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UCRL-52863
James H. VanSant
March 1980
CONTENTS
Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. . Steady-State Solutions Plane Surface - Steady State 1.1 1.2 2. Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces With Internal Heating Cylindrical Surface - Steady State 2.1 2.2 3. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces N o Internal Heating Solids Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces With Internal Heating Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces N o Internal Heating Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces With Internal Heating 4. 5. Traveling Heat Sources 4.1 5.1 5.2 6. Traveling Heat Sources Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating Extended SurfacesWith Internal Heating .
v vii 1
1-1 1-27
2-1 2-33
Spherical Surface - Steady State 3.1 3.2 3-1 3-10 4-1 5-1 5-31
Transient Solutions Infinite Solids - Transient 6.1 6.2 7. 7.1 7.2 8. 8.1 8.2 Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating Infinite SolidsWith Internal Heating Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating Semi-Infinite SolidsWith Internal Heating Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces N o Internal Heating Solids Bounded by Plane Surfaces With Internal Heating . . . . 6-1 6-22 7-1 7-22
iii
9.
Cylindrical Surface - Transient 9.1 9.2 S o l i d s Bounded by Cylindrical Surfaces No Internal Heating S o l i d s Bounded by C y l i n d r i c a l Surfaces W i t h Internal Heating Solids Bounded by Spherical Surfaces No Internal Heating S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical Surfaces With Internal Heating Change of PhasePlane Interface . . , ' . . . . . 9-1 9-24
10.
Spherical Surface - Transient 10.1 10.2 10-1 10-19 n-i 11-13 12-1 F-i 13-1 14-1 15-1 16-1 17-1 . 16-1 R-l
11.
12.
Figures and Tables for Solutions Miscellaneous Data 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. References Mathematical Functions Roots of Some Characteristic Equations Constants and Conversion Factors Convection Coefficients Contact C o e f f i c i e n t s Thermal Properties
iv
PREFACE
This text is a collection of solutions to a variety of heat conduction problems found in numerous publications, such as textbooks, handbooks, journals, reports, etc. Its purpose is to assemble these solutions into one source that can facilitate the search for a particular problem solution. Generally, it is intended to be a handbook on the subject of heat conduction. Engineers, scientists, technologists, and designers of all disciplines should find this material useful, particularly those who design thermal sys tems or estimate temperatures and heat transfer rates in structures. More than 500 problem solutions and relevant data are tabulated for easy retrieval. Having this kind of material available can save time and effort in reaching design decisions. There are twelve sections of solutions which correspond with the class of problems found in each. Geometry, state, boundary conditions, and other cate gories are used to classify the problems. A case number is assigned to aach problem for cross-referencing, and also for future reference. Each problem is concisely described by geometry and condition statements, and many times a descriptive sketch is also included. At least one source reference is given Problem so that the user can review the methods used to derive the solutions.
solutions are given in the form of equations, graphs, and tables of data, all of which are also identified by problem case numbers and source references. The introduction presents a synopsis on the theory, differential equa tions, and boundary conditions for conduction heat transfer. is given on the use and interpretation of solutions. lem solutions are included. specific problems. Supplementary data such as mathematical functions, convection correla tions, and thermal properties are included for aiding the user in computing numerical values from the solutions. Property data were taken from some of Only the latest publications relating to the particular properties listed. the international system of units (SI) is used. Some discussion
Consistency in nomenclature and terminology is used throughout, making this text more readable than a collection of different references. Also, dimensionless parameters are frequently used to generalize the applicability of the solutions and to permit easier evaluation of the effects of problem conditions. Even though some of the equational solutions are lengthy and include several different mathematical functions, this should not pose a formidable task for most users. to perform. functions. Modern computers can make complicated calculations easy Even many electronic calculators can be used to compute complex If, however, these tools are not available, one can resort to hand The table of mathematical functions and constants would be
computing methods.
useful in this case. Heat conduction has been studied extensively, and the number of published solutions is large. in this text. In fact, there are many solutions that are not included For example, some solutions are found by a specific computa
tional process that cannot be described briefly. Moreover, new solutions are constantly appearing in technical journals and reports. Nevertheless, this collection contains most of the published solutions. The differential equations and boundary-condition equations for heat flow are identical in form to those for other phenomena such as electrical fields, fluid flow, and mass diffusion. This similarity gives additional utility to This practice is pre the heat conduction solutions. The user needs only identify equivalence of conditions and terms when selecting a proper solution. and mass transfer. A search for particular solutions has frequently been a tedious and dif ficult task. Too often, countless hours have been spent in searching for a problem solution. siderable effort. Locating and obtaining a proper reference can require con Also, it is frequently necessary to study a theoretical In so doing, there are This text scribed in many texts on applied mathematics, electrical theory, heat transfer,
development in order to find the applicable solution. should help alleviate some of these problems.
Science gives us information for reaching new frontiers in technology. It is, thus, appropriate to give something back. a small contribution. James H. VanSant I hope this text is at least
VI
C = Circumference, m d, D = h k = = Heat transfer c o e f f i c i e n t , W/m C Thermal conductivity, W/m* C " hC/kA, m"" V Length, m
1
m = q q" =
1
d, L =
2 Heat flux r a t e , W/m 2 = Heat flux i n x , y , z d i r e c t i o n s , W/m = Volumetric heating r a t e , W/m Radius, m Temperature, C, K
Heat transfer r a t e , W
r, R = t, T = Y =
w = Width, m x, y , z , a = B = Y = Y = A = e =
Latent heat of f u s i o n , J/kg Difference Emissivity for thermal radiation ( a c t u a l heat transferred) ) transferred without fins) (actual heat transferred ^ infi i conductivity f i n s )
h e a t t T a R S t s c t f r o m n t e
( h e a f c
T =
vii
Bi B
v h'
r
*v
hx/pcJ,
P o
Fo
2 = Fourier modulus = at/X * , Fo = Modified Fourier modulus Gr = = = = Grashof number Kirpichev number Nusselt number = = gSAtH /v = q./kAt hd/k = = Ki
l/(:
Ki
v
d
N u , Nu
*\,
Pd
Predvoditelev modulus
*v
R
d
Po = Pomerantsev modulus Pr == Prandtl number = v/a = = = Radius ratio = Length ratio Width ratio = = = r/r = Reynolds number = x/SL y/w z/5.
R e , Re X Y Z
vd/V
= Length ratio
= =
Exponential function Exponential integral = Complementary error function = Complementary error function integral
= Error function
= Modified Bessel function of the first kind = Bessel function of the first kind = = = = = Modified Bessel function of the second kind Natural log Bessel function of the second kind Legendre polynomial of the first kind Gamma function
n &n n
viii
INTRODUCTION
1.
HEAT CONDUCTION
Not only do our own physiological functions require some form of The importance of the thermal sciences i n the t o t a l
heat t r a n s f e r , but so do most l i f e - s u s t a i n i n g processes of nature and many mancontrolled a c t i v i t i e s . sphere of science can, t h u s , hardly be disputed. Conduction i s one of the three principal heat transfer modes, the others being convection and r a d i a t i o n . I t i s customarily distinguished as being an energy d i f f u s i o n process i n materials which do not contain molecular convection. Kinetic energy i s exchanged between molecules r e s u l t i n g in a net transfer between regions of d i f f e r e n t energy l e v e l s , t h e s e energy l e v e l s are commonly c a l l e d temperature. P a r t i c u l a r l y , heat conduction i n metals i s mainly a t t r i In f l u i d s , the e l a s t i c impact of molecules buted t o the motion of free e l e c t r o n s and i n s o l i d e l e c t r i c a l i n s u l a t o r s to the l o n g i t u d i n a l o s c i l l a t i o n s of atoms. i s considered as the heat conduction process. The process of heat transfer i n materials has been studied for many centuries. Even early Greek philosophers, such as Lucretius (c. 98-55 B . C . ) , Much l a t e r , the meditated on the subject and recorded their c o n c l u s i o n s .
famous mathematical p h y s i c i s t , Joseph B. J. Fourier (1768-1830), developed a mathematical expression that became the basis of p r a c t i c a l l y a l l heat conduc tion s o l u t i o n s . He postulated that a l o c a l heat f l u x rate in a material i s proportional to the l o c a l temperature gradient i n the direction of heat flow:
where g^ i s the heat flow i n the x-direction per unit area as i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. l a . constant:
*X=-K!X, (2,
/{///ft
I
at
-*
dx * (a)
(b)
FIG. 1.
there the constant k i s c a l l e d thermal conductivity. .ncluded to s a t i s f y the second law of thermodynamics.)
a i l e d Fourier's law for heterogeneous i s o t r o p i c continua. A simpler form of Fourier's law i s for homogeneous i s o t r o p i c continua. md insulated edges as shown in Fig. 1. area A, and thermal conductivity k. The plate has a width Ax, surface example, consider a p l a t e of t h i s of type material having isothermal surfaces The heat flow in the p l a t e i s expressed as
(t
Qx = -kA ]
2 - V
Ax
(3)
(4)
The heat flux q i s presumed to have both magnitude and d i r e c t i o n . Lt can be given as a v e c t o r , g which i s normal to an isothermal surface. example, i n Cartesian coordinates
Thus, For
q = q i +
x
*z
(5)
where i , j , k are unit vectors in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively. Since Eq. (4) defines q^ = -k3t/3x, and similarly qy = -k3t/3y, q = -k3t/3z, we can state
z
(6) (7)
In anisotropic continua the direction of the heat flux vector i s not necessarily normal to an isothermal surface. Example materials are crystals, laminates, and oriented fiber composites. In such materials we may assume each component of the heat flux vector to be linearly dependent on a l l com ponents of the temperature gradient at a point. The vector form of Fourier's law for heterogeneous anisotropic continua becomes q = -K Vt , (8)
where K i s the conductivity tensor; the components of this tensor are called the conductivity coefficients. In Cartesian form, Eq. (8) i s
* - -("ll x
S ' -( 21 fe / 3t ' ^ 3 1 3x
k
+ k
12
*22 ft
*13 H)
+ k
23 l l )
< >
3t 32 3y
3t\ 33 Szj *
To compute heat flow by Fourier's law, a thermal conductivity value i s needed. I t can be estimated fran theoretical predictions for some ideal materials, but mostly, i t i s determined by measurement and Fourier's law, Eq. (2* -. As illustrated in Fig. 2, thermal conductivity can have a large range, which depends on materials and temperature. For example, copper at 20 K has a thermal conductivity of approximately 1000 Wm K and diatomaceous / * earth at 200 K has a conductivity of 0.05 W/m'K. Consequently, heat flow in materials can have a very large range, depending on a combined effect of temperature gradient and material property. Thermal properties of some selected materials are given in Section IS.
3
1000
1
Copper
100
Lead
10
. Fused quartz
a
c o u
I-
-Teflon
0.01
_L
600 800 1000 TemperatureK
200
400
J 1200
L 1400
2.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HEAT CONDUCTION Solutions to heat conduction problems are usually found by some mathe
matical technique which begins with a differential equation of the temperature field. The^appropriate equation should include all energy sources and sinks Also, the equation should be expressed in pertinent to a particular problem. spherical.
terms of a convenient coordinate system such as rectangular, cylindrical, or Then analytical or differencing methods can be used to solve for temperature or heat flow. A common method for deriving the generalized differential equation for heat conduction is to apply the first law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy) to a volume element in a selected coordinate system. By accounting for all the thermal energy transferred through the element faces, the change of internal energy and thermal sources or sinks in the element, and by letting the element dimensions approach zero, the differential equation can be derived. This procedure is typified by the following heat energy accounting of the rectangular solid element shown in Fig. 3. The net heat flow through six faces is
"net
x+Ax
*y ~ ^ + A y
z ~ z+Az
'
(10)
FIG. 3.
(a) rectangular,
where t y p i c a l l y
= -AyAz
Q = -AxAz y
Ml'
= -AxAy
and k , k , and k are d i r e c t i o n a l c o n d u c t i v i t i e s . x' y z An increase in internal energy of the element i s represented by
A I = AxAyAzpc | ^
(11)
where t is the mean temperature of the element, p is the material density, and c is its specific heat. Internal energy sources can be expressed as QUI
= q
tii AyA
Ax
(12)
where q" ' is the unit volume source rate. Examples of internal heating in materials are joule, nuclear, or radiation heating. Summing these energies in accordance with the energy conservation law yields
3 t p c
3T
3x
3qy 3 q 3y 3z
z
t i 4 >
where .
q
3t x 3x '
q = - k -5 . ^z z oz
Using Eg. (14) as a general differential equation, we can derive the following specific equations. 2.1 Rectangular Coordinate System For isotropic heterogeneous media 3t 3x 3_/
3X
D c p c
+ q
"
( 1 5 )
= art +
. pc
(16)
When q'" = 0 , Eq. (16) becomes Fourier's equation. In steady-state conditions, 3t/3x = 0 and Eg. (16) becomes the Poisson equation. When q ' " = 3t/3x = 0, Eg. (16) reduces to the Laplace equation. Nonisotropic materials, such as laminates, can have directionally sensitive properties. For such materials the conduction differential equation in two dimensions is expressed in the following form: 2 pc || = ( k cos B + k sin B ) ^-| + l k sin B + 1^ cos B )
2 2 2 2 ? n ?
2 ~
(17)
-X
where k_ and k are directional thermal conductivities, and 3 is the angle of laminations as indicated in Fig. 4. When the geometrical axes of the nonisotropic material are oriented with the principal axes of the thermal conductivities, then Eg. (17) simplifies to the form of Eq. (14)
n
p c
a?
4 * *4+*-' 3x 3y
2 2
(18)
2.2
Cylindrical Coordinate System Rectangular coordinates can be transformed into cylindrical coordinates
by the relations x = r cos 9, y = r sin 9, and z = z. The partial differential equations (15) and (16) transformed to cylindrical coordinates are thus
P c
37 7 37 (
rk
3?) 7 3 9 \
+
39 ) 3l ( 37)
+ k
(19)
t _ (&
T
i &
r 8 r
i_ i*t . aft\
3^1
p c
(20)
r ae
a.V
For nonisotropic materials with the conductivity and geometry axes aligned as in Eq. (18) the differential equation is
P 3?"r
3rl 3r)
+ r 2 3 e
k Z 3 z
(21)
2.3
Spherical Coordinate System A transformation from rectangular t o spherical coordinates can be accom
plished by s u b s t i t u t i n g the r e l a t i o n s x = r s i n i|i cos ij>, y = r s i n ty s i n and z = cos \|i into Eqs. (15) and (16), which y i e l d the partial d i f f e r e n t i a l equations for i s o t r o p i c heterogeneous and homogeneous m a t e r i a l s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
IV (
r sin 1
r
2 8
J L
k sin
^ If) '"
' <?"
* "
+ q
(22)
ty
at
*
/a t
2 at
E 3 t
1
r
2 2
3 t
2
3t\
" "W
sin * 36
tan * * )
The d i f f e r e n t i a l equation for nonisotropic materials with aligned conductivity and geometric axes i s
3t . r 3 t
3 T r
d)
2
3 t ,
2
*Sl r
2
3
8
. ,., 3t
. (24)
PC j r = 7
+ -5*-=
5- + - ^
3r
s i n i| 3<|)
sin * *
**
3.
SPECIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Some defining equations can have implied assumptions and boundary
They are u s u a l l y employed i n s p e c i a l cases to simplify the method However, F o u r i e r ' s law i s the b a s i s for deriving t h e s e s p e c i a l
Combined Conduction-Convection Thin materials having r e l a t i v e l y high thermal conductivity have very
or c o o l e d , the convection condition becomes part of a heat accounting on a Referring t o Fig. 3 , l e t Az be the t h i c k n e s s b of a On the surface z and z + Az, the s o l i d has a convection boundary
Applying the same principles used to develop the general equations for rectangular coordinate systems should result in
+2
,i,+
fc( ij)-
(25)
p{f r < * - f > - f c ( i i ) 3.2 Moving heat sources The general heat conduction Eq. (15) can also be used for moving heat sources, but a simpler quasi-steady-state equation can be derived by coordinate transformation.
<>
26
if a point source of strength Q is moving at a velocity U parallel to the x-axis, the transformation would be x = x' + U T , where x' is the x-direction distance from the source. By substitution in Eq. (16) we can obtain
I F ('fc-Vfc(|*)*fc ( * ) . & -.
The applicable equation for a moving source in a thin rod that is convectively cooled is
^IXTV^IXT^"^ !it-v
for a particular problem solution. 4. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
<>
28
Solutions to heat conduction problems require statements of conditions. For general solutions there must be given at least a definition of the solu tion region, such as infinite, semi-infinite, quarter-infinite, finite, etc. Additionally, limits can be specified for any of these regions. 10
If s p e c i f i c solutions are needed, then complete conditions must be defined. They could include, for example, i n i t i a l , i n t e r n a l , and surface Other conditions might include property d e f i n i t i o n s . Whether conditions.
deriving a solution or searching for e x i s t i n g s o l u t i o n s , one must decide which conditions are applicable to the problem and how they can be s u i t a b l y expressed. 4.1 I n i t i a l Condition Unsteady-state problems must have an initial condition defined. surface conditions could have initial values. Mostly,
this implies a temperature distribution at x = 0 but, also, internal or A problem solution for x = 0 depends, of course, on whatever is specified at x = 0. 4.2 Surface Conditions The most commonly employed surface conditions i n heat conduction problems are prescribed surface convection, temperature, heat flux, or radiation. bined radiation and convection. It is even acceptable to prescribe two of *.hes3 for the same surface, such as com Other surface conditions could include phase change, a b l a t i o n , chemical r e a c t i o n s , or mass transfer fror a porous s o l i d . 4.2.1 Convection boundary Conduction and convection heat transfer r a t e s on a surface are equated t o s a t i s f y continuity of heat f l u x according t o Newton's law:
-k
at h '
3 x
( x
T )
= h [ t ( x , T) - t ]
b f
(29)
where t_ is the temperature of the convection fluid, and x. is the boundary location. The convection coefficient h must be determined from suitable sources that give predicted values satisfying the conditions of the fluid. (Some correlations of convection coefficients are given in Section 16.) The method for defining h can vary depending on the type of convection or the methods prescribed by those researchers who have supplied values for the coefficient. However, h is usually defined as
11
TABLE 1. Sample convection coefficient values. Fluid Air Air Air Steam Oil Water Water Liquid helium Steam Liquid metal Steam Water Condition Free convection on v e r t i c a l plates Forced convection on p l a t e s Forced flow i n tubes Forced flow in tubes Forced flow in tubes Forced flow in tubes Nucleate boiling Nucleate boiling Film condensation Forced flow i n tubes Dropwise condensation Forced convection b o i l i n g h, W/nT-K 10 100 200 300 500 2,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 20,000 50,000 100,000
t(K ? ) - t
b T
'
( 3 0
>
where t t
(31)
and where 3 1, and t^ is the temperature outside the thermal boundary layer of the fluid. In this respect, one must take care to use the proper fluid temperature and convection coefficient. Some typical order-of-magnitude values for the convection coefficient h are given in Table 1. 4.2.2 Surface temperature Of all boundary conditions, this is probably the simplest in a mathematical sense. and time. It can be variable or constant with respect to position In the real sense, it is very difficult to achieve a prescribed
surface temperature, but it can be closely approached by imposing a relatively high convection rate.
