Novum Structures LLC

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Architectural Glass

Soeren Stephan Director of Engineering Novum Structures LLC

Novum Structures LLC

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Architectural Glass

Overview
Fundamental Gl F d t l Glass F t Facts Base Glass Types Tempered Glass Laminated Glass Glass with Ceramic Frit Low Iron Glass Body Tinted Glass Insulated Glass Glazing Systems Gl i S t

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Glass Fundamental Facts

Raw materials R t i l
sand, soda ash, dolomite, limestone, salt cake (sodium sulfate)

Chemical structure
inorganic fusion product, cooled to a rigid condition without crystallizing 72.5% SiO2 %4.31Na2O %9.8CaO %2.3MgO %2other

Thermal expansion coefficient 0.01 mm/m*K (steel 0.013) Thermal conductivity 0.81 W/m*K (insulation 0.04, steel 50) Modulus of elasticity 70 000 N/mm (steel 205 000) Glass density 2500 kg/m (steel 7850) Natural compression strength 900 N/mm N/mm Natural tensile strength 30 N/mm Light transmission range 350 nm .. 2800 nm
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Base Glass Types

90%

Base Glass

10%

Float Glass

Ornamental Glass
Cast, S u ped o Rolled G ass Slumped or o ed Glass

Float Glass Production Cast Glass Production

Max. glass dimensions depend on float bed width

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Float Glass Facts

Breaking strength 45 N/mm Standard thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm Typical maximum dimensions 6.0 x 3.2 m yp Typical breaking pattern

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Glass Fracture Mechanics Why is Glass breaking ?

Natural surface crack

Glass as a brittle material cannot yield at surface crack tips Therefore crack is growing

Extreme stress concentration at crack tip triggers crack growth k th Glass

Natural surface crack

Steel as a ductile material yields at surface crack tips Therefore crack is not growing

Stress concentration at crack tip causes plastic yield l ti i ld Steel

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Tempered Glass Strength Improvement

Tempered Glass p FT Fully Toughened HS Heat Strengthened
no l d load

(FT) ( ) (HS)

Tempered glass (FT & HS) has a significant higher strength than float glass due to the compression prestress on the glass surface which is closing the surface cracks

partial load

full load

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Tempered Glass Production Process

Max. glass dimensions depend on furnace width & length

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Fully Toughened Glass FT Facts

Breaking t B ki strength 120 N/ th N/mm Standard thicknesses 4,5,6,8,10,12,15,19 mm Typical maximum dimensions 4.0 x 2.4 m 2.5 times stronger than float glass, but unfavourable typical breaking pattern:

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Heat Strengthened Glass HS Facts

Breaking t B ki strength 70 N/ th N/mm Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm Typical maximum dimensions 4.0 x 2.4 m Only 1.5 times stronger than float glass, but favourable typical breaking pattern:

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Laminated Glass Safety Improvement

Laminated it L i t d unit consists of t i t f two or more glass lit (fl t HS FT) l lites (float, HS, bonded by an interlayer mostly made of polyvinyl butyral or PVB The unit failure safety is improved by the redundancy of glass lites Standard PVB thicknesses 0.38, 0.76, 1.52 mm Typical maximum dimensions 3.6 x 2.4 m

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Laminated Glass Production Process

Autoclave

Max. glass dimensions depend on autoclave width & length

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Glass with Ceramic Frit Visual & Shading Improvement

Ceramic f it i an enamel pattern on th glass surface C i frit is l tt the l f Standard colors RAL-system Typical maximum dimensions 3.2 x 2.4 m Standard print pattern (different coverage factors) dots holes stripes

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Glass with Ceramic Frit Production Process

The Th screen i made of is d f porous polyester fabric stretched over an aluminium frame Areas of the screen are blocked off with a nonpermeable material to form a stencil, which is a negative of the image to be printed; that is, the open spaces are where the frit pattern will appear After the frit application, the frit gets burned-in in a furnace
Max. glass dimensions depend on screen width & length

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Low Iron Glass Visual Improvement

Low i L iron glass i made of raw materials cleaned of i l is d f t i l l d f iron oxide id which is causing the greenish color of normal clear glass Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm

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Body Tinted Glass Visual & Shading Improvement

