Rr312106 Aero Space Propulsion I

Code No: RR312106 Set No.
1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
AERO SPACE PROPULSION-I
(Aeronautical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. 1Consider an air standard Brayton cycle, where the air enters the compressor at
0.1 Mpa,20o C .It leaves the compressor at 0.55 Mpa. TIT is 950o C. Determine
pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle.Work out the efficiency of its
compressor,turbine and the overall engine. [16]
2. A turbo-prop driven airplane is flying at 650 Km / h at an altitude where the am-

bient conditions are 0.45 bar and -10o C. The compressor pressure ratio is 9.5 :1 and
the turbine inlet temperature is 1250 K. The isentropic efficiencies of compressor
and turbine are 0.85 and 0.90 respectively. Assuming that no thrust is generated
by the jet exhaust from the engine; calculate the specific power input available to
the propeller. [16]
3. Consider a front air intake for a subsonic turbojet airplane as that for He-178 or
F-86 Saber jet. Show the internal layout for the air to be swallowed by the engine.
Explain its aerodynamics and thermodynamics in details when the airplane dives
at shallow angles in its flight. [16]
4. Consider a conical spike type supersonic air inlet with fixed geometry for optimum
performance at one Mach number. Describe its aerodynamics and thermodynamics
at the design Mach number. What happens when the operating mach number is
the design Mach number at a small angle of yaw β = 2o ? [16]
5. A gas turbine combustion chamber is supplied with liquid fuel at 325K and air at
450K. The fuel approximates to C10 H12 and five times the quantity of air required
for stoichiometric combustion is supplied. Calculate the fuel air ratio and estimate
the fuel products temperature assuming the combustion to be adiabatic and com-
plete. Use (Figure5) for the initial approximate value of the products temperature.
In addition to following data assume suitable value of Cp
C10 H12 (liq)+13O2 → 10CO2 +6H2 O(liq), ∆H298K = -42500kJ/kg C10 H12
For water at 298K, hf g = 2442 kJ/kg
For the liquid fuel, mean Cp = 1.945 kJ/kg.K
Composition of air by volume = 0.79 N2 , 0.21O2 . [16]
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Code No: RR312106 Set No. 1
Figure 5
6. (a) What are the various losses occurring in the nozzles and how they affect the
efficiency of the nozzles?
(b) Explain the following terms:
i. Isentropic nozzles
ii. Nozzle choking. [16]
7. An aircraft engine is fitted with a single-sided centrifugal compressor. The a/c flies
with a speed of 230m/s at an altitude where the pressure is 0.23bar and the tem-
perature is 217K. The intake duct of the impeller eye contains fixed vanes which
gives the air pre-whirl of 25 degree at all radii. The inner and outer diameters of
the eye are 18cm and 33cm respectively. The diameter of the impeller periphery
is 54cm and the rotational speed is 270rev/s. Estimate the stagnation pressure at
the compressor outlet when the mass flow is 3.6kg/s.
Neglect losses in the inlet duct and fixed vanes and assume the isentropic effi-
ciency of the compressor is 0.80. Take slip factor and input factor as 0.9 and 1.04
respectively. [16]
8. Explain the three-dimensional flow in axial flow compressor and derive the free
vortex condition. What does free vortex condition signify? [16]
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1. Consider an air standard Brayton cycle, where the air enters the compressor at
0.12Mpa, 18o C. It leaves the compressor at 0.5 Mpa. TIT is 950o C. Determine
pressure and temperature at each point in the cycle. Work out the efficiency of its
compressor, turbine and the overall engine. [16]
2. Making use of first principle, develop an expression for thrust developed by a jet
engine with inlet area of 0.55 sq. m .A turbojet engine is under static testing on
a test bed. It develops a jet speed of 550 m /s at a pressure of 1 atm at 750 K at
exit of the nozzle. Considering the location at sea level, calculate the static thrust
in this case. [16]
Explain its aerodynamics and thermodynamics in details when the airplane takes
a turn of about 5 in its yaw plane. [16]
4. Consider a supersonic airplane with Ear type air intakes ahead of the wing root
ends on the fuselage. Describe its aerodynamics and thermodynamics at its design
Mach number at a small angle of yaw. [16]
5. (a) Determine the combustor efficiency of a main burner with the following data:
Pt3 = 1.8 Mpa Tt3 = 600K m= 100 kg/s
2
φ = 1.3 Aref = 0.1 m H = 6 cm
(b) Define the following terms and explain their importance with respect to com-
bustion chamber:
i. Space heat release rate
ii. Pattern factor correlation parameter
iii. Number and spacing of fuel injectors. [16]
6. The pressure velocity and temperature of air (γ = 1.4, Cp = 1.0kJ/kg.K) at the