12
4.2.3
" ~3x
<
3 2 )
An adiabatic surface can be defined by either setting q in Eq. (32) or h in Eq. (29) to zero. Inversely, if the solid's temperature di.stribution has been solved, then Eq. (32) can be used to determine the surface heat flux. Understandably, heat flux can be, in particular cases, time and position dependent. 4.2.4 Thermal radiation Heat transfer from an opaque surface by radiation can be expressed as
3 t (
T )
(33)
where a is the Stefan-Boltzmann radiation constant, J " is the combined * configuration-emissivity factor for inuiltiple-surface radiation exchange, and T is the sink or source temperature for radiation. Because Eq. (33) is a nonlinear expression, it is frequently difficult to find exact solutions to problems with this condition. A common method for dealing with radiation problems is to treat the radiation boundary as a convection boundary. write 3t(x , T ) - k ^ where h
r
h [ t ( x , x) - t j
r b
(34)
= o y [ T ( x , x) + T ] [T (x , T) + T* J .
b b
Using this method means that T(x. , T) must first be estimated in order to compute a value of h . After a value for T(x. , T) has been computed from the problem solution, then the estimated value for h can be improved. This, of course, becomes an iterative process. 13
4.3 4.3.1
Interface Conditions Contact Two contacting s o l i d s , either similar of dissimilar, w i l l almost always
have some interface thermal resistance to heat flow between them. contacting surfaces.
The
magnitude of t h i s r e s i s t a n c e can depend g r e a t l y on the condition of the two Properties that can e f f e c t the surface condition include Since there c l e a n l i n e s s , roughness, waviness, y i e l d s t r e n g t h , contact pressure, and the thermal c o n d u c t i v i t i e s of the s o l i d s and i n t e r s t i t u a i f l u i d . t h e o r e t i c a l l y predict i t s value. frequently used. i n Section 17. The generally accepted d e f i n i t i o n of the contact c o e f f i c i e n t is are so many influences on the contact thermal resistance, i t i s d i f f i c u l t to Consequently, experimental r e s u l t s are Some representative values of the inverse thermal contact
o-A^
'
( 3 5 )
where q i s the steady heat flux corresponding to a f i c t i t i o u s temperature gradient i n each s o l i d to the contact c e n t e r l i n e . were in perfect contact. 4.3.2 Phase change
temperature drop of At. defined by extrapolating the v i r t u a l l i n e a r drop, which i s i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig. 5, would diminish to zero i f the interfaces
Other interface conditions include those caused by endothermic reactions such as melting, s o l i d i f i c a t i o n , sublimation, vaporization, and chemical dissociation. A statement of an interface reaction condition defines the difference of heat flux across the i n t e r f a c e . r e a c t i o n i s given i n the form 3t (x ) a t (x )
Yp2
dx
h -hr~ - h ~^r- = * r
14
<>
36
whece y is the latent heat or chemical heat capacity, and subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two phases. 5.0 5.1 Solutions Extending solutions A solution can be retrieved after identifying a problem by boundary conditions, geometry, and other pertinent data. Usually, a temperature solution is given, but heat flow can be derived from the temperature
15
distribution by using Fourier's law, i.e. Eq. (2). If cumulative heat flow is required, a time and surface integration of local heat flux is necessary.
where n is the direction normal to the surface s. Steady-state solutions can be considered as the infinite-time condition for unsteady-state solutions. That is, problems which have a time-asymptotic solution exhibit steady-state solutions for x * <*>. Thus, steady-state solutions can be derived from transient solutions. A steady surface temperature condition can be implied from a convection boundary condition. temperature. For h * , the surface temperature approaches the fluid Therefore, a solution which includes a convection boundary can be
transformed into a constant temperature boundary solution by solving for the implied limiting case. 5.2 Dimen&'ionless parameters Grouping particular variables yields dimensionless numbers that can be useful. Symbolically, they can shorten an eguational expression. But, they can also give insight to the behavior of heat transfer in a particular problem. One very useful parameter is the Biot number, Bi = ht/k. which results from convection boundary conditions. for Bi > 1, conduction is highest resistance to heat transfer, Bi < 1, convection is highest resistance to heat transfer, Bi 1, the solid behaves like k = . This number is a dimensionless time value, 2 Another dimensionless parameter is the Fourier number, Fo = crr/S. , which is found in transient solutions. but it is also considered an indicator of the degree of thermal penetration 2 into a solid. Since crt/S. = (kTAt/)/(pc8.Ai.;. it is proportional to the ratio of conduction heat transferred to thermal capacity. Fo value implies approaching thermal equilibrium. Thus, an increasing This parameter is proportional to the ratio of Thus, we could say that the conduction resistance to the convection resistance.
16
The product of Bi and Fo numbers yields the parameter Bf = ht/pc& which occurs in transient problems having a convection boundary. instead of conduction as in the Fourier number. Solutions to problems having an internal heat source q ' " usually have a dimensionless heating parameter called the Pomerantsev modulus po = q"'Jl /kAt.
2
This is also a
conduction rates. Large values of Po imply large temperature differences will occur in the solid. The parameter Fo = 1/2S&Z semi-infinite solids. When time dependent boundary conditions have a time constant, the solution will frequently include a dimensionless group called the Predvoditelev modulus, Pd = bfl, /d, where b is the inverse time constant. Small values of Pd imply a slow changing condition. temperature. 5.3 5.3.1 Example Problems Steady heat-transfer in a pipe wall Hot water flows at 0.5 m/s in a 2.5 cm i.d., 2.66 cm o.d. smooth copper pipe. The pipe is horizontal in still air and covered with a 1-cm layer of For a 65C water temperature and 20C air polystyrene foam insulation. in case 2.1.2 is It signifies: the ratio of the change rate of the boundary condition to the change rate of the solid is a form of the reciprocal of the Fourier
temperature, estimate the heat loss rate per unit length. The solution given
2ir ( t q =
r
t )
2
. 1 . 2 ^ 1 . 3 _ 1 _ 1 -. In + ; Jin + + r h l 2 2 l l 3 3
A r k r r h r h
17
= 65C
t . = 20C 4 r. = 1.25 cm r k k
h
= 1.33 cm = 400 W/m-C (from Table 18.1) = 0.038 W/mC (from Table 18.2)
5 0 , 9
r , = 2.33 cm
x
^water/ ^
= 6 5 9
2 1
/ *
>
p = 4.3 x 10" Re = h
h
kg/m's
= M 4 8 8
2(980)(0.5)(0.0125) 4.3 x 10
= (0.659/0.025)(0.0155)(2.73)" (28 4 8 8 )
= ( k
0 , 9
air
/ 2 r
l^a* ) * /*
0c
1 1
(from S e c t . 16.8)
air Pr = 0.71
0 2 5
w m
Gr = g B ( t 4
t )(2r )W
3 3 - 1
= 1/293 K
6
V = 1 6 . 5 5 x 10"
G a
m /s
3 =
= (0.025/0.0466) (1.14) ( 8 7 7 4 )
1//7
= 2.24 W/m C
la
(0.233)(2.24)
8.33 W/m
18
^-u
h
3
2nr h
3
25.4"C
Using this new estimate of (t. - t.), we can recalculate h,. = 2.24 (25.4)
1/7
q = 10.54 W/m. Additional iterations on h, would little improve this result. Note that the copper tube and water film have a small effect on the results because they present little resistance to heat transfer by comparison to the insulation and air film. 5.3.2 Transient heat conduction in a slab A billet of 304 stainless steel measuring 2 x 2 x 0.1 m thick and having a uniform temperature of 30 C is heated by sudden immersion into a 450C molten salt bath. The mean convection coefficient is 350 W/m C. Determine the time required for the center temperature of the billet to reach 400C. The solution is found in the solution table (case 8.1.8 and Fig 8.4a):
t - t. r_
h.t
k hi
21 (350)(0.05)
= 1.2 .
=3.4,
2 2 =
3.4& _ ( 3 . 4 H 0 . 0 5 )
a
7 x 10"
19
5.3.3
For the conditions given in 5.3.2, find the temperature at 0.05 m from the end and sides of the billet. The solution is found in case 7.1.21 and Fig. 9.4a for a semi-infinite plate.
hVax
V
W i V r
= 0.27
2^/ca
2V(7 x 1 0 ) (1214)
- 6
~ t
=0.066
t = (0.066>(30 - 450) + 450 = 423C 5.3.4 Extended surface steady-state heat transfer
A 160 C uniform-temperature copper plate has a long rectangular rib brazed to it. All surfaces are convectively cooled by 30 C air having a convection coefficient of 53 W/(m C ) . The rib is yellow brass extending 4 cm from the flat surface and 2 cm wide. Estimate the additional heat loss from the flat surface caused by the rib. The solution for temperature distribution in the rib is given in Case 1.1.17.
\l
*^\
T
b
t
20
t-J _
t1 " t
tan (X ) = Bi
Ir
t53
i3o*
2
01>
0 ,
0 4
(k v a l u e
f r o m T a b l e
18
1)
= 0.0632, X
= 3.1429, X
= 6.2838, X
= 9.4252, Xg = 12.5667,
Heat loss without the rib attached would be q = hA (t - t ) = 53 (0.02)(160 - 30) = 138 W/m .
x f
The additional heat loss is thus Aq = 666 - 138 = 528 W/m . 5.3.5 Rectangular fin heat transfer Use the straight rectangular fin solution to estimate heat loss from the rib described in 5.3.4. The solution is found in Case 5.1.4 and Fig. 5.2.
\ k a " V(130M0.01>
'
3 8 5
tanh {mSLj_
ml c
t a n h
( 0
3 1 9 3 )
0.3193
f
21
5.3.6
Find an equation for the heat transfer rate through the edge of the semiinfinite plate described in case 1.1.5 with f(x) = t . Using the given temperature solution and Eqs. (2) and (37) we can find the heat transfer in the following manner:
. 3t
k ..
(t
. . 3T
.
W h e r e T
fc m
" l
fc
_ k
t~^t
9Y|Y = Q ~ Z
n=l
S i n
^"^C ~
c o s
(n7r
G
00
Y|Y = o / ^XIY = o ^
oo
= 2 k ( t
2 " Vi
It,
s i n
^^C
c o s
t)]^
go
2 n
- 1 3 ' '
22
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.1 19, p. 3-103 Description Convectively heated and cooled plate.
h
Solution
i i - V
+ 1 + (hj/h )
2
( t
Bi t - t.
B^ + 1
Bi x
+ 1 +
-h,,t. 2''2
fc 2
-h
(-
H
1.1.2
19, p. 3-103
The composite p l a t e .
{t
o - V
1 0
] (w /k + 1/IK) + l/h
i
k,
n-2 n-1
* * ^
M ^ ^
V ^ V i^^wA/
V o-
Vi-1 \i-1
Mi'S.
fc fc
H /^
i
+ l / h ) + {x^/kj
i
+ (l/h )
0
J > 1
J
i=l
a /k
i
+ l/h ) + (l/h )
0
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.3 1, p. 138 Solution l-v 2 m
A
fc fc
rv
<ww^
- h - i H v - vf 2
2f
fc
= <k. + k , ) / 2
\*~~\
,J, 1.1.4 2 , p . 221 Porous p l a t e with i n t e r n a l f l u i d flow. 0. t i x t , x = 6.
x 2
t - t, "0
fc
- o
fc
f c
= expT-
vX
P = Porosity.
t fc
0
fc
exp (fx)
, _ <^ x <^ 0
u.t ,k ,p ,c
0 f f
M*
Mean temp:
V ^
P = porosity
S
(See F i g .
1.1)
Section 1.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Semi-infinite plate. t = t , x a 0, H, y > 0. t = f(x), 0 > x > A, y = 0.
:
Solution
t - t = 2 2 _ exp(-rarY) s i n (mrX)
x
n=l V x F o r (x) = t s
2
-t = f(x>
I
UJ
t -t
n=l
1.1.6 3 P- 2 5 0 Rectangular semi-infinite rod.
r
<=
l
,,
+ n L
t = t , x = 0. t = t_ on other surfaces.
x
^ - 2 2
"
t 5
V- ^
XJ
e x p
( X x / w ) + (X x/Jl)
n m
n=0 m=0
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Beating. Case Ho. References 1.1.7 2, p . 130
Description Rectangulac i n f i n i t e rod. t P j U ) , 0 < i < I , y = 0. t = F - ( x ) ,. 0 < x < &, y = w o s x * * . y = w. t = G (x) , x = 0, 0 < y < w.
x
Solution
t a t
i
2
u*
'in
4v
.
S l n
*l
t * G , ( x ) , x = A, 0 < y < w.
._,,
( n l t X L )
(X) s i n (mtx)dx
II
t = F (x)
1
-2
2
[fo - ')]
S i n ( r t I t X L )
sinh (niF/L)
n=l
i
'ft
I V >
< n 1 t X ) f l X
w t = G,(v)-
i
I t = G (y)
2
*1II "
n=l
s i n (iffy) |
G,(X) s i n (nTTY)dY
t = F (x)
2
n=l L = l/w
ncosh
2 2 1
F ^ x ) = F ( x ) = t , G (y) = G (y) = t
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.8 Description Solution
t - t
t = t , 0 < x < l,
Q Q
0. w.
V = 2 y
.
s i n
. .
( n i r Y )
t = t , 0 < x < ,, y h t
r
~L sinh [(Bi + n V l . V J
x j [G(Y) - t ] s i n
Q
(fflTV) dY
at z at
6. 0. Bi < ( h + h )i./k6, x 2
h ,t
2
L - Jl/w
in
Z.I-' j
t 1.1.9 4 , p . 41
Q
t = G<y)
hjj.tnJ
fc
i^o R~
1
- An f 3 . 5 ( d + k / h ) ]
/7777&777777777777777777777777
d
JL
Section 1.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinitely long thin plate in a semi-infinite solid.
n , t
1
d
0.42/
i^k)
( t
Horizontal plate:
1
Q s :
k
ii
i
i "
fc
n>
fl
/A
i
WB l
2 \_ '_
0
o.5<<12
1
1.1.11 4, p. 43
w/
Q=
kwir(t - t ) // \ ( b)
M A n
Section 1.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Thin rectangular plate in an infinite solid. 2irwk(t - t ) in
Solution
Q= -
m
1
T "
1.1.13
5, p. 54
T
i Ll _', _ i
Section 1.1.
t )
x
l.OBw
2 r
Tlk
2 h
l 0
h , t
2
1.1.15 T
9, p. 166
Rectangular i n f i n i t e rod. t = f ( x ) , 0 < x < a, y = 0. t t, 0 < x < a, y = b. = a , 0 < y < b . t = t , , x 0 , 0 < y < b. t = t , , x
t - t = Y n=l 1 A 2 I
0&\
[f (X) - O
s i n (nirX)dX , L =
l/v
V
- x f(x) I
For:
f(X) = t .
l ^ i -
- 1 ^ n=l
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.16 9, p. 167 Description Rectangular infinite rod. t = f (x), 0 < x < I, y = 0. a a 0, 0 < x < I, y = w. = 0, x = 0, 0 < y < w. x V
w
Solution ^ t - t
f
(Bi
= 2 nTl X * ) B i ] c o s h <XW,
+ n
/
X tan (X ) = Bi , Bi = hfc/k , W = w/Jt n n
<y
/
i
y y y
t = f (X)
^ !
For:
fc
f(x) = t, ~
= 2 Bi
-f l" f
fc
fc
fc
, n=l
1 Bi \
+ P J + Bi n/
cos (X ) cosh n
Section 1.1.
Solution
~ t - t
f
(Bi
= 2
[(Bi
X
i
'0
f(x) = t ^ ^ . Bi cos (
fc x n x
)U
2
l "
Section 1.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Case 1.1.16 with t = t ,
Solution
t - t. 2
"i B
2Bi
"
P
fc
l" f
fc
\ r(
n=l L\
2 Bi
x)
n/
n +
Bi
cos (X ) sinh (X W) n n
1.1.19
9, p. 169
- t )/<t_ n
t.)}
t x
- = 2 B i
=-^
2 n
n=l
[^Bi
X tan (X ) = Bi , W w/X, = n n
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.20 Description
z
1 6 V V fsinh (L - LX) + T sinh (LX)] sin (mtY) sin (nmZ) _2Z Z <nm) sinh (L) ' T n=l m=l T m = 1, 3/ 5, n = 1, 3, 5, = (nirVw) + (Jim/d) ,
2 0 t l 2 2
z = z/d
T = (t - t ) / (
- t)
Q
Section 1.1.
Solution
-w < y < +w t = t
2
-d < z < +d .
, x = i. ,
~ Tsinh (L r-i i sinn ^L, - - X) +v TTsinh (LX)3J c COS(X Y) cos (B Z) a.) sinn tidw o s JA XJ cos IP zj x ^ n TO _ , , cos (X ) cos <B ) Tx + B i + Bil^B + B i D + Bi D^sinh (h) fx BilZe m=i n m |_ n J\ m /
22 2 2 2 2 2
B
2
tan (B ) = Bi D, m m D = d/w,
f
Bi = hw/k Y = y/w
= X & /w + B / V d ,
2
X = x/i.,
Z = z/d , T = ( t
- ^ / ( ^ ~ t )
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesMo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.22 Description Solution
9, p. 180 Case 1.1.21 except t = t , x = 0 , -w < y < +w , -c < z < +c . Remaining faces are correction boundaries with h,t .
oa
oo
~ f t, - t. *
1
fc
fc
. _.2
(X Y) cos (B Z)
2 . 2, 2* Z . n=l jn=l
2
A = /w , N = X + B i + Bi , M = & + B i C n i n
2
+ BiC.