Body ti t d l B d tinted glass i made of special raw materials which are is d f i l t i l hi h causing the color of the glass Typical maximum dimensions 3.2 x 2.4 m Standard thicknesses 6,8,10,12 mm Body tint is reducing the transmitted solar energy mainly by absorption

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Insulated Glass Thermal Insulation Improvement

Insulated glass units (IGU) have a lower thermal I l t d l it h l th l transmittance due to the enclosed gas volume Thermal transmittance is measured by U-value Typical U-value for air-filled and uncoated IGU = 2.4..3.0 W/m*K

Secondary Seal (Silicone) Glass Glass

Primary Seal (Butyl)

Spacer

Gas Volume (Air, Argon)

Dessicant

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Insulated Glass Production Process

First t is the Fi t step i th spacer f frame f b i ti and assembly fabrication d bl Then the primary seal (butyl) is applied and the glass lites connected to both sides of the spacer frame. Afterwards the secondary seal (silicone) is applied.

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Insulated Glass with Low-E Coatings

The th Th thermal t l transmittance of insulated glass units can be further itt fi l t d l it b f th reduced using low-emittance (low-E) surface coatings Low-E coatings consist of microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide l t l t lli id layers Low-E coatings act like a one-way mirror to the interior side reflecting a significant amount of radiant heat, but transmitting t f di t h t b t t itti the radiant heat from the exterior side Typical U-value for air filled IGU with low-E coating = 1 6 .. 1 9 W/m*K l E ti 1.6 1.9 W/ *K Typical U-value for argon filled IGU with low-E coating = 1.1 .. 1.4 W/m*K
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Glass The Solar Heat Trap

The li ht transmission range of glass i Th light t i i f l is 350 nm .. 2800 nm wavelength Visible light range 350 nm .. 760 nm Glass is transmitting only shortwave infrared light (radiant heat) < 2800 nm, longwave infrared light is totally reflected Incoming shortwave infrared light from the sun is reflected by interior surfaces as longwave infrared light This longwave radiant heat is now trapped and the interior space is heating up Greenhouse Effect
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Insulated Glass with Solar Control Low-E Coatings

The Th greenhouse effect of insulated glass units h ff t f i l t d l it can be reduced using special solar control low-E surface coatings Solar S l control l t l low-E coatings act like one-way E ti t lik mirrors for the infrared light 760 nm.. 2800 nm to the exterior side in addition to their normal function to the interior side The solar heat gain is measured by g-factor For airconditioning system design shading coefficient SC i used SC = g / 0 87 ffi i t is d 0.87 Typical g-value for IGU with solar control low-E coating g = 0.3 .. 0.45
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Glazing Systems
Glazing Support Point Contact PSG
Point Support System

Linear Contact CCG

Corner Clamp System

ECG
Edge Clamp System

ASG
Aluminum Support System

LSG
Linear Support System

both

4 side support

2 side support

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Point Support System PSG

Functional scheme of PSG F ti l h f
Point Support Scheme Fassadenscheibe
Support LagerReaction reaktion Support S LagerReaction reaktion

Lagerung einer

Schnitt durch Schnitt durch Schnitt durch Vertical SectionsPunktlager Point Supports through Punktlager Punktlager
Required notw. Support FreiheitsMovement

grad

notw. Required notw. Freiheits-SupportFreiheitsg grade Movement grade g

LagerSupport reaktion Reaction

LagerSupport reaktion Reaction

Dead Load Windlast

Dead Load Eigengewicht

Eigengewicht Dead Load notw. notw. Required FreiheitsFreiheitspp grade Support grade
Movement

TemperaturTemperature Effects, einwirkung, Tolerances Bautoleranz

Support LagerReaction reaktion Required FreiheitsSupport grad Movement

notw.

notw. Required FreiheitsSupport grad

Movement

notw. Required FreiheitsSupport grade

Movement

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Point Support System PSG

Typical id T i l spider Typical t l T i l rotule

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Point Support System PSG

Rotule hole drilling in float l R t l h l d illi i fl t glass (tempering to be done afterwards) Rotule hole tolerances t l

Offset: Thickness:

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Edge Clamp System ECG

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Corner Clamp System CCG

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Aluminum Support System ASG

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Linear Support System LSG

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