeinassimilarwayaspossible withaseconddevice.Inordertouseanydeviceformeasurementitisnecessary toempiricallycalibratethem.Thatis,hereinthiscasepassaknowndischarge throughthenotchandnotethereadinginordertoprovideastandardformeasuring otherquantitiesinadifferentlocation.Providedthestandardmechanics ofconstructionarefollowednofurthercalibrationisrequiredforasimilarsecond devicewithsamegeometry.

Thecalibrationequationisstatedas,
n Qac=Kh

where, Kandnareconstantsdependingonthegeometryofthenotch.Taking logarithmonbothsidesweget,

logQ ac =logk+nlogh
whichistheequationofastraightline, where, logkistheyinterceptandnisitsslope. ThegraphlogQacVs.loghistobeplottedtofindkandn.

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Procedure
1.Checktheexperimentalsetupforleaks.Measurethedimensionsof collecting tankandthenotch. 2.Observetheinitialreadingofthehookgaugeandmakesurethereisno discharge.Notedownthesilllevelpositionofthehookgauge. 3.Opentheinletvalveofthesupplypipeforaslightlyincreaseddischarge. Waitforsometimetilltheflowbecomesteady. 4.Adjustthehookgaugetotouchthenewwaterlevelandnotedownthe reading.Differenceofthishookgaugereadingwithinitialstilllevelreading istheheadoverthenotch(h). 5.CollectthewaterinthecollectingtankandobservethetimettocollectH heightofwater. 6.Repeattheaboveprocedurefordifferentflowratesbyadjustingtheinlet valveopeningandtabulatethereadings. 7.CompletethetabulationandfindthemeanvalueofCD. 8.Drawthenecessarygraphsandcalibratethethenotch.

SampleCalculation:

K=Cd.(2/3).(2g)L

Observationsandcalculations
Lengthoftherectangularnotch=m Angleofthetriangularnotch=deg 2 Collectingtankarea= m
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HookGuage Reading

MeasuringTank Reading

Vol. Qact

Qth

Diff. Diff. 3 3 H R R. (m / (m / Log Log H Sr. 3 No. C.B. w.L. (cm) (m) I.R. F.R. (cm) (m) (m ) sec) sec) Cd K H Qact

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Forfirstreading:
3 Qact = ___m /sec 3 Qtheo= ___m /sec

Cd =Q/Qtheo___ K=___ Shouldben=~(3/2) Ifwetakethelogforthetwosidesofequation: logQ=logK+nlogH, wheren:thepowerofH= ___(theslope.)fromtable. logk=___ fromgraph k=___Cd =___ .

Results:
TheaveragecoefficientofdischargeofthegivenforTriangularnotch, Cd = Cd FromGraph= . ______________________________________________________________________________________

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EXPERIMENTNO:VIIICALIBRATION OF TRIANGULAR NOTCHES

Objectives
ToDeterminethecoefficientofdischargeofthegiven Triangularnotch fordifferentratesof flow.

Equipmentrequired
Thegivennotchfittedonanopenchanneloftheexperimentsetup,hook gaugetomeasurethewaterleveloverthenotchandmeasuringtankwithstop watchtomeasuretheactualflowrate.

Principle
Inopenchannelflows,weirsarecommonlyusedtoeitherregulateortomeasure thevolumetricflowrate.Theyareofparticularuseinlargescalesituations suchasirrigationschemes,canalsandrivers.Forsmallscaleapplications,weirs areoftenreferredtoasnotchesandaresharpedgedandmanufacturedfrom thinplatematerial.Thebasicprincipleisthatdischargeisdirectlyrelatedtothe waterdepthabovethecrotch(bottom)ofthenotch.Thisdistanceiscalledhead overthenotch.Duetotheminimalinstallationcostsflowratemeasurement withanotchisverylessexpensive. TheVnotch ortriangularnotchdesigncausessmallchangesindischargetohavea largechangeindepthallowingmoreaccurateheadmeasurementthanwitha rectangularnotch.Theflowpatternoveranotchorweiriscomplexandthereisnoanalytical solutiontotherelationshipbetweendischargeandheadsothatasemiempirical approachhastobeused.