,3
case 1.1.21 1.1.23 2, p. 175 Infinite plate with cylindrical heat source. Case 2.2.10
Section 1.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description I n f i n i t e s t r i p with stepped temp boundary, t - t . y - 0 . - < x < + . t = t , y = w , x > 0 .
fl 1
Solution
t = t k = k =
, y = w , x < 0 .
h
m
w >
k
*, .
*.
k
fc
"o
t, t
n
fc
i
i
= y
2 [ V l> - ^
*
( k
fc
f (-1)" sin
n=l
n
(mtY)exp(-mtx) , X > 0
2>
2
fc
{
,f*
"
- l
fc
= y X = x/w , Y = y/w
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.25 Description Solution
9, p. 452 Heated planes on a semi-infinite medium. t = t , x < -I , y = 0 t = t ,x>.+J,,y-0 a = 0 , -I < x < +8, , > y = 0 .
x 2
Q J -l (^
= COSh
lti
,_
Xi
< x < -a
"1
~*
1.1.26
Heat flow from bottom side of semi-infinite plane: C = k [(Xj/s) + (1/TI)J (tj^ - t ) , 0 < x < x .
2 x
t = t
, - < x +
tl
Heat flow from top side of semi-infinite plane: Q = ^[(irxj/s) + l] (^ - t ) , 0 < x <
2 XjL
Yt
i 1 r
X
+oo +oo
Ix
Section 1.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesHo Internal Heating. Description Infinite right-angle cocnec. t t x > 0 , y 0 .
l f
Solution 2 .
w
2 W ; L
2\
2
t = t
0 , y > 0 .
2
nw
^ wJ
it
4 W l
ttj.,
x > W^ , y = w j , y >
t tj , i ^
X
I w
0
*1
w. = w_ = w
x. = y
= x:
I *
1 ,
-K
1.1.28
9, p. 462
t - t t
2
l +
/* s i n X p l n { r / r ) ] cosh(A6)d\
0
- t
" 2
? jj,
\ cosh
(\e )
Q
e = e .
0
t = t
, r < r
r
. 9 = e
*?
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.29 Solution
15
Convection boundary at y =0 .
1. 3 , 5,
k(t1
-s^.fi...i.....
"' " n=l n + (n TT/Bi)
1.1.30
88 27
Periodic strip heated plate q^Wjy) = 0, on 2b wide strips. t(w,y) t , on (2a - b) wide strips spaced 2a on centers. -y = 2a- b
See Fig. 1.6a and b for values of maximum differences on y = 0 surface, i.e. Ct(0,a) - t(0,0)J = At . and heat transfer.
-y = b
r
*'
-y = -b t, h
f
y= -2a+ b
-w-
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Keating. Case No. References 1.1.31 28 Description Case 1.1.30 except Q = surface heat flux on (2a - b) wide strips spaced 2a on centers. t(x, y) - t k L - j. (1
f
Solution . BiX) + 2j
Qa
Bi
^ sin (rotB) cos (raiY) cosh (nirX) + sinh ( f r ) flXJ /. 2~T id T n=l n sinh (nnw) + cosh (miW)
']
B = b/a , Bi = ha/k W w/a , X = x/a , Y = y/a . See Pig. 1.7 for values of T = t(0 , a) - t(0 , 0),
1.1.32
i 10
29
Spot insulated infinite plate with constant temp on one face and convection boundary with an insulating spot on the other. h,t
f
T777?77m \
w
? r
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesHo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.33 32
Description Infinite plate containing an insulating strip. t = t , - < x < < * > , y = w. t = t , - < x < , y = -w
0 0 1 Q
Solution
0 , 0 < x < A , y
= 0.
U
-l f
VI F
fy
i
cos T2TTY)]}
1 + c o s h (TTL)
T TH
1.1.34 19, p. 3-110
x x h
G =
F o r L * < :
F = 2 cos (2irY)exp(-2TTX) - 1 , 6 = 2 X = x/w , Y = y/w , L = V w Infinite thin plate with heated circular hole. t = t , r = r . 1' 1
t t
sin <2TTY)exp(-2TrX)-l ,
~ *.
fc
K (Br/6)
0
fc
3" " V V
x
5 )
, r > r , , t ^ = {t + H t ) / ( 1 + H), H = B i / B i
2 x
B = -VBi + B i
if
h, t
2 2
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.35 Description k5(t - t j q
Q
>
B and t_ defined in case 1.1.34 , 1.1.36 19, Case 1.1.34 with h = 0. p. 3-111 t - t
t
x =
3 ~
fc
>
60 19, p. 3-123
Infinite plate with wall cuts as shown. Heat flow normal to cuts,
q
See Table 1.3 for conductance data K/K uncut" K = ka/fi, uncut Q =K t - t
x 2
Section 1.1.
Description Infinite medium with single and multiple insulating cuts. Case 1.1.37, cut (c), with only one cut.
1.1.38
61 19, p. 3-124
Conductance:
it
(TT/2)[1
- (b/a)]J
- t
1.1.39 I ro
62 19, p. 3-126
to
t = t
, x > |fi/2| , y = I .
Convection boundary at y = 0
5
tfr
t ;n
f
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.1.40 79 Description Finite plate with centered hole.
+
Solution
k(t,
V ^(f)
_2w 2TT \TTr/_
/X
1*1 U
I iFH
1.1.41
i
79
2irk(t
-eftw/d C
r<
_L
T IT-K H T
w
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Beating. Case No. References 1.1.42 79 Solution 2nMt,
V
C{n)
/ 1 0 o E n = 3
n = No. sides
r
l * 2 '
n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
00
1.1.43
l
79
2uk(t 1
t )
2 w / d
T
1.1.44 87
'
t )
2
.r/vwyyyy.
W/W//7?
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
in
Section 1.1. Solids Bounded by Plane surfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
i M
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.2.1 1, p. 169 Description Infinite plate, t = t , x = 0 .
x fc fc
Solution -l
= X + PO X(l - X)
t = t
, x = , .
i to
h-H
1.2.2 4, p. 50 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with convection boundaries. t - t _ 1 - PO (1/Bi + 1) ?_ _ 2 Po_ Po 2 t - t 1 + Bi + H Bi Bi.^1 + Po(l/Bi + 1/2)] (1 - X)
+ + + 2 2
V i
1 + Bi
_h .t,
2
+ H
H = h /h
2
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.2.3 3, p. 130 Description Infinite plate with temperature dependent conductivity. k = k + 0<t - t ) .
f f
Solution (t - t j k
q'-'L
4^ = jr-l Vl
+
2
2B(l-X ,]
_h,t
1.2.4
Z, p. 215
Infinite plate with temperature dependent internal heating, t = t , x = H , q'" = q " + P(t - t )
Q Q
(t - t ) k
0 q
cos (VPOg X)
- l
3
...,t2
Po
&
*
2
cos CVPOg)
= 6Jl /k
Mean temp:
q"'(t) k
( t
m-V
q'"l
Pol
,i
t a n
****$
Section 1.2.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Infinite plate with radiation heating, t = t , x = 0 ,
q' = qYe*
Y X
Solution (t - t )lCY
Q
i to
V-_^
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 1.2.6 2, p. 223 Solution
r ^ = jr- L -
J+x,o<x<
, <X <
u,Vk ,p ,c
f f
^ - i - U - V
^ Mean temp: P
V:_h._|(. . . S i
i
&
^(v^M
r
2
\ P
p.ucA *P ~ k (1 - P) ' h
=
P k ( 1 - P) '
f f
u c &
_ q'"Jj.(l - P) P uc
f
Section 1.2.
Solution
2, p. 227 Porous plate with internal fluid flow and temperature dependent internal heating, t = t , x = l,
2
Bt + 1
2
6t + 1 -
e 7^1 *
E ^t
2
+1
) -
l^(*Jl
2
E \fit + 1
" V
,\
E = e
D
Dl
- e
2 + ( 2 > 2
PO
"-V'W
i
to
v [ v - BP = v - [ v - e?
I
2 2 , a po 2
Btj_-
<1 -
) ( 6 t
2 +
1 }
' * oSp ~
p
f c
p.ucS,
- De \
2
; .
p )
, Po = - - - i /fcj
q B
) - 2
q--a ^ ( - 1 ) " cosh [_(2n + D^XJ cos I (2n + 1 ) | Y | (2n + D j l cosh [{2n + 1 ) | B 1
VA
^ft
^ ,
n=0
Section 1. 2.
(t - t )k
0
= - (X - * > In (J)
2 2
t = t
, x = I. X = y/8,
Section 1.2.
Description
CO GO
2, p. 197 Infinite rectangular rod with temperature dependent internal heating. [" = q,J"(i + 0t). t = t , x = b, - a < y < +a t = t , - b < x < +b, y = a
Q
< - y *
ve + t
n
4Po
S I J^L
n=lm=l
Vm[ n
( m
/ A
)-
P O
B]
X = 2ir{2n - 1) n
, X = 2ir(2m - 1 ) m
^
q"'<t)
A
^
1.2.11 9, p . 171 I n f i n i t e rectangular rod with convection boundary. k k (t - t )'k , - = ^7 + ^-(l - X) - 4 2 Bi = conductivity i n x - d i r . q"'a 1 = conductivity i n y - d i r . s i n (X ) cos (X X) cosh (X AY) In' *n n
1 X
n[ n
2 X
(2X
n>] [ ( J 5 B ^ )
r
< V
2
(AX
n>]
X tan (x ) = B i
n n
B ^ = t^a/k^ B i
= h a/k
2
V i
b ^W
x / b
'
Y / a
'
b / a
Description (t t )U
p
Solution
i n (fflTZ) s i n n=l
R
(mtB)K (ffliR)
0
= J2 [** l " l
, Z = z/H
2 r r
COS
(9
" l ]
M'P>
1
B = b/l
1.2.13
29
Spot insulated i n f i n i t e plate. Insulated on one side and an insulating spot with convection boundary on the other. h,t
4z
77777777777777777777777777,
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
at
Section 1.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description I n f i n i t e hollow cylinder. 2Trk(t 0
Solution t)
L
-"o^o
t - t t. - t
In ( r / r )
Q Q
~ Jin ( r . / r ,
0
(1/Bi
n
+ (1/Bo^
* n - V
n-1 /
r
(t
i=l
"
" '
i=l
th
Temp in the j t h l a y e r :
- 1 , 1 j-l
h [i
\ i /
n-1 .
ln
i iJ
+
j
n
Vi)
jj
r j > 1
j L.
(HJS
y _i_
Section 2.1.
Solution t )
f
An
See Fig. 2 . 1
(*H
= k/h.
V
to
2.1.4
1, p. 138
q =
S-n ( r /
Q
V
2
k = k k = k
i
at r .
Q
V-
(t
-v
*0
k
0
=
at
t^
Vi
+ k
^K fcn(r /r)
0
(t
JlnUg/r^
m "
( k
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.5 Description
00
Solution , .n [n
A c o s
t - t.
2# \~)
27T
^^
+ B
s i n
{ n
* ]'
>
[f<4-tj (n<|>)d$>
f
R [a
[^+>-^]sin
cos (n((i) + b s i n (n^H
uu
t = a
+ ^ n=l
21T
t=f(#)
a_ = r n
-if
I 7 '0 T I '0
t
Q
/ 0 2TT
f(<ld<t>
f (<!>) c o s (n<j>)d<t>
b_ = $ I t = f W ) , r = r For f(<))) =
[0
M>) s i n (n<t>)di|>
n=l
Section 2.1.
Solution
t - t,
= a + 2* \
2ir V>
m
c o s
W
a =
b n
s i n
WH
: / f((j)) cos (ni)))d(|)
aih /
* * ' n
21
) d
irh(l i n/Bi)
<3
n q
irh(l + n/Bi)
J I
f(d>; s i n (w|>)d<t>
F o r
(t-tyh
J.
R s i n ((}))
2 V _
, ,2n
B
cos (2mr)
( 4 n
2C1
(1/Bi)] " * 2 ,
2 _^
+ ( 2 n / B i )
-]
Section 2.1.
2, p. 133 Infinite half-cylinder with specified surface temperature. t = t , $ - 0 and IT. t = f ($) , r - r .
n
fc 0
=f Z
For f (<p) = t : t -t
t = f(#
"1
" n=l
1 #
For f ($) = t
sin ( ) 4)
I
fc
l "
2.1.9
3, p . 230 Cylindrical shell section with specified surface heat flux and temperature, t = t. , r = r.. q = f (<|0 , r = r .
Q
t - t. + a
n (R) + n=l A u ^
0
*J \*f
n
- ^"J
cos (X^)
/ X n nl 0
n X R n + R
-X \ 0
n
2r
=
A J [ <> "
f fc
i]
C O S
<V
) d
X = mt/(t> , R = r / r
0
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.10 Description > Solution u/2
R 2
' V f l
fc
"
s i n
(2n)<t>
[ l
J
t m
_t
o]
s i n (2n<j>)d<)>
t = f(0)-j<
0
=
-1
2R s i n (2dl
tT^T:
t a r i
X-K
2.1.11
2, p. 133
t = t t = t
, r = r .
Q
sinh (X Z)J(X R) t - tl , V """ ^ " ' " O n ' t , - t " " Z X sinh (XL) J (X 2 1 _. n n i. n n=l
u u 1 J
, z = I. For t
2
0 V ' = f (r) ,
z / r
'
r / r
'
A / r
r - sinh [\ Z)J (A R)
Q n = 1
/ J
Q
t - t, r sinh (X^J^X^
Section 2.1.
Solution
, r = 0 , r = t. = r ,0<(|)<ii.
Q Q
1 V W ' sn V> i
nI (X R )
0 n 0
t = t , r t = t
Q
t - t TT Z n=l
, r = r
II '
n=l m=l X n
fc
2.1.13
KJ i
" 0"2
fc
o '
"'V
A
=1 n=l
nW
1
e X p
' n
Q
Z )
2 J R[f(R) - t ]J (X R)dR
0 n
=
J
n Z = z/r If (r) = t ,
t
Q 0
i<V
n n
, J (X ) . 0 , X > 0
fc
. V
e x
- n >V n
l" o"
-A
Section 2.1.
( X
R )
e x p
( - X
Z )
a* + B i } J.tt ) n o n
2
n 1
O n
2.1.15
3, p. 238
Infinite rod with a traveling boundary between two temperature zones, t = t - r = r , z < 0.
lf Q
V^rI n=l
t - t
[-<vT .
P , 2
/2
t = t , r = r , z > 0.
2 Q
Velocity of boundary (z = 0) = v.
1 / 2
]'
<
'
bi
fc
l -
fc
2 n=l
[x
c v w ^ Vi V
2 1/2 n
Section 2.1.
Solution
t - t ^s
~ "f
L
+ 2
V n=l
( X
L ) I
0
n
( X
P R )
( X
Z )
Vk = H
A n
R = r/r , p = r /b
ro I
*nz
U-2I8^ Heating band
2.1.17 4, p. 37 t = t , r = r .
2 2
I
2irk(t - t )
2 x
t = t^,
r = r .
In
V(R + 1) V(R + D
2
S - s
V(R - l ) - S - V(R - D
:
R = r
/ r 2
l' S = s/
r i
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.18 4 , p . 39 Description Pipe in s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d . d > 4r,
h ,t
2 2
Solution
2 l T k
1 ^ 2 " l>
fc
dr-teH-i;-^
h
i i
*S
A
x
k '
2
to
I
2.1.19
4 , p . 40
5^
2
A n
^tF^il
n B l
27ik(t - t )
2 x
?3p
d
w>
k
.
B l
Wu
1
s I s
Vl i -
2 2 "~F'
n D
d - 1
*Lv\
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.20 4, p. 40 Description Row of pipes in a wall.
n
Solution 4vrk(t 2
t )
x
77777777777777777777777777777? h r
B i B i
BV* ['D
Slnh
t^])]
D
hd
l=-P' 2=^ =I
to I
2.1.21
4, p. 38
2irk(t
q
- t )
Q
i =
I*
z, = 1
2>
" ^ U /
fc
fc
^S
2
+
M 1- <V
= iln
(-:) - ^ ^ f ^S?! ^)
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Solution q = 4r k(t - t ^
fl 2
Description
t = v z * -.
t_
t , - t, 2 1 i "I k
iiii_ = 2 -i
I T
sin
[(R-l^ + I ^ + t c H + l ) * ! ] ^
j^fe
2.1.23 4, p. 44
z = zA
q = 8r k(t
0
- t )
x
<2
f. ^ .|
k
1
2.1.24 4, p. 42
4^r (
2
t l
An
k
*H
?
2r,
-n
ft) '(^J
+ Jin
- t ) 4r
Q
, r
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Vertical cylinder in a semi-infinite solid. 2D l&n
0
M
//////S/S/V/A d
H^)]
r
t )
Q
D = d/r
to I
1
2.1.26 9, p. 216 Two semi-infinite regions of different conductivities connected by a c i r c u l a r disk. t = t , z + +.
Q
t - t
fc
21c,
"
fc
'
T ( k
t q
z
= tjy z - - . = 0, r > r , z = 0.
Q
x s i n- 1 [(R - I ,
2 +
Zf
/2
* [(R + I ,
2 +
Z ]
1 / 2
\. z < o .
Z 4
fc
2k,
i~ o x sin
fc
= 1 -
lK^ + k )
2
w/w/mss. maw///,:
[(R - I )
( J 1 2 1 +
2 +
Z ]
2
l / 2 +
[<R + I ) )
2 +
Z ] /
Q
. z < o
g = [4r k k /(k
k ,](t 0
t l
, Z = /r
Z
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.27 9, p. 218, 69 Description F i n i t e cylinder with: t = f ( r ) , z = 0 , 0 < r < r 0" t = t , z = I, 0 < r < r .
Q Q
Solution J V& )
0 n
sinh (CI - Z ] U )
n
t - t, 0
2u n=l
with h,
2X 2 n
0
"
(Bi + \ \ )J
(A
J^ pW " t ]0
0
J + Q n
( R X
, d R
Bi J (X ) = 0, X
> 0
For f(r) = t :
x
t - t,
fc
i" o "
fc
( i
B
2 +
x ) (X
J n
n=l \ 2.1.28 9, p. 219 Case 2.1.27 with t = f(r), z = 0, 0 < r < r . Remaining surfaces convection boundaries h, t_.
fc
n/ 0 n
) sinh (LX ) n
" 0= 2
n=l
n 0 n>
X cosh (CI - Z]LX ) + Bi sinh (CI - Z]LX ) X cosh (LX ) + Bi sinh (LX ) n n n
(RX
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.29 Description = , . _, > ^, I (rarR) l (mrR)
Q n
Solution r
sin ( m r z )
1 i^v
r,
J [ < > ~ o]
.