entry of a nozzle are 2 bar, 145 m/s and 330K respectively. The exit pressure is
1.5 bar.
(a) What is shape of the nozzle

(b) Determine for isentropic flow:
i. Mach number at entry and exit.
ii. The flow rate and maximum possible flow rate. [16]
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7. (a) What is pre-whirl? Sketch velocity triangles with and without pre-whirl. What
are its effects on pressure ratio developed by the compressor?
(b) A compressor of a turbojet engine operates in standard sea level air with a
pressure ratio of 5 and an air consumption of 35kg/s at an isentropic efficiency
of 86%. Calculate the work per kg, the horsepower required to drive the
compressor and the total temperature at the compressor discharge. [16]
8. (a) Differentiate between axial flow compressor and axial flow turbine.
(b) Show that for 50% reaction blading for axial flow compressor
α1 = β2
and α2 = β1 . [16]
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1. Explain how the ideal gas turbine engine cycle differs from the thermodynamic cycle
of an actual gas turbine engine. Can you work out the efficiency of this engine?
Show the variation of pressure , temperature and axial velocity across the engine.
[16]
2. Describe with a neat sketch components and the thermodynamics of a turbo-jet

engine. In what ways, this engine is superior to a turbo-prop engine. Are there any
limitations in its applications? Comment. [16]
Explain its aerodynamics and thermodynamics in details when the airplane is in
its cruising flight. [16]
4. Consider a conical spike type supersonic air inlet with fixed geometry for optimum
performance at one Mach number. Describe its aerodynamics and thermodynamics
at the design Mach number. What happens when the operating mach number is
the design Mach number at a small angle of yaw β = 2o ? [16]
5. The overall pressure loss factor of a combustion chamber may be assumed to vary
with the temperature ratio according to the law
∆p0
m2 /2ρ1 A2
= K1 + K2 [(T02 /T01 ) − 1]
m
For a particular chamber having an inlet area of 0.0389m2 and a maximum cross-
sectional area Am of 0.0975m2 , cold loss tests show that K1 has the value of 19.
When tested under design conditions, the following readings were obtained:
Air mass flow, m = 9.0kg/s
Inlet stagnation temperature, T01 = 475K
Outlet stagnation temperature, T02 = 1023K
Inlet static pressure, p1 = 4.47 bar
Stagnation pressure loss = 0.27 bar
Estimate the pressure loss at a part load condition for which m is 7.4kg/s, T01 is
439K, T02 is 900K and p1 is 3.52 bar.
Also for these two operating conditions, compare the values of the velocity at inlet
to the chamber and comment on the result. [16]
6. (a) Define and explain the significance of the following terms with respect to
nozzles:
i. Angularity coefficient
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ii. Gross thrust coefficient
iii. Discharge or flow coefficient
iv. Velocity coefficient
(b) Write a note on ‘nozzle performance’. [16]
7. The following results were obtained from a test on a small single-sided centrifugal
compressor:
Compressor delivery stagnation pressure = 2.97bar
Compressor delivery stagnation temperature = 429K
Static pressure at impeller tip = 1.92bar
Mass flow = 0.60kg/s
Rotational speed = 766rev/s
Ambient conditions = 0.99bar and 288K
Calculate the overall isentropic efficiency of the compressor.
The diameter of the impeller is 16.5cm, the axial depth of the vaneless diffuser is
1.0cm and the number of impeller vanes is 17. Making use of Stanitz equation for
slip factor, calculate the stagnation pressure at the impeller tip and, hence, find
the fraction of the overall loss which occur in the impeller. [16]
8. Explain the following with respect to axial flow compressor:
(a) Cascade characteristics