Theexpressionfordischargeoveratriangularnotchisgivenby,

where, L=widthofthenotch,(m) =angleofthenotch,(deg) h=headofwateroverthenotch,(m) 2 g=accelerationduetogravity(m/s)

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Waterisallowedtopassthroughthegivennotchatdifferentflowrates. Actualdischargethroughthechannelcanbe determinedusingthecollectingtank andstopwatchsetup.

Where,
2 a=areaofthecollectingtank.(m) H=heightdifferenceofthewatercolumninthepiezometer,(m) t=timetakentoriseHmeters,(sec)

ThecoefficientofdischargeCDisdefinedastheratioofactualdischarge obtainedexperimentallytothetheoreticaldischarge.i.e. Calibrationisthevalidationofspecificmeasurementtechniquesandequipment. Itisthecomparisonbetweenmeasurementsofknownmagnitudemade with onedeviceandanothermeasurementmadeinassimilarwayaspossible withaseconddevice.Inordertouseanydeviceformeasurementitisnecessary toempiricallycalibratethem.Thatis,hereinthiscasepassaknowndischarge throughthenotchandnotethereadinginordertoprovideastandardformeasuring otherquantitiesinadifferentlocation.Providedthestandardmechanics ofconstructionarefollowednofurthercalibrationisrequiredforasimilarsecond devicewithsamegeometry.

Thecalibrationequationisstatedas,
n Qac=Kh

where, Kandnareconstantsdependingonthegeometryofthenotch.Taking logarithmonbothsidesweget,

logQ ac =logk+nlogh
whichistheequationofastraightline, where, logkistheyinterceptandnisitsslope. ThegraphlogQacVs.loghistobeplottedtofindkandn.
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Procedure
1.Checktheexperimentalsetupforleaks.Measurethedimensionsofcollecting tankandthenotch. 2.Observetheinitialreadingofthehookgaugeandmake surethereisno discharge.Notedownthesilllevelpositionofthehookgauge. 3.Opentheinletvalveofthesupplypipeforaslightlyincreaseddischarge. Waitforsometimetilltheflowbecomesteady. 4.Adjustthehookgaugetotouchthenewwaterlevelandnotedownthe reading.Differenceofthishookgaugereadingwithinitialstilllevelreading istheheadoverthenotch(h). 5.CollectthewaterinthecollectingtankandobservethetimettocollectH heightofwater. 6.Repeattheaboveprocedurefordifferentflowratesbyadjustingtheinlet valveopeningandtabulatethereadings. 7.CompletethetabulationandfindthemeanvalueofCD. 8.Drawthenecessarygraphsandcalibratethethenotch.

SampleCalculation:

K=Cd .(8/15). (2g)tan(/2)

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Observationsandcalculations
Lengthoftherectangularnotch=m Angleofthetriangularnotch=deg 2 Collectingtankarea= m
HookGuage Reading MeasuringTank Reading

Vol. Qact

Qth

Diff. Diff. 3 3 H H R R. (m / (m / Log Log Sr. 3 No. C.B. w.L. (cm) ( m) I.R. F.R. (cm) (m) (m ) sec) sec) Cd K H Qact

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Forfirstreading:
3 Qact = ___m /sec 3 Qtheo= ___m /sec

Cd =Q/Qtheo___ K=___ Shouldben=~(3/2) Ifwetakethelogforthetwosidesofequation: logQ=logK+nlogH, wheren:thepowerofH= ___(theslope.)fromtable. logk=___ fromgraph k=___Cd =___ .

Results:
Theaveragecoefficientofdischargeofthegivenfor Triangularnotch, Cd = Cd FromGraph= _____________________________________________________________________________________

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