Z
fc
sin
<
nlTZ)dz
R = c/l
2.1.30
, _, . _. ,
COS (X
. _ , _.T ,
*
Q
<.
* *
Q
, V [n
2)
H
2 n
n
Bl
s i n (X
n> W * ]
I ( R )
t- t =2 n=l
x/\
7~^ l S,
Bl
n
+ X
2Bl
TT ' S,) 0 n 0
&
"O T
t a n (X ) = (2X B i ) / ( X n n x > n
0
Section 2.1.
Solution
s i n (nnrb/S,) s i n (nnrZ)
T o < o
2l fR 1
= 0, r = r , % - b > z > -A + b.
Q
= 0, z = 1, t = t .
Q Q Q
t = t , z = 0, 0 < r < r . q o i
jUIUHUltA/ / / / / / / / / / / /
\
7T7777777777frr7777frrrm.
l.\.yi
00
r = r
Q /
i r
0 < z < %.
t - t
=2 y n=l
|T sin (raiz) / *
0 0
"0
Q 0 Q
F F
R = r/A
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Case 2.1.32 with q
r = c,
t
Solution = f(z),
i
CD 1
0 < z < H.
Remaining surfaces at t .
I (MTR )
0 0
For f (z) = q . , w < z < (SL - w) i = 0,0<z<wand(Jl~w)<z<2,: (t - t )k p s = > cos (nirw) sin (rnrz), n = 1,3,5, V * n F, n=l 1
2
W = w/
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.34 9, p. 222 Description Case 2.1.32 with t = f (r), z = 0, ri. < r < r . , - - - *oRemaining surfaces at t .
n Q fc
Solution 2 j2 2
T
""~ n"o T
1
fc
n=l
S i n h
(LX
n>
u {X ) = 0, X > o, R = r / r
Q n R
i f
z = z/, L = A / ^
V 2.1.35 9 , p . 222 Case 2 . 1 . 3 2 with t = f ( z ) , r = r . , 0 < z a< -& ,. . u Remaining surfaces convection boundary with h, t , .
i t f t
( R A
n> = V ^ n *
( R X
n>
t - t f " =' 2 Z
_ u < : ,
n=l 1
2
J
[X
fl
2 B l
71 JlJ
G (
n )
x / [f(Z) - t"|["X
f
cos (X Z) + B i
&
s i n (X Z)] dz
'o
6(R.n) = W C W W
+ K
-Bl K (X a )]
a 0 n 0 + B i I
(RX
n>[ nWV
0 nV]
( X
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description S e m i - i n f i n i t e cylinder with: t = f ( z ) , r = r , z > 0.
Q
Solution
Jn(*& )
t - t
Q
t = t
Q /
z = 0, 0 < r < r .
n=l
1 J7(TT / [
*
n J
f(Z)
-tol"*
-V n >
+X
'0.\ >0.z
n
=z/r
2.1.37
9 , p . 223
t -
^1 w - / [
n=l
X n J
JnO&J
f(z)
-^
exp (-X Z + X Z) n n
J (X ) = 0 ,
0 n
X >0
n
Section 2.1.
Description - t ))c
= ^ r z = 0, i, 0 < r < r
^^~
0
{mrR,)
n 7 T
ir
W////////A
Ys
R = r /% t m,0 = m = mean temp, over region 0 < r < r. t . = mean temp, over region 0 < r < r
r
T i lo
3 = 0
i r
z = A
'//,
to
V.
o 2.1.39
J
9 , p . 224 Case 2 . 1 . 3 2 with t = t ^ z = 0 and JL, r. < r < r . t = f ( z ) , r = r , 0 < z < l.
Q
t -
t ( J
= 2
(nirZ)dZ
= 0, r = r . , 0 < z < I.
/-t = f(r)
F F
2
z=S
+
f
R = t/l,
z = z/l
\/////7///////// ///////////////,
V/Aj I O '
,* <
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description I n f i n i t e cylinder i n an i n f i n i t e medium having a l i n e a r temp gradient. At large distances from cylinder, t = t z.
f l
Solution
fc 0
W v
<i
Z = z/r
r
Z, 0 < r < r.
o^ 'J
r > r
t z
n
i to
2.1.41
9, p . 434
Sector of a c y l i n d e r , t
t - t
1
=
2 .
tan
-1
sin
(u8/9 )
0
0 < r <r ,
Q
e = o, 9 r= t
r ?
K*-]
0 < 6 < 9
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical S u r f a c e s N o Internal Heating. Description T w o infinite cylinders in an infinite medium. 2irk(t - t )
1 2
Solution
q = cosh R =
(*hiH
2
r ]
/ r , S = s/r
2
to to
2.1.43
9, p . 462
00
= q , 0 < r < r , z = 0 .
Q Q 0
(t - t)k = r q
oo
exp
1 1
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite cylinder with two internal holes. t = t ,r= r .
Q Q
Solution q = Sk(t
i
IO
2.1.45
79
Znkf^ - t )
2
q = Jin
n = No. holes
-M^
, r
< r
l f
n > 1
Section 2.1.
9=
t,
In
/ 2 *
2\
2.1.47
79
2nk(t
- t)
2
n ,
(***)
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Off-center tube row in an infinite | plate. 2TTk(t - t )
x 2
Solution
q =
/6
(a/2d)\
uu
4T&
to
9 (a/d) =
2
exp itrs(n + | V / 2 d
cos [(2n f l ) f f a / 2 d ]
00
9
2 (0) =
exp
n=l
= 1 + V n=l
= i + 2 n=l
(~l)
Section 2.1.
Solution
2TTk(t - t )
1 2
2.1.49
79
-Hfrh-
T~f
XJ
2
XyJ
to
i
CO
2.1.50
79
2irk(tj_ - t )
2
i =
Jin \irr ^
2w
W-M
Section 2.1.
Solids Boundedjby Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Heat flow between two pipes in an insulated infinite plate.
2
Solution 2-nMt! - t ) q =
^^mmmmm^
M
i
ia + J n r i
(i)
2.1.52
79
2Trk(t - t )
x 2
2w I)2rU-
Virr/
f^^^^W
2.1.53 79 Ellipsoid in an infinite medium.
Q =
rVl 4TT
- a /b
M^ - t )
2 2 2
arctanh (Vl - a / b )
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Ellipsoidal shell. Solution 4irk(t, Q = arctanh (c/b.,) - arctanh (c/b )
V
2
c = \ b - a = \ b - a.
x x
l M
2.1.55
79
4-irkt^ - t )
2
An (2/r)
,A
2.1.56 79
2
2i-
37
\k
Q = ck(t
x
- t )
2
ML
0
0.25
0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0
Zl
2r
2-
Section 2.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.1.5? 79 Descc iption Toroidal ring in an infinite medium. t = t 2 K y z-K.
; t t
Solution
4TT
k(t
- t )
2
in Gtjzj
' l 2
/E
>
2.1.58
I
79
4ifk(t
-t )
2.1.59
79
SirM^ - t )
2
s > 5r
k
t,_/
28
3*
_ i
For p a r a l l e l s t r i p s of width 2w, use r = w/2 .
Section 2.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesHo Internal Heating. Description Two aligned rods in an infinite medium. 4TTk(t - t )
1 2
Solution
s - 2% > 5r
22-
*7
2.1.61 79
M
i
]t C
Parallel disks in an infinite medium.
taM^ - t )
2
H
2.1.62 86 Infinite cylinder with symmetric isothermal caps.
kiKtj - t )
2
q - 2 In C2{1 + cos 9 ) / s i n 6]
References
to i
UJ
Section 2.1.
Solution
7 ^ - * " "1
q'"
E
2.2.2
i
4, 51
(t - t )k
= 0, r = r
q'-rj
1 (lit ~ l ] ~
r/r
if
+ l
R 2
+ 2 R
l n
< |
R)
Bi = hr /k
Q
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.2.3 4, 51 Description Hollow infinite cylinder with convection cooled inside surface. q = 0, r = t..
r
Solution (t - t )k
f
\2
f2
1 +
q- "
I M *
r
" lliiK" ]
i-R
+ 2o
An
<>
R = r/r., Bi = hr./k
2.2.4
?., p. 189
Bt + 1
e t
R )
. ,,, 2.
J(VPO-)
g t
.
J ( V g 5
V
=
r = r
0
Mean temp:
...
q^"(i + gt) .
+ 1
2 l
i^
Max temp:
et
K
+i
max 5t +
o '
* (VK:>
0
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.2.5 Description Solution
t _ _ l
o
+ t
V 5 ! '
J <VP5;>
0
2
n
V
= 1
sin n6
n ^
n
>
t = t.
q
r = r
Q f
ir <|> 2TT. .
J (VPo^)
...
q ^ ( i + gt)
n = 1, 3, 5,
p
f$
= & q
r o
in
in
2.2.6
Bt + 1 0t + l
f
J Q " ^ * )
'
VPOT
Po
fJ = ^ " r
l VP^|_J (VP5;)
0
_-!!i vp^)J
Ji(
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.2.7 Description Solution
^H[
3t
B =
J
<VP5~)
3'
(0t + 1)
n
J (VPS;R)
0
T(3t
+ i)
J ( V g 5
[(St. + l) o
g i
"
J (VP5;)
0
Y (VPO;R)
0
o i
(R
V55
3
r
o
R
( V 1
V - V " ^
r / r
VV^>
to I
CJ at
3 = ^ o " o '
.
o
(l - R * ) In (1/R) 1/2
2
2.2.8
2, p. 194 Infinite hollow cylinder with temperature dependent thermal conductivity, t = t, r = r..
fc
. .
...
1
(t - t )K
r
(1 - R ) An(5Q
3
0
2P0"
(k)
_1 Po,
"V "V
0 0
k = k [l + B(t = t >].
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.2.9 Description Solution
6, p. 272 Electrically heated wire with temperature dependent thermal and electrical conductivities.
- f [8-6
k
+B
16 J)
R = 1
* V 0'
k k
r= r
= 1
eO u \
k
t to t - o e e O = 1 + 3 (t - ) .
/ k e t()
/ k
( t
to
= thermal conductivity
2.2.10
2, p. 175
\ \-t. ,h
2
h
2
**
Vl
h
1
* 2 2
+
fc
Section 2.2.
Solution
2.2.11
9, p. 224 Finite cylinder with steady surface temperature. t = t , z = 0 and A, 0 < r < r . t = t , r = r , 0 < z < SL.
Q Q Q
I^V"
q'"4 2
Z^ Z
2
bl
3
4_ V
V
3l
n T r R )
sin (mr2) ,
r -3a. ^
CD
n = 1, 3, 5, . . . Z = z/A, R = t/Z
2.2.12
( t
^ V * _ z^ z
2
4_ V
sin (rnrZ) . _1
q"a
,3 L
n=l
_3
F'
n = 1, 3 5,
z = z/l,
R = t/%
Section 2.2.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Case 2.2.11 with
( t
q'" "%"[}
+ 3(t- t )]
Q
I_ Po
<
n 1 l Z
4. v
0 n
_ _ l
nX
nti
X
2
VW n
- Po, Po = q : " e A / k , Z = z/%,
2
= (2n + 1 ) T T
R =
r/
2.2.14
9 , p . 423
( t - t Vk
n
q'
0
=r
^ m-1 S
I.
i _ (imrR)
n=0 *0
11
c o s f n t f - 6^
. 0 < R<
:z_
j_.
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.2.15 Description , . . .. 0
"
x
f 2.2.16 9, p. 423 Infinite cylinder with point source of strength Q. t - t , r - r . Source located at t \ .
0 0 v
(t - t )kr 0
=
" 2? , n=^"
c o s
n < 9
" 1 1
e
y
0
*P<- l l >
J n
( X
n
J
R )
V W
w 2
z = 0
h-z
? W
=
\>
'
Z B Z A
*[K>- fi ]
0
0'
R = r A
Section 2,2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.2.17 16 Description Hollow cylinder with temperature dependent heating and thermal conductivity.
fc B
V "V
r
" V 0
, 1 . /
at
V 0'
1
b r
%" Q
/bt
q
k
= 0, r - r .
Q
*V
Q q
r a
V
Q b 0
.2
" -<i"r t - 0. k = k
to I
'0
q... = ^ M + ( t
Section 2.2.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Triangular arrayed cylindrical cooling surfaces in an infinite solid.
t
Solution
(t - t ) k
0
to (R)
q'"s
' V
r= r
See Table 2.1 for values of A. . See Fig. 2.5 for t values , max S = s/r , R = r/r
0 Q
0\QJZ
o
q
I "'
Equilateral triangular array
^>z?mfz
i .
T
^.^c^WlB
" P # i VI $ I \ 'A m
:o
^; i -JA
Section 2.2.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Triangular arrayed cylindrical cooling surfaces in an infinite solid. (t - t )k
0
Solution yj
IT
Sn (R)
q'"s
- \W- *]
0*
j-x
i f1 - (H -
m a x
values .
1 , , . ._,
_-*'
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 2.2.19 64 Description Case 2.2.18 with a square array of holes. Solution
an
o efe
-|2r |~0
j=i See Table 2.2 for values of 6. See Fig. 2.5 for t values, max
Section 2.2.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Eccentric, hollow, infinite cylinder. Solution See Ref. 67 for eguational solution.
to i
2.2.21
73
Insulated surface
Section 2.2.
Section 2.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
10 i
Section 3.1.
3.1.1.
4, p. 37
Spherical shell.
Q -
(r^)
t - t *i " - 0n -i
fc
u
l
3.1.2
92
Composite sphere.
< i - V
fc
n-1
y i_/i
L_\
v _J^
_ _ ^
, D > 1
Si"*!
t. = local temperature in j
layer
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 3.1.3 If p. 139 Description Sphere with temperaturedependent thermal conductivity. t t t t .
1 ( t
V
+ k
<V i>
k
fc =
V
Q
r = r
0'
Q
m = <0
i>
/ 2
k - k + B(t - t ) .
V V
k
% h
k
fc
( r
/ r
1 }
u I
to
3.1.4
2, p. 137
t a ^^ V n=0
r n P n(cos 9)
f(fl)
IT
2n 2r r
o 1
Section 3.1.
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Case 3.1.4 with: t * t , 0 < 9 < TT/2
0
Solution
t = o, ir/2 < e < T . i 3.1.6 2, p. 137 Spherical shell with specified surface temperatures.
fc
32
R
R 5
V
+
D )
'
2n l_ 2n l
R +
fc
"V
r = r
0 = 1 ( I) (^H-l-!)
TV
n+
(")
lCOS
9)
t a f(8), r = r. .
ui i
U>
x I R = r/r.
t = f(fi)
Section 3.1.
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Sphere in a semi-infinite solid.
h Q =
i 1 + 2 [ ( d / r ) + (1/Bi)]
Q
y//,y//////////////,
;i
Bi = hr/k 0'
MS
I
3.1.8
4 , p . 43
Q = 2irr k(t
Q
- t.)
Section 3.1.
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Sphere in an infinite medium having linear temp gradient, nor large distances from sphere t = t.z. Sphere conductivity is k, and medium conductivity is
k
Solution
t T
3 k
= [
R +
(R)
o.
A,
3.1.10
59 19, _ \ in p. 3-111
Irradiated spherical thin shell. < _ = source heat flux I s T B sink temp . s a = absorptivity .
aG
l \V 2
+ X
/ .
^S.
Section 3.1.
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Sphere in an infinite medium. t t, r * - .
f
3.1.12
79
4nk (^ - t )
2
2(1 - r/s)
> 5r
0 QE
Section 3.1.
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Two spheres separated a small distance (see cane 3.1.12) in an infinite medium.
Q =
Solution ^ ^ _ ^
+ r / s + ( r / s )
( r / s )
2 ( r / g )
<
+ 3( r / s )
J, 2r < s < 5s
3.1.14
79
irMtj - t )
2
- 2r_/s
s > 5r
(r / )
2 9
1 - (t / ^'
2
3 ^
r H
s
2r,
wsejM';''-3&!*W
Section 3.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
W i
Section 3.2.
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Spherical s h e l l with s p e c i f i e d i n s i d e surface heat f l u x .
fc a
Solution t - t ) k
Q
q'"r.
6<3, RR 0
R
<J< i i'
RR
V
= q
0 '
r
i'
'
R = r/r
3.2.2
1, p . 190
<t *0
t0 ) 3
n , p
1 sin
(RVPO) _ j_ . 1
L
_
o
&
.
r
2.. y
k
sin (V5o)
= 1 0
fc
r. 0 * + 3(t L
t )
0
t - t,
R ,
2
Po = 0
'max ~
sin
(TTR)
,/=-
(t
max - V
ypo s i n (VPO)
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 3.2.3 6, p . 274 Description Sphere with nuclear type heating,
fc
Solution (t - t . ) k *0
"V
r = r
0'
, -
3.2.4
Section 3.2.
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Solid sphere in an infinite medium. k = k, 0 < r < t
Q Q
Solution
<* ~ *J n
i.. 2 0 0
r q
= id 6
- R
+ 2/Bi + 2k /k.), 0 1
n
0 < R < 1
k = kj_ r > c .
f Q
(t - t )k
Q
2
= 1/3R, r > r
<3n"r 0 0 Bi = hr /k
Q
Section 3.2.
Section 3.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
Section 4.1.
Traveling Heat Sources. Description Traveling line heat source in .-..,_ ,.j an infinite solid. t t
Q f
Solution
fc - (-S>o(s^^)
v = velocity of line source q' = heating rate in line per unit length
x -
oo.
v * .
4.1.2
2 , p . 291
( t
- V
/ vxx
I > 1 + 2 , /v \ V T 7 - 1 I
x * <*>, y - oo.
T
w
t'o-"a .h-,^
n
fI
Section 4.1.
Traveling Heat Sources. Description Traveling plane heat source in an infinite medium,
t = t , x . *
fl
Solution (t - t)kv . v
(t - t )kv
0
4.1.4
fc
" . k 4n
fc
e x p
e x p
L <*
L
Y>1
J
g'/kr
2a
^i
Section 4.1.