(b) Reynolds and Mach number effects. [16]
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1. Air enters a compressor at a pressure of 0.14 Mpa and temperature of 278K. It

leaves the compressor at a pressure of 0.65 Mpa. The maximum temperature in
cycle is 900o C. Assume the compressor efficiency of 80% and turbine efficiency of
85%.a pressure drop of 0.15Kpa takes place in the combustion chamber. Determine
the compressor work, turbine work and cycle efficiency. [16]
2. A turbo-prop driven airplane is flying at 650 Km / h at an altitude where the am-

bient conditions are 0.458 bar and -10o C. The compressor pressure ratio is 9:1 and
the turbine inlet temperature is 1200 K. The isentropic efficiencies of compressor
and turbine are 0.85 and 0.90 respectively. Assuming that no thrust is generated
by the jet exhaust from the engine; calculate the specific power input available to
the propeller. [16]
Explain its aerodynamics and thermodynamics in details when the airplane takes
a turn of about 5 in its yaw plane. [16]
4. Illustrate with sketches and diagrams, various types of supersonic air inlets em-
ployed by aircraft industry. Explain salient features and aerodynamic performance
of each of these. [16]
5. (a) Determine the combustor efficiency of a main burner with the following data:
Pt3 = 200 psia Tt3 = 10000 R m= 100 lbm/s
2
φ = 0.6 Aref = 1.5 f t H = 2 in
(b) Define the following terms and explain their importance with respect to com-
bustion chamber:
i. Equivalence ratio
ii. Combustor loading parameter
iii. Profile factor correlation parameter. [16]
6. Air at a total pressure of 1.4MPa, total temperature of 350K and Mach number
of 0.5 is accelerated isentropically in a nozzle (Figure6) to a Mach number of 3
(station x), passes through a normal shock (x to y) and then flows isentropically
to the exit. Given a nozzle throat area of 0.05 m2 and the exit area of 0.5 m2 ,
(a) Find the area at the shock.
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(b) Find the static pressure and static temperature upstream of the shock.
(station x).
(c) Find the Mach number and total & static pressures and temperatures down-
stream of the shock (station y).
(d) Find the Mach number, static pressure and static temperature at the exit.[16]
Figure 6
7. A 0.4m diameter rotor of a centrifugal compressor for air is needed to produce
a pressure ratio of 3.8. Assuming a polytropic efficiency of 0.85, determine the
angular speed, total temperature rise and adiabatic efficiency. Also determine the
input power for a mass flow rate of 2kg/s at 1atm and 288.2K. Assume a slip factor
of 0.9. [16]
8. Ax axial flow compressor stage blade diagram at mean radius has values of U=172m/s,
V1 =745m/s, V2 =133m/s, Vr1 =270m/s, Vr2 =210m/s and V3 leaving the next fixed
row is equal to V1 . Find the probable maximum pressure change in the moving
and in the fixed row if the medium flowing has a density of 1.6kg/m3 , which can
be considered essentially constant throughout the stage. What type of blading is
this? [16]
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Code No: RR312106 Set No.

2. A turbo-prop driven airplane is flying at 650 Km / h at an altitude where the am-

6. The pressure velocity and temperature of air (γ = 1.4, Cp = 1.0kJ/kg.K) at the

(a) What is shape of the nozzle

2. Describe with a neat sketch components and the thermodynamics of a turbo-jet

8. Explain the following with respect to axial flow compressor:

(a) Cascade characteristics

1. Air enters a compressor at a pressure of 0.14 Mpa and temperature of 278K. It

2. A turbo-prop driven airplane is flying at 650 Km / h at an altitude where the am-

(a) Find the area at the shock.

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