Solution
q"
2
AU
e x p
2a hC/kA)
1/2
U = (v + 4a
t .h
0
X
x v
v = velocity of source q' = heating rate of source C = circumference of rod A = cross-sectional area
i u>
4.1,6
9, p. 268
Traveling point source on the surface of an infinite plate and no surface loss,
t = t , r * .
fl
'^^ - k . * i ^ [ - a r / D
n=l cos (2|p)exp{vx/2a) r 2 2 ^ 2 = x + y
v = source velocity in x-direction q' = heating rate of point source
''''''jdr. ,%
Section 4.1.
Traveling Heat Soucces. Description Traveling line source on the surface of an infinite plate with no surface losses, t = t , x . *
Q
Solution
(t - t )vwk
0
g'a
1 + N n=l
cos(mrz/w) (1 - N) exp(vx/2a)
N = [ l + (2afflr/vw) ] /,
1/2
TV
4.1.8 9, p. 269
^<m
a
<= - v
q'a
f c v
2 r*
" TT I "'x-B
+B
1/2
]dX
thW/A
Section 4.1.
Solution ( t ( x , z ) - t )kirv
f
X+L
2aq
Vz^T
X-L
00
Source = q
Section 4.1.
(t - t )irk
f
T + V
y R
n=l
nfW + B i
W = r "Vno)/a
+ V2 W Bi)
Section 4.1.
Solution (t - t )2nr k
f n
4.1.11
34
- 2n
n
+
W>
X
+
(Nu /4)
2
W
g
-J
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources. Case No. References 4.1.12 34 Description Infinite cylinder with a moving ring heat source on its inner surface.
X
Solution
{t - t ) 2 T r r . k
f
n=l\ I
J (X
J ( ^ R) V n '
n
iV
^(XJJ)
*0 ( * -) ' V
n
1
t(z.r.t)
n[ l nV W
2
2
- W WV]
,
2 n
fiinB~neat source"
^ [ W V W " WVW].
C / r
L
-
2 J
A
n n
i OB
[ww - ww] w
\ - "I {[WV W - WVW]*
+
i' ' *
r. l
See F i g s . 4 . 5 a and b .
Section 4.1.
Traveling Heat Sources. Description Infinite cylinder traveling through temperature zones. Solution
r Z.
4.1.14 7i
h,.t.
z.
h ,t
2
* , ' / >
Zone boundary
Melt zone
Source
4.1.15
71
Section 4.1. Traveling Heat Sources. Case No. References Description Solution
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 5.1.1 Description Solution
C
r exp (-mx)
t - t.
x . *
V
in I
3
Total heat l o s s : Q = VhCicA tan (ml) <t - t )
Q f t
5.1.2
7, p. 43
. ;
z: i E
h,t
f
'
fc
S-^e
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesHo Internal Heating. Case No. References 5.1.3 7, p. 43 Description Finite rod with end loss, t = t , x = 0.
Q
Solution mkA
2 )+
h /mk
-h .t.
2
t - t^ r
fc
o"
m =
cosh rm(8. - x)] + (h,/mk) sinh [>(, - x)] * cosh (mil) + (h /mk) sinh (mS,)
P
J 5.1.4 7, p. 44 Straight rectangular fin.
h.t
f
kA
Use m =-Jjfo
i n
c a s e
5 > 1
'
tanh (m& )
< *
Recommended design criteria:
2k/hb > 5 ,
Section 5.1.
^(z^I)
0
2h
i^ziU)
, See Fig. 5.2.
0
t - c t c
o " f i (2-ca*)
0
>OTi (2Ve;)
Vb = 0 . 6 5 5 j | | ,
Optimum l/b
ratio:
5.1.6
t- t
fc fc
h(t - t )x x q'
0 " f
- v)
h(t
Section 5.1.
t - t -1/3V m = -V2h/kb
fw-fVF
fix)
q = kbm(t Q
t )
f
2/3
-1/3
(H (H
*
l
ST
i ^/ad"*)
/ (f )
3
raa
, See F i g . 5.2
5.1.8
1 0 , p . 175
t - t t
. JJ \Jl/
+
- t
f(x)=|(f)
3 =-i
q -
|Vl
4mV
Section 5.1.
fc
"HCOS e
2
e
[ W W
l
( e
WV c>
3
=
V e
, I
" V^e'V^o*
IHV
WW
+ WW
- tan 9) 2 tan 9
, H = W k sin 6,
* -* -i
0
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case Ho. References 5.1.10 7, p . 54 Description Cylindrical profile. finrectangular Q = 2Trx bkm(t - t )
b 0 f
B ) I Q
I^x^) ^
{x m)
m = V2h/kb t - t
fc
f
K (x m) I (rm) + ^ ( x ^ ^ f r m )
x e
0 " f ~ V'e^VV vt
1
fc
^'V^flV
, See F i g . 5.3
b o b
~ e b ]
(x
/!
)2
I ( x m ) + 0K (x m)
0
use F i g . l_
2 / 3
Cylindrical fintriangular
(g)
profile.
v
[i-(VV ]L V3 *
m = V2h/kb, 6= | x m,
b
, + B l
-v*
"/
\ / l
3 2
-2/3
See P i g . 5 . 5 .
L
2/3
fe)]
Section 5.1.
Description o - rkMbx / ,t
2l
t .fo/aty'-a/s'V -
^ ^ V W V ]
fc
fc
I / 2
1/
4o (1 - pi
1 / 2
(B
n
T*[
- - / M = V2hAbx- . B = M x f , B - f Mf , B = M X
2 b e b
3 / 2
n - (K - x ) " M/MKSITP, P = V e
e b
>3/2
J
Section 5.1.
Solution
hlTX.
"T
( X
e b
/ x
2 )
( x
e b "
/ x
1 }
(t
0 " V
Profile:
, ,
h r
|3\r)
e [l/x \
"2x;
1x
1 e'
6x-
m
I
CD
5.1.14
Q = j kd m tanh (mfc) ( t + =
t a n h n
t )
f
.1
J
*C *
=r
m i >
'
, m = V3h7kd
, See P i g .
5.1
^f
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Pin finsrectangular type. Depth of fin = b. Solution Same as for case 5.1.14 except ( 7 d J is replaced by (bd),
. 1 ..-/F
5.1.16
m
1
C
7
10, p. 117
E ^ I . ^ .
Bl I , (M)
({t
t - t.
t
nj- ^(MVx/JO
f
- t
\x
I M)
l(
, See F i g .
5.1
41,(M)
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Pin finsconcave parabolic type. Solution
irkb [V9 + 4M - 3j ( t 81 0
2 n
t ) -f
f
1+WgW
2 2
1 +
M" )
I (M)
Q l C
1/2
, M = V-ln/kb S.
See Fig.
5.1
5.1.18
1 0 , p. 121
164
0 3/4
- t
I (M)
Q
' "
3 \kb
See F i g .
5.1
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite fin heated by square arrayed round rods. See Fig. 5.6 Solution
m
i
*-o
5.1.20
10, p. 135
See F i g .
5.7
r\ V) u.
w rz
h,t
f
8n
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 5.1.21 Description Solution
h(x) = ( * U h ( ) .
Y a
0 ~ f " 2
fc
-Ml
1 / (
.l/(Y 2)
Y >
+ 2
\ -L.
Y+2
r
I 11 V * "" ( ) U_
t
(0)
h a
= av coeff.
h(x),t
f
Y+2
V
l/(Y+2)
A
rrii"
jt+2 Y+2.
I
in I
<mJl) ^ >
+1
-(y+i)/(y+2) a
"I 5.1.22 1 0 , p . 191 Same conditions as case 5 . 1 . 2 1 with: h(x) = h. (1 + a) Ix/SL + c ) ' . ,a+l a+1 (1 + c) - c
_ 2-VY + 1 Y + 2
*fc
fc f
fc
/u^rv^wv
2(1 - n)
1
-^""^I'V
-.0i-cw^ ""!!
u = 2n
(4
1 -
n \1/2
( 1 + c )
(x/a + c ) + o
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 5.1.23 Description Solution 2m8, ./ / xc\ n = , u = nVi exp(- ^ )
" n l
+ n+1
( 3 )
3 = n
w
( B )
4-V [ n-i
l = ["". m
n 2 n
~^nlf-"'/)
n
+ n-l ]
<S)
( B > n
[" n *
n J
Hi-l** ]
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Straight fin of rectangular profile radiating to free space. t = t , x = 0. T = T , x = SL. e Space temp = 0 K. Solution
20OGT
B = complete beta function B incomplete beta function see Figs. 5.8 and 5.9
in i
U
-iH
hi-
10
OK
W,
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Straight fin of rectangular profile radiating to
k b T
Solution 1/2
Z + Z + Z + Z+ 1
5 Z
V ~
nonfree space. T = T , x = 0.
Q
\hkbZ
QVkbT
Q
5
K
1 0
, K = 20E, Z = T / T
x Q
>JuLl
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Straight trapezoidal fin radiating to nonrree space. T = T , x = 0. K , = incident radiation 2 absorbed from s u r r o u n d i n g s
T
Solution See Pigs. 5.12a, 5.12b, 5.12c, and 5.12d. X = b /b = 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 (triangular fin), e 0 K = 2 ae.
oJ
bo
r
/
J
V
Y< 'T
Profile: f(x) =
1-x
Straight fin of least material radiating to free space. T = 0, x = 0.
J22kaeT: 1/2
or.
J2_
2aeT
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Straight fin with constant Profile: temperature gradient radiating to nonfree space. . . dT T - T J) e K S, T 1 0 10kZ (Z - l )
K JlTg(Z
x Q = 5
Solution
2 |[x * fc - ] - i - =$-ftc. - ])
K
5 K
1S
dx ~
'
- 1}
K
5(Z - 1)
Q e
Z = T /T
ui I
dT dx
T ' -T o I
n
= 2 ae
z -L
5 Z ( Z - 1)
5
KjT*
e,mm
1/4 2'"l' *
Section 5.1.
Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Radial fin of trapezoidal profile radiating to nonfree space. T = T , r = r.
0 0
/ K
0
' " ' "*|
r
-\
A
K,
l~
Section 5.1.
Solution Side: t - t t - t O r cosh (mx) + sinh (mx) p . , (mr ) / I (mr )1 ~ cosh (mJl) + sinh {mi,) Tl, (mr )/I(mr )1 L l e u e J
Insulated i n s i d e s u r f a c e s . sinh (mS.) + [cosh [ml) - l ] [ l (mr ) / I (mr )1 * ~ mJl{cosh (mil) + sinh [ml) [i-finr Top: t - t t
Q f
(7)
U1 Ito
1
I (mr)/I (mr )
0 0 e
- t
- H h - i8
Section 5.1.
~
fc
fc
o- f
Q
t = t,
%
x = l.
= kbil
- t )]]
in
I /^1
M|
B =
ro
See F i g . 5.17
Section 5.1.
All surfaces convectively cooled by h, t_. < = - 5 - jsinh (m b) + V2u/v tanh (ma) [cosh ( b) - l]} h m x ra..b * x y u x
v
Horizontal section:
'VL
in N
rrt
^ ^
t - 1 ,
fc
0" f
fc
h = "y
F tanh (ma) * , ma F =
cosh (m b) + yivfv
tanh (m a) sinh (m b)
m = "Vh/kv, m = Vh/ku x y
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 5.1.33 10, p. 413 Description Double T, straight, rectangular fin.
fc =
V i
r
f
< ^
A l l surfaces c o n v e c t i v e l y c o o l e d by h , t .
y^"V2[
P
O M h
^22> V V 2
t a n h
lm
y2 2
<
x sinh ( m
X x 2
2 ] '
1}
2
<
<
2 '
<b
*a
l
S i n h
%
x
J
2
f
2
+*1 " m ^ C
P P K
^ l *
je2 2
l
2 2
( C
S h
l l'
a 1 f1*1
x2
%
a
J
b
Horizontal section:
u
- 1
t - t T-^E- 0 f t - t. t
Q F
- t
12 1 = > *y2 m a
y 2
p i?
Section 5.1.
s i n h
(m
x2 2'
}
x cosh (m, 2 2 ]
c
2 V u
]/ i
t a n n
^yl !
13
i to
m m
x l
= V2Vkv
lf
x 2
= "V2h/kv = V2h/ku
Ul
y l
= V2h7K^, m
y 2
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 5.1.34 2, p. 179 Solution t - t ,
Description Insulated wires adjoined on a convectively cooled plate (e.g., thermocouple wires). t = :, r - . Wire radius = r . w Wire i n s u l a t i o n thickness = <S. Wire therm, cond. = It . w I n s u l a t i o n therm, cond. = k . B = Vk~T + V F T wl w2 H = "V2(h + h )/kw
kpWthj^ + h ) ( l / h . + 6 / k ) 1/2
2 1
P l a t e therm, cond. = k .
l to lb
nMi
"2' f2
l
Section 5 . 1 .
Solution cosh (A) sinh (B) + H sinh (A) cosh (B) + (T /T ) sinh (Dx/x ) T^
=
sinh (D) cosh (A) + H cosh (D) sinh (A) 0 < x < x _ ^
H h C k x
A j , A_ = a r e a s . C
V
C = circumferences.
2
ft
- ^ j , B = m ^ - x), D = m ^ , T = t - t
h C k A m
I f-h,,t *\~
Ul
t
| _h ,t
2 f
=V l l lV 2 2 2 2'
l =V l l
/ k
l l'
V 2 2 2 2
/ k
1
x
P
X
T*
T ~
cosh (A) sinh (B) + H sinh (A) cosh (B) + (Tg/TJ sinh (m b - m x) sinh (D) cosh (A) + H cosh (D) sinh (A)
X. < X < X
I to
h i-*i
F^r- *
A = IILX^ B = m ( x
2
- x), D = m ( x
2
- x ), T = t - t
x
H =V 2 2 2 2 ' l l l l'
a b o v e
'
Section 5.1.
t - t.
0 < x < x (t - t )
f
cosh (m x - m x)
2 2 2 =
- t
in i
H = V h C 2 2 l l l l ' "l = V l l
2 2
/ h
/ k
l l'
2 =V 2 2 2 2
Section 5.1.
Extended S u r f a c e s N o Internal Heating. Description Concave parabolic f i n radiating t o non-free space. Solution See Fig. 5.19 for values at ( > N ,N ). J( N
c
= (2eo-FA T^)/kb , N
0
= K /2ECTFT* .
2
T = T. , x = 0.
D
P = view factor.
ro
5.1.38
31
Convex parabolic fin radiating to non-free space. Conditions same as for case 5.1.37 except profile is: f (x) = -~ "VI - x/JL
See Fig. 5.20 for values of < > N , N J . j( N and N given in case 5.1.37. c s
5.1.39
81
Section 5.1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 5.1.40 83 Description Sheet fin for square array tubes with
t
Solution
loo -loo
2 2 0
convection boundary, h t .
f f
'
J 2 K IVBT[<X - mA) + < - nA) ] Y ) n=- m=-a jaa ^0 J~ 1/2 K <RVBT) + I (RVBT) ^T ^ K [&VBT(m + n )J
n 2 2
0
01 I to
o o o o (. o4 o4
*
n=-co m=- n, m / 0 . 2n
HVBT[(A/R)
2
- IT]
400 4CO
(.
K^KV&T) - I ^ K V B I )
o o
,1/2 ^T K [A^i(m + n 3
2 2 0
1/2 K [AYBT(III + n 0
2 2 0
Section S.l. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
i to
Section 5,1. Extended SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
to
Section 5.2. Extended SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Straight, rectangular fin. q = q . x = 0.
Q ( t
Solution ~ f q
Q t )
t )
f
I
I u>
2m
- 1/3 - q /hb(t - t )
0 0 f
' V^O
~ f
fc )
<
1 / 3
m = Y2h/kb, t = t , x = 0
5.2.2
1 + 2 1 km (t - t )
Q f
MSB
o|/- ' f
EZ3
Section 5.2.
Description
Solution
i u M
Section 6.1.
Solution
= 0.
<
00
Section 6.1.
Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Case 6.1.1 with a plate of different properties.
t
Solution
-^-
= 1 - r^T i
1),
CO
- 1 < X < +1
. %l
0
I to
2i
J)
fc
fc
l"*/
x erfc f 1 - K ;. + K
1 +
" n=l
1 , 1 < X < -1
/x - 1 + 2nvsr^rr\
, H "
P
2 2 2
Interface temp: t - t_
fc
2K
1 + K
y
2
<-H)
n _ 1
erfc^Fo*^, X = 1
0 " ^
(1
K)
n=l
2 0
"
*
fc
K "
X + K
fc
, / X - 1\ erfc/ |
\ VFO-;
2
21 2K
(i
/ erfcl
f
2 l
V^
K)
+
Section 6.1. Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 6.1.1.2 74, p. 427 Description Case 6.1.1 with a pulse source 2 of heat of strength Q J/m* a t x = 0, x = 0 t = t , - < X < <*>, T = 0. x {exp (2n - X)' 4 Fo, + exp (2n + X)' 4 Fo, -1 < X < 1 (t t )p,c b
i 1
Solution
Q 2
TTVFOTV
F o
l/
f. n=l
(t I
t^p^jb (-H)
^ y ^ { l + KJVTMPO^ ^
n-1
x exp
I^^VF:; ^
=
1 2
).
i<*<-i
P
P
l ^
k
2 2 2
l - K 1 + K
_ Fo
6.1.2
9 , p. 54
t - t.co t
Q
1 - X
a
rf
x ) H^ K ) x
erf
+ F
x erf
K)
= 0.
m
t = t , b < x < - b , T = 0.
/at , + J-2~iexp
(x + b)'
+ exp
(x - b ) '
2 exp
Section 6.1.
Solution t - t 1 1 5 = - = J[erf(
| y | < b,
F o
; - Fo*)
.rf (*
Fo*)]
T = 0.
t = t , | x | > d, | y | > b , T = 0.
a
x [ e r f ( F O * - Fo*^ + erf M
)]
6.1.4
3 , p . 407
i n f i n i t e cylinder source.
fc
t = t_ 1 +
00
"V
<
0'
Q
'
exp(-X^Fo)
t = ^
J*(X) + YJ(X)
Section 6.1.
* \ V - j e x p ^ - F O ^ ) ] exp[(Fo * 2 Fo VT r
r
Fo^) ]
See F i g . 6.3
Section 6.1.
Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Case 6.1.5 with a sphere of different thermal properties. Solution
I I A . . i (^\hi?
fc
exp
K
r2
P
l L
P
1
P ( 1T
R)
i
J
fc
l 2 - Vl
1 .
P
AI_S x erfc/
VFOT\
x
- f A-iSM , R < i .
2V
X
W
t-t_
fc
V l ^f "
/ R
o " ^
Merfc/^^\ i laVioTi
, ,
M W
2 +
2 2
~
5
F^ "
x
erfc
\vnq.
K
e X
~ (K, - 1) (K V l f
P( 2 2 " 2
rtC
~ 2
V B
2|
1- ,
K
/
\
^7 l\ ,
j
+ K
l
1 +
2 "
2 ^
(K -D(K
2
/ . /R - 1 + 2 0 : x exp(p^Po - P R - 1 + 2 > 5 7 ^ ) e r f c / ^ _
2 x 2 2 2
~ V ! )) ' *
K
1
5 5
- ^ 1
" 2 2 2 '
P C k
K
2
-^
" V
P
X K
" 2 " 2
+
1
P
2
- Vll
X + K
V 1 '
Section 6.1.
t - t, - fr
= |[erf(po;) l] -<x
+ /
I
-J
6.1.7
7 , p. 89
00
wJ
f (x + \a)exp(' -X )dX
Section 6.1.
Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Adjoined semi-infinite regions with contact resistance, t = t , x > 0, T = 0 . t = t , x < 0, T = 0.
2
Solution t -t ,
1 + A
e r f
K)
+ H
+ e3
*( i
x + H
f i )
X >
/4
x erfc IPO
( x
fl )]) '
+
/2
sp^q = r r ^ [
00 c k,
0
t -t ,
erf
I xl - * ( v
2 2
Po
e3
h^
k, 1
ot2
. i l L p L , H - J&(1
k,A
2 k *
A,
6.1.9
9, p. 88
x > 0
0. 0.
t - t
t-r^
= rir
k, a 1 2
>
e r f
(l x l)'
po
x <
Section 6.1.
Description Plane source of heating between adjoined semiinfinite regions, t = t., - < x < , T = 0. ^ = q, X = 0, T > 0 = heat source strength.
k
2
Solution
( t
" V i
a
*\
<ri
k
{ t
" V 2
q
/, *,\
0 2
CT
k,
-x t.
*a
at I is
6.1.11
1, p . 341 9, p . 261
t T T T " F15
e x p
(" r j '
Fo
r > r , r
Q
+ 0
T =
VVT
Section 6.1.
Solution
- t
(\
'
% ) P["( r*
ex
Fo
r')] o(
2i
F o
*\)
i =V=T
I H
6.1.13
t - ti 1 / * *\ t - = erfcfPo - Po I t
fc
Section 6.1. Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 6.1.14 Description t - t. i t , - t. . BI (Bi + 1)R Solution
j e. r f . _ ,P o , _,cj .
- Fo J _ ,
expQBi + 1)(R - 1)
(Bi + l ) F o ] e r f c | P o * - Fo*
+ (Bi + 1 ) V F O | |
6.1.15
9 , p . 248
(t - t.)k - = R lecfclFo*r ^ q r
Q
0
0
- Fo* )
/ * * - exp(R - 1 + F o ) e r f c f F o - F o
t r
,-Yl +VfoJ
Section 6 . 1 .
i'
"
" V
T
~ "*
t.t i - t t _ o
_ ,.
fc
= co'
fc
>V
= "
" ^r^n^y
6>^V
'0
- 0
0
r
= z-z:
expl- X Po
IdX
V 0
I
4TT Va
3 / 2
fe
"'
tjkr 0
1
4TT
Section 6.1.
Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Spherical shell source. t t., r. < r < r
I I
fc
Solution
fc
o -
r
eXP
( R
-i) i
eXP
( R
i) i
R > R
0'
tpr-^ S ^ m
R = r/r
i
L"
4Fo J ' V 0 *
0. too' r > r , T = 0.
Q
If the shell is a steady source of strength Q.: 2,2 ( t (r - r ^ X - *>* V5- f i_ exp 4a *0' I 4ir r - / ^ X
(
exp
to
dX
For
i
: + _1 4ir
( t - t )kr
6 . 1 . 1 7 . 2 1 , p . 342 9 , p . 263
7. t
gA
0
wa /T A. l 72 * J x *VVr
2
e x p (
~ ^ /4a)dX
Section 6.1.
r > r
r
Q f
= v -v
T T
= 0.
>
J.
jJ(X) + Y*,(X)
q r
See F i g . 6.4 0 ,
(7T
_
F O )
-1/2
+
1 /FoV
/ 2
_ 1 _ _ ,
+
t 0 - 1 .i)
n
2 - i ( r j
R = 1
- V
n t |
/R - 1 \
(R - 1 ) V F O 4R
3/2
2
(t -
) = VI
e r f c
(l?f5)
+
i e r f c (~2Vfo) _ / R - l \ ^
_ (9 - 2R - 7R ) _ ,
.2
l e r f c
5/2 32R'
D
(^Vfo)
6.1.19
9, p . 337
^ - - 2 Si f
i "
Q fc
e x p ( - X Fo)
f
1
M
0 Q
^
X
Section 6.1.
r > r , T = 0.
Q
/" T
2 1 V
X R ) Y
( X )
X R ) J
( X ) d X
>
Vo
0\ H Ul
For Po
( t _
1:
V -* Vo
/4Po\
= A n p ^ f ] - 0.57722 \ R '
2
Section 6.1.
Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Case 6.1.20 with two dif; erent thermal materials, t = t., r > 0, T = 0. q
r
Solution
( t
- V i
f r
/ 2 \i o
(X
>v
A ) d A
= q r r = r , T > 0.
0 Q
J,(X)
VO
IT 1
L
XR
*\
Y
VJ 3 (2 + *") ,
X
en I
dX , R > 1
*- i
KJ
o(>/5 ) " ^ V
A ) J
i(^T
Section 6.1.
Solution
cylinder in an infinite
fc
medium.
0 4B l " 0 " n
fc 2
fc
t = tjl, r < r , T = 0.
Q
= P 0 1 1
0 2 1 0 X 0
/ P
6.1.22
9, p. 342
Infinite conductivity cylinder with steady heat source in an infinite medium, t = t ; r > 0, T = 0.
Q
00
(t - t )k
Q
exp(-X F o ) ] ^ , M < IK
k,c ,P
0
Section 6.1.
Description
4Y f
/,2
i.
J^Xjfj^XRJlf)
2
- Y(BXR)^T[dA
0 2
t = t , r > r , x = 0.
Q Q
x (4> + i|> )
R > 1.
e =vs^,
6.1.24 9, Point source of rectangular (t - t)4irrk
=v o
p. 402 periodic wave heating. Q(T) = 0, T < 0. Q(T) = Q, nt < T < nt 0' '"0 0 + T n = 0 , 1, 1,
n
l f
(f??) - l+ 1
2 2 2 2
x[l 0
tX
p(-X )]
0 < T < T,
Q(T) = 0 , n T
+ T < T < (n + 1 ) T
n = Number of cycles, t = t ,
m r
- =.
i o'
/ T
T / T
o'
Fo
* trtv^l
Q(r)
Section 6.1.
Description
Solution
*
= Q E i
Q~
<"
F o
4 T
_ 2
- exp(-A + O^A ) + r J d A
2
/0
x[l - exp(-A )]
0 < T <T .
T
/ T
0'
T / T
0'
t /
^ o
d f
i H
6.1.26
46 19, p. 3-63
Section 6.1.
Section 6.1.
, . ' ; ' .
;
. .
Description
Solution
to
Section 6.2.
Solution
(t M
o < r < r
l f
> o.
_^.-/ -HHHi4)
'1 -i
J
t.)k
du, r = 0 , Z = 0
0t
= 0, r > r ,
| z | > A,
For
SL * ">i
t = t , r > 0,
(t a
|z|
> 0, X = 0.
^"t(-^-i-C-A.) 0 *1
Fo = orr/r,
t,)k
r = 0, Z = 0
to to
q'" = 0
1
6.2.2
9 , p . 347
Case 6 . 1 . 2 3 with a c y l i n d e r
fc
CO
2 1
-j
0 1
and i n t e r n a l h e a t i n g , t = t , r > 0, T = 0.
Q
" V'O _ 4
qA"r0 *0 "
2
f
2
IT i
I l l
I I I
ql",
0 < r < r .
n
T >
0.
( t - V)Q - t kk
n
2 f
Section 6.2.
Solution *2 r *2 I__ ! _ L
4
9, p. 348 Sphere with internal heating (t - t )k Sphere with i n t e r n a l heating ( t - t)k . . . .. 5 i n an i n f i n i t e medium. q ' <rr j'" 0 0 t = t . , r > 0, T = 0. ... = .., 0 < r < r ,
2
2
2 R
,
e r t c
/ i _ R\ Q / l + R\ / ^ - ^ \ - 2R i e r f c ( ^ ^ r ) V Fo / \ Fo /
2
* 2 Fo 4
q"
=0, r > r ,
Q
^{"try-^^m
0 < R< 1 .
T>0.
T
B
(
V
y\ 7 F
'
i _: o ^o" o
r2
fc
, k
FO*
_ 2 R
Section 6.2.
Solution (t - t ) k
Q
6.2.4
9, p . 349
I n f i n i t e conductivity sphere in an infinite medium with contact resistance, t = t , r > 0, T = 0. q ' " = q' ", o < i < c , T > o. q " ' = 0, r > 0, x > 0.
Q Q
in
2
r
l_jh_Bi Bi
6 2 .2 it
K B
*o
o
oo
I to 1.Pl' V 1
C k
< - V
^0
fc
K Fo
[1 - (K Bi Po)/2 + . . . J
+ Bi Bi
3 P
K=
p
1 1
o o
Section 6.2.
. Heating. Solution
1 + Po Fo, = 0.
i-rnc2
2
, ) ( _ H^
n - le j *
r <2n - 1) + x"j
u
n=l
2^sr
-Z < x < I,
+ 4 Po Fo,
1 ierfc [ ^ - ^ ] J\,. - 1
+4 p F i2erfc 2
< X< 1
- Tti [* (!*)
1
lq'"
(f*J)]
X 1
JULA*
K(l + H) V , n - l L
m
2 n V
V I^ - \
, 1 < X < -1
+ 4 Po Fo
i'erfc
V
K
2 ^
f(+x
)\
" hr '
P
i~rl'
1
>
= f
<~ -
x)
f(+x)
22 2
Section 6.2. Infinite SolidsWith internal heating. Case No. References Description Solution
Section 7.1.
Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Constant surface temperature, t = t. + bx, x > 0, x = 0. t = t , x = 0 , T>0. s Solution t- t / *\ h ~- = erf(Fo ] + ^T0 S 0 s For b = 0:
V
s Q
_2
k(t - t ) " W
7.1.2
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 7.1.3 5, p. 80 74, p. 206 - exp( i
B x +
Solution
t -1.
i_
fc
1 - erf
f- i
fc
K)
Bi
2 F
o )[l - erf( *
x F o
B i ^ ) ]
t ,h
f
*,
"i
7.1.4
2 , p . 275
t - t. i - ( l + 2 Fo* ) erfc ( F O * ) - bT
2
Fo*. exp(-Fo* )
t = t, + br.
7.1.5
1, p. 258
(t - t , ) k
i ^ - - ^ r
2
"Vf q Var"
0
*2 e r f
K)
+ e x p
K)
<* - V
, x = 0
See F i g . 7.7
Section 7 . 1 .
Solution
fc
fc
x = 0, 0 < T < t
0
t = t , X 0, X > X . t = t., X > 0, T = 0. 7.1.7 9, p. 63 Time dependent surface temperature. t = t., x > 0, x = 0. t = bT, x = 0, T > 0.
t - t.
f o +
t, - t ,
erfc
i^TTT - K ) v ^ T T
1 ^
(V T- )' >o
2 a( v
2
br7.1.8 9, p. 63 Time dependent surface temperature. t = t,, x > 0, x = 0. t = bVr, x = 0, x > 0. t - t. - = expf-2 Fo* j - Vir Fo* erfc^Fo'j bx
2
bV7-
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 7.1.9 9, p. 63 Description Time dependent surface temperature.
n
Solution t - t.
bfn/2
i = A(f
)iW( ;)
PO
b' r
.n/2.
7.1.10
9, p. 64
Section 7.1.
Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Convection boundary with step fluid temperature t = t . , x > 0, T = 0. t
t
= t ,
x
0 < T_ T ^ <
T > T.
v
t -t
= e r f c
( x) " [ x ( / j| [ *
- exp
Q
F O
e x p
B i
H2
erfc
Po
( / )]
H 2
hVa(T - T )
n
Ol
x erfc 2Va(T - x )
0
,T > T
2KV5T
Section 7.1. Serai-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 7.1.12 9, p. 76 Description Step surface heat flux, t = t., x > 0, T = 0. g^ = q , x = 0, 0 < X < T . c^ = 0, x * 0, x > x .
Q Q Q
-
T
7.1.13
m
9, p. 76
t - t. = 1, x = 0, 0 < x < x
fc
" i
fc
-1
0 < x < T .
0
= 0, X = 0, X > X .
Q
Section 7.1.
Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Time dependent surface heat flux. t = t . , x > 0, T = 0. q
x
Solution
" V q V5? t
0
( t
n / 2
_ H I + n/2) , x = 0, x > 0 n
<*!)
= q T
n
n / 2
, x = 0, T > 0, *
<t_ti
0
n = - 1 , 0, 1, 2 . . .
q Var T
n72 =
2 l 4 ) n / 2 r ( 1
n / 2 ) i n + l e r f c
K)
7.1.15
3,
p. 402
" ^
= 0. - B erfc
t = t , x = - b , T > 0.
r<2n + l ) b - x~|j
I
2
1 J)'
-b < x < 0 ,
tt
t - t,
Section 7.1.
Solution *\
?H
V"
n i
erf 2 F
/
F
* \
p. 409
t = t0 < x < b,
T = 0. t = t , x > b , x = 0. t = t , X = 0, T > 0. O
t-ri- -
K)
I " b * V
t, - t
(t -\[) (I I) 1
Q
H n _ 1 e r f c
n=l
(2n
"
X)
b * x ] '
o < X< 1
Fo
t-^-l- = fiT[ Z
i
n=l
( t
+
l - V
x
K f
e
(t
- t ) (i + x)
"
2 K * * Fo - Fo. + (1 + K) ( t x b
t)
x
Y n=l
n - 1
~ P,ck '
2 2 2
l"l l
- 1 + K '
1- K .
B
" V "
_JJ
Section 7*1.
t - (t-v
X = 0 , T > 0.
c o a
()'
t = t , x > 0 , 0
t=0.
max " 0
fc
exp
(-)
J,
Time for t
max
t o reach x: , m = 0, 1, 2,
Si
fc
m
n
2 Yawnr"
0
r-r =
TI\
Tf\T
-)\
-r-rr
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 7.1.17 Description
fc
Solution _ ^
e x p
(,^)
t
C Q S
^.- ^
(-LJj|
t =(t - ^
f> fM
iy
+ (2/HJ +
( 2 / H 2 ) ] 1 / 2
t = t , x > 0, X = 0.
< -SJ
I
(t
fc fc
exp
(-^)
2 1 / 2
fM " V
[ l + (2/H) + ( 2 / H ) ]
7.1.18
t - t + t,,, - 0, 2raT < x < (2m + l)x , m = 0, 1, 2, . . . t = t - t , x = 0, (2m + 1)T < x <
a 0
(2m + 2)X 0' 7.1.19 7.1.20 7.1.21 2, p. 248 Quarter-infinite solid. 2, p. 248 Eighth-infinite solid. 2, p. 248 Semi-infinite plate.
T = period of periodic temp tm = mean surface temp t_ = deviation of surface temp from t Dimensionless temperatures equal product of solution for semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and solution for .infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7). See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
Section 7.1.
Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite cylinder in a semi-infinite solid. Cylinder assumed mass less. Solution Time for soil to reach steady states * C(d/D + l / B i )
D 1 , 4 4
WAMMWAWM.
2,
C = 4.6 for const, cylinder temperature. C = 6.0 for const, heat flux from cylinder. The heat transferred during the time given above:
_2SL
SQ (t - t )
c f 2
1.25 = 12(d/D + V B i )
D
Temperature of cylinder = t . Initial temperature of semi-infinite solid = t. t > t . c f The time for the cylinder to return to temp t after st jady state is achieved and heating is stopped:
e
3 | = (d/D + l / B i ) ' f D
D
Section 7.1.
Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description S e m i - i n f i n i t e surface heating, t = t., 0 < x < ,
-oo <
Solution (t - t ) k q Voa ~ Vn
A o
f K ) # (" )J ' * =
y
rfc
Ei
Fo 2
<
+oo, x
0.
q
q
= q, x = 0,
= 0, x = 0,
7.1.24
9, p . 264
(t - t ^ k
^Fo
%*
-oo < y
<
+00 ,
= 0 .
q = q , x = 0, ^x ^o
ii*_\
E i
f. /ujrfl _ /^_*f
E i
L (L^L\ '
x = 0,
y > a, y < - a .
See F i g . 7.5
Section 7.1.
Solution (t - t.)k
' ^ -
= 2 /Po
ierfc
= 0
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 7.1.26 Description Maximum temp Cinax
- tj)k
Solution
-=
sinh
_i
_i x
/i\"
V
Average temp:
x = 0.
T > 0. g^ = 0, x = 0
> w h i > *
2 . 3/2 ] | *--^ J I, -w < y < +w, -A < z + A, x = 0.
J
T > 0.
i
L = S,/w
Section 7.1.
Solution
-2 -T
[ d - T ^ V T - !
(T
l f
T)/V5f],
q = q (T)f x = o, T > o.
0
q (T) = 0, T > 0.
0
0 < T < T,
q (x) = q ,
0 0
(t - O k
Q
nt
<
< nT
^r-
=T i
w +
W^ [ ^ - V ^ -
(T-V
-I
w/vr].
n = 0, 1, . . . q(T) = 0 , n t
i
%
T
0 +
Q
< T < 1 .
+ X
:(T T> = j
r
V J
+T
dX
X [l - exp (-X )]
, T =
x T l
q lr)0
T = T/T
Section 7.1.
7.1.29
j
t = t
T >
i r
r = r , z > 0,
Q
0.
0
t = t
, 0 < r < r
, z
= 0,T>0.
Section 7.1.
Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Plate and semi-infinite solid composite with constant surface heat flux, t = t , 0 < x < <S, 0
Q x
Solution
vvy.
2 g" VcQr
i^== "2m
, 0 < x. < 6
( P
7.1.31
74, p. 211
t -t
tprt
- I P ^"d
ex
x)
e r f c
(iTBJ '
Bi
d d)
Fo
t = t, x
f
0, T > 0.
+ exp ( Bi X) erfc
d
( T ^ ^ ^ T ^ I )
.
d
Th t
" d d>
B i
( V 5 I
d^a'
Section 7.1. Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 7.1.32 74, p. 465 Description Semi-infinite plate with fixed surface temperatures. t = t., 0 < x < SL,
00
Solution
Hi_ . to - t. l
1 *
y ATi
S=lil
n
s i n
y = 0, X > 0.
- 2 exp
(~n )
Po
erfc
( y)]
Xn = mt.
Section 7.1.
Semi-Infinite SolidsNo Internal Heating. Description Semi-infinite cylinder with fixed surface temperatures. t = t 0 < r < r,
i r
Solution
0 < y < ,
= C.
t = t
t
0 < r <
r =
c,
Q
y = 0, x > 0.
"V
<
< <*>, T
>
0.
r.
7.1.34 74, p. 466 Case 7.1.33 with: convection boundary h, t at r = r , and t = t , 0 < r < r ,
Q Q
W "
2 Bi J (X R) exp (-X Z)
0 n fl
~ n=l
r+
J(X
) (si n \
+\ ) n/
r
( e r f c X
Z = 0, T > 0.
Bi J . (X R) B i J . (A R)
T t B
*\
+ F o
,. / . 2 , , 2 \ H? V>
(
n
( n^
n=l W
B l
+ X
n)
VFO" - Fo*)j .
W "
Bi
References
References
10
Section 7.2. Semi-infinite SolidsWith Internal Heating. Case Ho. References 7.2.1 9, p. 79 Description Steady surface temperature and initial temperature distribution, t = T, + bx, x ^ 0,
T
Solution
- 0 .
^ bx T T-
PO
_ * *2 FO . x
t = t , x = 0, t > 0.
Po
q " ' OT
kT,
7.2.2
9, p. 79
(t - t )kB*
o
r + \ e
X - e x
PO
\PO
t " t , x = 0, x > 0.
erfc (Vx + F o * ) .
* Po =
a" " 0
q
X = aB"T
k? e>
x
Section 7.2.
Semi-infinite SolidsWith Internal Heating. Description Case 7.2.1 with band heating, t = T, + bx, x >. 0, T = 0. 2 i e r f c [FO*(1 - X)lj + ~ t - 1
2
K)) i7
fc
+erf
K ) |,
X> 1 .
* qi"O T Po _ ^0
Description
I n s u l a t e d boundary and band h e a t i n g . t = t . , X> 0, T = 0. a = 0, x = 0,
T
X)]
q"'
T
[ F O ^ X - 1)] - i e r f c
[ p d j j x + 1)] ) . X > 1
> 0. = 0 , x > d.
q'"
to
-J I
7.2.5
9 , p . 80
(t -
tW
Q
Po
\
*
X
Po
*+
X
2X\
erfc
K)
+ 0x) e r f c ( x + F o * )
q'"
= J"e*
q (
& X
,
q^'OT Po kbx
X > 0 , T > 0.
, X = B Vor
Section 7.2.
. V n=0
n
L
,2
/ (2n + 1) + X\
0 .2 ,
T = 0.
f(2n + 1) - x |
+
.2
x e r f c
/ 2 n + X\
-e
xe r f c
L 2-vfe J i + x
\2 m')
= 0, x < 0, T > 0.
X .2 . 1 + X x erfc
( t
V n=0
0 a
i'o"
E?
,
/2n+Jx\ \ 2Vf5 /
i 2 e r f 0
^ ]
2 i 2 e r f c
_
2 2 x
X- 1
P o
6 = V^7o , X = k A , 3 = YTT'
= JT"' * b
Section 7.2.
9, p. 307 Time dependent heating and convection boundary. t = t . , x > 0, T = 0. q'" =q^'T
S / 2
qA/'OTC
D. + (s/2)]
s = - 1 , 0, 1, . . .
7.2.8
qA" at
t = t , x = 0,
Q
> 0.
Section 7.2.
Semi-infinite SolidsWith Internal Heating. Description Exponential heating. t = t , x>0,t=0. Solution exp (-2 M F o )
2 qj "V5t
ierfc
K)
ex 2M F
[l - exp (M) ]
e r f c
" 4M
eXp
M>
[ P (" x)
( x )
Fo
- M
t p J
M = j Vaf i See Fig. 7.10 7.2.10 74, p. 383 Planar heat pulse and convection boundary. Instantaneous heat pulse occurs at x = 0, x = x, with strength (t - t ) k x
f x
Qa
2VnFo
(X - 1) 4 Fo
2 X 2 + p
V
f
- Bi exp
(X - 1) + B i Fo erfc
'
^ Bi V f o I
m t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
t ,hf
References
i 00
S e c t i o n 8.1.
S o l i d s B o u n d e d by Plane S u r f a c e s N o Internal H e a t i n g .
Case N o . References
Description
Solution
8.1.1
9, p. 94
Infinite plate with steady surface temperature. t = t(x), 0 < x < %, T = 0. t = t , x = 0, H, X >, 0.
Q
t - t
= 2
w
= /
n=l
I*.
1
Pol
oo
l
8.1.2
9, p. 96
Infinite plate with steady surface temperature and linear initial temperature. t=t_ T = 0. t = t , x = 0, l ,
Q
t - t ,
0 . 2 V (D 8 - t ~ i n=l n , rZ
n-1
T > 0. _
K M
Section B . l .
S o l i d s Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description I n f i n i t e p l a t e with steady surface temperature and bilinear i n i t i a l temperature. t = ( t - t > (- c Q
1
/ 0
(2n
1 }
_
2 n +
<
f "]
ierfc
exp
12U&L. u
4
2 Fo
"
|x|)/ = 1 n=0
T = 0. t = t , x = 1 , T > 0.
0
| > n 4 2) - l x | l \ L 2VfS J)
IsA"/^
09
l to
Section 8.1.
Description Infinite plate with steady surface temperature and biparabolic initial temperature. t = (t - t ) (a - x ) /
e Q 2 2
Solution
fc
0
n
32 Vn=0
t"t " 2 Z
(2n + I)"
lll
cos
(2n + 1) TX T 2
exp
[.ia-iid^^j
T > 0 (see case 8.1.3), T 8.1.5 9, p. 100 Infinite plate with steady surface temperature and cosine initial temperature t - t t ) TOS + t , -2. < x < +. c T " 0. t = t , x = ,
Q
Vo
() -(-4-)
<v o
(ft)
T >_ 0.
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case Ho. References 8.1.6 Description Solution
9, p. 97 Infinite plate with 74, p. 113 steady temperature and constant initial temperature. t t., -i. < x < I, T t
6XP
F0
Mean temp:
x = 1,
1
T > 0.
IWA'VA'
n=0
1 2
n
1
^ . l 0
^ " . P O < 0 .
Heat loss:
Irt-V^v/*
J. 2pc -
w, (t.- t.) ~ Z X TX^ + sin (X,,) cos (AJ" i 0 _ n I n n X = (2n + l)u/2, See Fig. 8.3
t
Sln
X F
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case Do. References 8.1.7.1 74, p. 220 Description Solution X cos (X x) exp (-X Fo. ) C _nX + sin (X ) V n (X j r n ** cos l)
n
Infinite plate with convection boundary (general). t = f (x), -, < x < +1, T = 0.
t - t =2
f
f x ) (
_ j
fc
c o s
n=l cot (X ) = X
n
JO
CO
J. 8.1.7.2 3, p. 294 Infinite plate with 74, p. 223 convection boundary constant initial temp.
t = t . , -, < x < +fl,
i
t - t
T = 0. (see case 8 . 1 . 7 . 1 )
"
+ X
VFO"
+ Bi VFO) /
f + erf c Z \2
\ - exp
feid
L
VFO/
+ X) + B i F o ] e r f c f + Bi V F O ) , \ 2 VFo '
J
Section 8.1.
Solicis Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite plate with time varying surface temperature, t = t. -I < x < H, T = 0. t = t. + bT,
f
Solution (t - tj) a = Fo + n=0 x cos |{2n + 1) | X1 See Table 8.1, Fig. 8.16 and Fig. 8.25.
X = + ,, T > 0.
os I en
t(r)-
-t(T)
s\/ss/\
8.1.9
9, p. 104
Infinite plate with time varying surface temperature (general), t = t., -. < x < %, x = 0. t = t
=lt
J^ <*> * VW" wo *[
n=0
( 2 n
V' Fo]
at'
+ f(T),
X = H, T > 0.
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesMo Intecnal Heating. Case No. Sefecences 8.1.10 Description Solution
"~
t - t
1 #
- < x < *
i _ T - tx.
4_ ^ ir ^
n=0
( 2 n
,., + 1. J , , 1fi
v
L "
( 2 n
(-1)" #> X) ^ , , 2/ 4 2 . . , 2 l + p d
T = 0. t = t . + T (1 - e " ) , x = 1, x > 0.
bT
exp I-
(2n
+ 1) TT 1
j-^
2
PoJ cos j -
l"(2n 1
j - Xj ,
+ 1)TT "j 1
b ? (2n + l )
ir a/4A
8.1.11
9, p. 105
I n f i n i t e p l a t e with I n f i n i t e p l a t e with m e n t i a l l y varyi exponentially varying lace temperature surface temperature. t . , -2, < x < H,
T = 0.
V ^
(-1)"
( 2 n + X )
4 P d / 7 r
( 2 n
rf]
t = t. + Te , x = 1, T > 0.
b T
...
-,2_2 2 2
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 8.1.12 Description Solution
S = X, cos [(2TTT/T )+ *]
0
"rax t t
cos
f^(XCT) + fjtXCT) =
f L
i -1
t(T)H
-t(T)
t {a)
x
f^xa) f (xa)
2
= tan
f^a)
f^Xa) + f (a)
2
t^a)
) F(a)/a
Section 8.1.
Solution
t = t , -a < x < a,
t
+ 4
' I
n a i n (6)]
n=0
IT
2
II
x exp [- (2n + l )
P o / 4 ] cos [
( 2 n
\ 1/2
l ) l t
x]
tM-
t(r)
= arg
<^^* ^ V M
K-i-
-H
Pd = Hio/ti
Section 8.1.
SolidB Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Solution t - t. = A s i n (wr + S + if) tm-tx
on
A n
9, p. 105 Infinite plate with periodic surface temperature on one side, constant temperature on the other, t = t 0 < x < Jl,
i #
V
^-
n(-l)
n=l t = t. + (t - t.) I 'm i sin (tur+ 9), x = I, T > 0. t = t., x = 0, T > 0. t = maximum surface m temperature. x exp (-n
IT
nV +
urV/aT
Fo ) s i n (n ir X) 1/2
A =
09 i
sinhfxVH,^,)
< = arg > | sinh , Pd = K w/a .
f ^SO
-t(r)
K-'H
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case Ho. References 8.1.15 Description
fc
Solution " *Q t, - t t, - t ~ 1 0
=
n
X
B i
(T.-T*)
s i n
"
(rntX) "
, l i W
n
e
X (T-x") - -^ ~ XT . n
n
1 - e
X (T-T")
-v *'
T
tr^-f- = f Z j r X x
fcJ
s i n (nirx)
*
1 - e
T L
ri
n
< *r + T ,
n = 1
t t , X = %, iflj
Q
- (mT + T . ) , m "1
V U i
1 ,
T B period of c y c l e .
'
Description
9, p. 109 Infinite plate with steady surface temperature on one side, insulated on the other. q = 0, x = 0, T > 0.
4 V
n 2
(-1)"
+
i-r^ = 7 Z n
(
i L
1 x
J
1
t =t
l f
x = a,
1 -
A (T,-T') n 1 '
A (T-T ) n - e XT n 1 - e
, x ' = t - mT, m
00
"
fc
4 V
(-1)"
f"(2n + l)ir J
1,
X = a (2n + l ) n
ir /4
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite plate with steady surface heat flux and convection boundaries, (t - t)h 0' *0 -2 Po - Bl See Fig. For Bi * ; . Bl
2
Solution /=/Fo
\
r-
T T
exp
+ Bi + 4 Bi Fo
t = t , 6 < x < %, x = 0.
Q
exp ( Bi 8.18
V So; * '
t= t ,
f 0
>
> o.
"
< -V
GO I
f c
VF5(
t ,hf
hiH
Section 8 . 1 .
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description I n f i n i t e p l a t e with steady surface heat flux and variable thermal conductivity t = t , ~Sb < x < +,, T = 0. k = k(t). a is constant.
Q
Solution
J-/
Q
k(T)dT
"" " -
T = (t - t ) /
0
t ( ) f
k = k(t )
0
For k(t) = k
[ l + 3 (t fc fc
t )]
Q
k(t)
ff
k
0j
k ( I
) d T k(T) dT =
'0
"0
- 0 , 0( - M '
+
B t
fc
2 \
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite plate with steady surface heat (t - t.)k Solution
flux. t = t.,
1
-1
x
V x=
n
n=i
T = 0.
V V
= %, T > 0 . J1
rnt
OB i
1*4 i-*|
Section 8.1.
Description Infinite composite plates with convection boundary and infinite thermal conductivity. t = t ,0 < x < & , x > 0.
2 2
Solution
fc
l "
fc
fc
- 2
X
fc
0 - f "
l " 2
t = t
1 ?
< x < %
i. ,
x
fc
o-f"o~H
fc fc
X
\
+ b
i"2
l ,
2
T = 0. q = 0, x = 0,
X
2 = l
b b
CO i
l 2 = l
= h P C
3
b P C b = P C
h is contact coefficient
b
between 1 and 2.
l 2/ 2 2 V 2 - V 1 l V 3 V 1 l \
k->
h,,t
f
-*,-K*H
Section 8.1.
3, p. 476 Infinite plate with steady surface heat flux and convection boundary, t = t-, 0 < x < %, x = 0.
q
'^V'l-WPo
^ ( - t )k t
f
VSPO/
. < i
T 0
x 0 '
= g
X =
' *
T >
*0*
-h,t,
00 I
T > T
K-H
8.1.21 3, p. 349 Infinite plate with unsteady surface heat flux; convection boundary and infinite thermal conductivity, t = t , 0 < x < %, T =
f
\f~2
cos (arr - b) 2
1
2 m +u
exp (-nrr)
= q.cos (urr), x = 0.
*****"+
. * x
% '
k-> -h,t.
fc
hH
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Solution Dimensionless temperatures equal the product of solution for semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and solution for infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7). See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
Description
2, p. 248 Semi-infinite plate, quarter-infinite plate, infinite rectangular bar, semi- infinite rectangular bar, rectangular parallelepiped. 9, p . 113 I n f i n i t e plate with unsteady surface heat f l u x , t = t . , 0 < x < I, T = 0. q^= 0, x = 0, T > 0. m/2
8.1.23
DO
m/2
2VFO"
OS i
'
*"
T > 0, m - 1 , 0, 1. =
V-i-A
Section 8 . 1 .
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Case 8.1.23 with t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
r
m+l
( m / 2
X)
y ^
m+1
^ > -
- i^erfc
[<
t o
* ^
8.1.25.1 9 i to
p. 120
I n f i n i t e p l a t e with steady surface temperature, convection boundary and variable i n i t i a l temperature. t = f ( x ) , 0 < x < a, T = 0. t = t , x = 0, T < 0.
Q
co
2\
(t -
^ - 2 > n=l
r-1
exp U* V
x / -'0
[t
- f (X)] s i n (X X) dX
-h,t
j-H
Section 8.1.
8.1.25.2 74, p. 239 Infinite plate with steady surface temp and convection boundaries. t = t , 0 < x < A,
Q
(i
B
n=
cot (\ \ + Bi = 0
T = 0. t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
Q
f*-*00 I
o
-h.t.
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Solution sin (X ) cos (X X) X
n
74, p. 236 Infinite plate with parabolic initial temperature and convection boundary,
2 c c s
*-
., B~
^ S
/_L_ _ i \
+ sin (X ) cos (X )
n n
exp
*)
t - t - (t - t )(x/A) ,
o < x < a, T = o.
t = t , x = 0, T = 0 . c t = t , x = SL, T = 0. s
X tan (XJ = Bi
j-^i-J^-i-^l
00
t ,hf
h,t.
Section 8.1.
Description Infinite plate with steady surface temp and convection boundary, t = t , 0 < x < I, x
Q
Solution
tf-to
Bi X - 2 Bi 1 + Bi
Y n=l
Foj
(Bi + B i \
+ X
J sin (X ) n/ n
t = t , x = 0, T > 0.
X cot n
+ Bi = 0
-h.t,
K-iH
8.1.28 9, p. 126 Infinite plate with a steady surface temp. Convection boundary and linear initial temperature, t = (t^- t )x/S, + t ,
Q fl
[Bi (t - t ) / ( t - t ) - Bi - 1
f n 1 p
= X +
Bi + 1
2 {Bi [(t - t ) / (
f 0
tl
- t )]
0
2
, ^7 - Bi
-h,t.
X cot ( ) + Bi = 0 X n n
h-'H
Section 8.1.
Description
Solution
8.1.29.1 9, p. 126 Infinite plate with two convection temperatures. t = t , -fc < x < +i, T = 0.
Q
" 0
f
BiX
Q
. V
- t
" 2 (Bi
V
1, "
B l
^.2
2J .
s
Po; ")
cos (X X) exp ( - X
n 2 2
Fo)
2 "
tn.h"
-h,t
L-i n=l
/ _ . 2 . _. . , 2 \ ( B i + Bi + X J cos (X )
[i-^l*-*|
8 . 1 . 2 9 . 2 74, p. 239 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with two convection coefficients, t = t , 0 < x < +1,
Q
t - t t- - t
n
B i
T = 0.
00
k
A =
(< a)
B l
ll/
B i
I
2
sin (X ) cos (X ) + X n n n 2 s i n (X ) + - j - s i n (X )
n
t .h
0
-h .t,
2
h--H
Bi
h l
Vk, Bi
A 2
= h Vk
B i
,. ,. ,
/ n
n\ L
B i +
nV
Section 8.1.
9, p. 127 Infinite plate with convection boundaries and time dependent fluid temperature, t = t , -S, < x < +S,, T = 0. t = <t>(T).
f
. , , - ci t - t. = 2 nBi ~r f
1
* .
2
c o s
<V> -
e x p
rr
Fo
)
n
n=l
f Bi + X+Bi ) cos (X )
xf
t .hf
-h,t
X tan (X ) = B i . n n
f
| * - { - * p-*-i
L--J
Section 8.1.
fm
CVPI)
Y 1=1
1 - X /Pd n (-1)"* 2 Bi ( i
B 1 2 +
X ) ' X)
2
00
An = Mean Temp:
fc
X (Bi
n
2 +
Bi
I in
ni~
fc
fc
exp (-Pd Fo) Vpa (cot (VfoT) - g j VPS"! V exp (-X Fo) X (Bi + Bi + X ) [l -(X /Pd)]
2 2 2
- 2 Bi 2
n=l
^^
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Case 8.1.30 with Solution
fc
" 0
fc
i -i
. f
cos g X ) exp ( - A ;
n
FO)
<
<
" 1*1.
>
t - t.
Y
x 2 B1
tT^t * "
_4, n=l
&
T + (1 - T) exp nB i
2
M %)]
cos (X )
n
+ X + BiJ
2
Poj
I to an
CO
X t a n (X ) = Bi n n
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. RefCase Ho. erences 8.1.32
Description t - t. Bi M = ~
fc
Solution
o- i
fc
*2 2 Po + 2 Bi
n
cos ( X) exp ( X X -
Foj
fx
(l
B i
'
B i
c o s
<V
i B
Me
I ro
00
it
it
it
it
. .
it
Me
* * * * , * sinh (Fo ) cos (Fo ) + Fo cosh (Fo ) s i n (Fo ) + Bi sinhs (L) s i n (L)j
Fo
= S, V372a , X t a n (X ) = Bi n n
Section 8.1.
Solution Bi X - Bi - 2
+ F o
Til
cos (X X) exp (-X Fo j
n 2 2
+ 2 Bi n^l X
(ai
+ X + Bi) cos (X )
n
X tan ( ) = Bi, See Fig. 8.26. X n n (See Fig. 8.1.25 for Bi = .) perfect contact with an i n f i n i t e p l a t e of i n f i n i t e conductivity. t - t., o < x < a t = o.
q = 0 , x = 0 , T > 0. ^x
1 +
(t - V ) k t, ~S^~~
i ,
2
y il
+ M + u) cos (A)
-q
- q , X= t
Q
1 +
l ,
2
T > 0.
2
X cot ( ) = -M X n n p,c JL ,
-"o
I/,(,*(
Section 8.1.
Solution
t - 1.1
fc
.
= i
+ H
c o s
ft )
2
e x
P I-*
2 po
-,i
i 2- V
n
+ 2M / * n l (V M + = \ n X cot (X ) = -M
+ R
M)
\ n 1/ cos ( ) A / n
8.1.36
9, p. 128
(t - t )k
t
Y X - 2M n=l X
FOjJ
Vl
CD i
(x + M n \ n
+ M ^ cos (X ) / n
X
8.1.37 9, p. 128 Case 8.1.34 with t = t., x = 0, T > 0.
i
2
tan |X )= M \ n/
CD
(tfc - V) < - t
t = t , Jl < x < SL , T = 0.
1 2
t 2 , " ti t ( t t
j }
= n=l A
sin (X X) exp (\ + M \ n
2 2
-0
+ M ) sin (X ) / n
= 0, x = J^ + % ,
2
T > 0.
Xn tan i\ n/= M \ \
8.1.38
(t - t )
t
|
= 1-2
^ ^M )sin(x x)exp(-X;F )
n 0 l
= 0 , x = . +il ,T>0.
1 2
(0 " V
n n
fc
n=l
X (x + M + M ) n Vn /
X tan (X ) = M
Section 8.1.
Solution
V ' l* V
sq x= T >
X= l
ZJT
+
= M Fo 1 - X (1 - X)
+ +?
6(1+ M)
2 n
FoJ
X (X
n
2 n +
2 + M
9, p. 129
_ (t
t
2_ - t )
2
\ ^
/ V I r/ . _ 2
B x
2 \ n / \2 2
+ A
c Q s
ft
n 2
/
M +
/ ^2 \ n . -]
c o s
\ 1/
}
t = t , A< x < 4 ,
2 x 2
L\
X
1
X / M
n '
B i
)
=
n ^i/*!
lj
T = 0.
t a n
^n
l " n
(See Ref. 82 for solution of material 1 of low conductivity and material 2 of high conductivity)
Section 8.1.
Solution
,, . / .2 \ A cos (X X) exp (-X F > ) c ["(si, - X / M ) + (1 + 1/M)' A + Bi cos (X ) n
n n n
2 2 2
,2 ^2
x > 0.
f T ) , x = 0,
(
n=l
xf Jo
*:'.
X tan (X ) = B i , - X /M . n n I n os i 8.1.42 9, p . 129 Case 8.1.34 with a contact r e s i s t a n c e h . between the two plates. (t - t . ) ( + l ) k M *-
VI 1
, F ^ + j (1 - X)
00 2
M B l
3 Bi + 6 + M Bi Bi (i M)
6 +
2 Bi
(1
X_ M J ) K ~ M Bi. c 4 l * <X)
n n n n c n
/ v ^ V n /
2
( x J - M B i J t a n (X ) = B i X .
P
n
h
n ( c
k
Bi
B l
c "
B i
c )
B i
( 1
> n
B i
c " cV l '
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 8 . 1 . 4 3 . 1 9 , p . 324 Description Composite p l a t e s of different materials, t = t , -& < x < ,,,
n n
X = 0.
t =
< l-V
v
f c
( L
K )
n^l
x = -A.,, X < 0. t - t , x = l ,
Q 2
00
I Ul M
CO
< - V
fc
L - X _ V
,2
c o t (A ) + a c o t (BLA ) = 0 n n B =ycT[7cy K = k A
2 l f
F o = a./l\,
1
L = l /l
2
X = x/4j
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description t - t t ~ t ^"" i-rf- - 1 - 2 2 r i n=l
l
Solution
8.1.43.2 74, p. 441 Composite plates of different materials with insulated surface and convec tion boundary, t = t 0 < x < SL +
i f X
n r "a ( n n *
X / V S
) * K ^ V * ) '
'
< X < L
df ~ Tl - 1 - 2 n=l XT |' 5 n
00
COS
[ \ < " )] L
J
COS
V*>
2
L < X < 1.
l +
Sin
K sin
W*>
L = l^/i. ,
2
Po
= O j T / ^ , A = <X /0.
x
, '
l l l -P c k
2 2 2
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Rectangular parallelpiped. t = t., 0 < x < w 0 < y < b,. 0 < t = 0. t = t . x = C ),
0
Solution
00 CD
t d.
~ i
0
- t
~ 2 " * i n m=0 n=
00 CO 00
_ i6 y
2 <
m=0
liFO
ISO
all
othe:r f a c e s , T > 0
f t
i
JJ
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. 8.1.44.2 References 74, p. 287 Description Rectangular p a r a l l e l e piped with convection boundary, t = t , -l < x < +SL ,
x X
Solution
00 CD
V' o
X
fc
= 1
2 2 2
n=l m=l s=l
+
n l m2 s 3
+
<*nl
X)
O O S
<\n2
Y)
-* -&
COS
= o.
A
(hi*) P (*nl *! * * + X^ P O )
2 2 3
3
(n,m,s) l ,
=
J_l
X
/ 1\
B i
2 * i
+ X
2 \l/2 n m.s,ij
f
n,m,s,i (
B i
n,m,s,i)
Bi
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. 8.1.45 References Description Solution
-J* " ^
OS I
fc
x 0 "
fc
,, _ 16 i
2
v \
V \
IT ra=0 iu
00 00 00
m n
, ^
~ ~~v ^
11
^
*-*
^
->
s i n
) exp(-Xar/w )
r V
2 2
+ X , n n m,n,J6/
1/2
sinh{(l-X)[(^w/b)
s i n h
-t- (nirw/d) + i v f l }
iw
Vn* c^ )
rn
([ -;;
(
/b)2
; - 2;
{ W)
]v j
2
.,X,y,
Z, m, n
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesMo Internal Heating. Case No. References 8.1.46 9, p. 419 Description _ 0 T = 0. t = t , 9 = 0, T > 0. ^ i
=
Solution
| 2 0 0
n=l
^ n ^
{ 2 n
t = t., e = e ,
0
> o.
r
For t = t t - t.
Q f
exp (-<rcu /r )
s
s = (2n + 1) Tt/Sp
B = 0, 8 ,
0
> 0:
h-H
= i
|'0
2,
n=0
s i n
< >(
s6
J (u)du
e x
P (~u A ) "
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Composite slabs with ramp surface temperature. t = t , 0 x < &J+ Z ,
2
Solution
Pd ( *
+M)
e x
P (~
X n
F o
!) L +
e x
P (
M
X n
p d
)j
ft >
R
4-^
= 2
nTL
X
n (*n
p 0
X =
) l
= "'
x / X ,
t = t , x ^
00 09
= 0, T > " l / o .
+
- 0 , x = ,,
K,
2
\*-li-*\*-i -*\
3
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References
8.1.48
Description h
For n = 1/2: J -pcS, ^r
( t
Solution
" V
a~^ 3
3/2
= 2 (Bi F o )
J /
t - t + Sr .
f
j~l For n = 1:
h
pel
f c
k->-~ t..h-
~ )
w
MO
h-2*H
Section 8.1.
Description Infinite plate of infinite conductivity with convection boundary and harmonic fluid temperature.
fc
cos
(TIJ)
- \) ))
Ve + i
1
9 = <i>pcX,/h, i> = tan" (6) | Instantaneous surface heat flux: q 9 sin h (t - t ) - , =mx mn >/l + 9 See Fig. 8.9
A 2
f"W
(t
mx ~
W
(TO) - i i |)
COS
(UfT ) .
k->
t ,hf
h,t
| 2f*|
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Solution See Fig. 8.12 for maximum temperature values:
Description Infinite plate of infinite conductivity with surfabe reradiation and circular pulse heating, t = t , T = 0,
Q
max
^ax \
'pott J
g =aj?T .
D = heating duration
m/D
*x V "
CD i
'
k -*>
<*r
H- ?H
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite composite plates in perfect contact, convection boundary on one side, insulated on other side, t t , 0 < x < S +
Q
1 1
Aamax ~
fc
o\
D = heating duration
<S , T = 0.
2
c^ = 0 , x = S^ + 6 , T >
2
0.
t ,hf
K*HH
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Solution See Figs. 8.15a-e for heating. See Figs. 8.15f-l for cooling, t - t f(Fo)
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Infinite plate with time-linear surface heat flux. t = t , 0 < x < 6,
Q
Solution
( t
~i^6
' V
= io^ U
PO /PO
-1 " 2
5X
5 )
<
Fo
x = o.
Fo
For ^
= aD/S"", X - x/6
^max T/D)
k (t -
*o
X 2 D = duration of heating.
h-H
8.1.54 19,
p. 3-68
150
Section 8.1.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Solution See Figs. 8.20a & b f(ax/6 ) P = G c 6/k
f f 2
Description Porous infinite plate with steady surface heat flux and fluid flow. t = t , 0 < x < 5,
Q
= fluid source k G
-t ,k,,c
0
= Pk +
f
U-P)k
p = plate porosity
CD i * in
f
k-M
^Tfi
= p exp (-Fx/6)
Section 8.1.
Description Two infinite plates in perfect contact with a steady surface heat flux. t = t, 0 < * < 6 ,
Q 1 Z
< - V i
*0 1
6
fc
ewo^)
0 < x < 6 , T = 0.
2 2
V i * ' "
co I
J
8.1.57 19,
p. 3-75
48
= f (FOj)
8.1.58
19, p. 3-75 53
eqb
0 -ur.ition of pulse
Section 8.1.
74, p. 245 Thin p l a t e with two convection conditions, t = t , -& < x < +,
Q
X) Sinh (Bi^jL
VBT
= 0.
f "
fc
2w
2
y n=l
n
V i
2w]
f'"2
l
-j
-h ,t
2
"
( 2
2 w
B i
lw
L 2
) [ n
s i n
( n)
2
C O S
( n)]
-i\H
"V,
l w
= w/k, B i
h l
2 w
= h w/k
tanh Bi^
l w 2
'
t ( )
B i , . . ., P* 2 2w
L B l
V n=l
n n
["n
fa
B i
l w *')
2
wl
-4,
X? + Bi,.. L lw
'"
I)
Section 8.1. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References
Description t - t t
f
Solution i -t. . _ M cos CVPoX) exp (-Pd Fo) cos ( V P 3 ) - VPd s i n (VPd)
8.1.60.1 74, p. 320 Infinite plate with evaporation and con vection boundary. t = t., -S, < x < +8,, T = 0. m = n e
0
, x = &.
n=l
1 - Pd/X"
n X
-Xn Fo
m = evaporation r a t e .
M-
I
t .hf
-H
h.t, m
2 si ( n ) ymo f M ~ "n ~ X + sin/X \cos/X ). ,' " = h ( t . - t . ) ~ t , n \ n) \ n) f l f cot/X )= X / B i , t . = wet bulb temp.
wb t. i
Section 8 . 1 .
t - t.
1 X
"2
V n=l
2 \
V m=l
( M
1 " 2
2(1
TBIT" ' 1
s i n
<V *e
K )
F o
oa
i
Mean temp:
fc
.f c
fc
i i
l+2
2
A
1
M ^ \
1 2 2
Biexp^Fo; X (Bi n \
2 2 +
k -)
Bi
+
*f-
^. V " n=l
X ) n/
Section 8.1.
00
in
References
oo
i
Section 8.2.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Infinite plate with uniform internal heating, t = t -J, < x < &,
i #
Solution (t - t.)k
V *
n
T^h" = I - - 2 ^
n=0 n X = (2n + 1)71/2 See Pig. 8.8
(1
x2)
6XP
(< ) V
F COS
T = 0.
t = t
i t
x * tl,
x > 0,
00
I to
I J t - -l~\
Section 8.2.
Solution
^ cos [(2n - 1)TTX] cos
(2n
74, p. 363 Infinite plate with steady surface heat flux and variable internal heating, t = t -fl, < x < +/ T = 0.
i f
P o
(X X)
R
u " *'
1,a
i-1
x
.
"
1)4
+ *
a " 'ii,
k-&-H -k]
Ul
x exp Xn = mr
<*<T
q"'
-"0
B.2.2.2
Fo)]
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SucfaoesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 8.2.2.3 Description _ - 1 - 4 - = 2g [l - exp ( ] -,
+
Solution
[i - ( ! exp ,-b>] -,
x cos (XX) n X) X
8.2.2.4
(t - t )k ~ = Fo (1 + Pd Fo) + $
J
it*
,2
$ given in case 8-2.2,1
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description (t - t.)k
Solution
8.2.2.5 74, p. 364 Case 8.2.2.1 with q'" = <3o" exp (-be),
_ 4 : . . _ [ i - p -MFo>] *
r ( +
g
8.2.2.6
< - V
q
fc
- q'" in
cos (DT)
,,. ,2
Pd
00
J.
8.2.2.7 74, p. 365 Case 8.2.2.1 with q"\ = q'" bx".
( t
fc
)k
(Pd F o ) _
n + 1
a'"
Section 8.2.
e-"d-5 (&r-[****]
n=0 xj f ( x ) exp T-Tr (2n + l ) a ( T
2 2
-T'JAjar"
Jo
CO
( t
" V
k o
1_ [cos (xVPd
q>" I
2
[s^BM-
(-l)
n
X = (2n + 1 ) 7T/2 n
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 8.2.5 Description Solution
x /
f (X) cos 0^
xj dX
CD I Ul J
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 8.2.6 9, p . 132 41 Description I n f i n i t e p l a t e with uniform i n t e r n a l heating and convection boundary. t = t , -1< x < Hi T = 0. Solution
( t
- V*
, , Bi
Bi X
2 Bi
'2 4,
cos (X X) n
X fx n n \
exp
K )
-h.t
03 I U1 03
MH H W
8.2.7 9, p . 132 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with uniform i n t e r n a l h e a t i n g and conv e c t i o n boundary on one s i d e . t = t , 0 < x < X., T = 0. t = t , x = 0 , T > 0.
f
. i n
1
_ i 11
y
+ 4 Bi
'2
, X (X + B i n=l n \ n
+ Bi ) s i n (2X ) / n
exp
>)
h,t
X cot (X ) + Bi = 0 n n'
K*H
Section 8.2.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description I n f i n i t e p l a t e with time-dependent heating, t = t , 0 < x < H, T = 0. t = t^, x = 0, A,
q
> 0.
. . . = fr / ,
.... n=0
L
8 2
s - - 1 , 0, 1, 2 ,
00
1 to
\*-l^\
8.2.9 9, p. 404 I n f i n i t e p l a t e with vari able internal heating, t = t , 0 < x < SL, T = 0.
Q
<*- y
2
^ " l
16 V
+
if.c o s ( V l x )
cos ( V I )
^ n=0
f4B - (2n + 1) V ]
B = eavk
Section 8.2. Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 8.2.10 Description
Q
+ 2 Bi
cos (X X) exp
n 2 2
[(B -
X ) Fo ]
fl
X tan (X ) = Bi, B = 3A A n n
8.2.11
19, p. 3-29
Infinite plate of infinite G J n [l - (9/Gf) + 6 = LH/C i conductivity, variable specific heat, convection G = (1 + q " X.)/hL(t - t ) , C = .1 - c ) / c , H = hc/pcA boundaries and steady heating. 0. t = t , 0 < x < 21, T H evaluated at t , c evaluated at t c = c B(t- t ). I. = R. x (surface area/volume) = 1 n o 9 = (t - t ) / ( t - t )
f f Q Q f f Q+ Q Q f Q
%
k-t-oo
-h,t \^2i.*\
Section 8.2.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Case 8.2.11 for infinite square rod and cube. Infinite plate o f infinite conductivity w i t h surface radiation a n d steady heating, t = t , 0 < x < 2%, T = 0 .
Q
Solution See case 8.2.11, set: L = 2 for square rod L = 3 for cube
8.2.13
in R| + B (1 + S i
Q
tan
tan^d/N) + 4 MN
1/4
9 = T / T , N = (c ' "l./a&'r
i Q
+ 9*J
, M = a^r^t/pcS,
1
00
= source temp.
rt< > =
en
q'" "Ir
h~2AH
Section 8.2.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Case 8.2.13 with simulta neous surface convection and radiation.
g
Solution
/9 - R \
M
/e - R \
2
A
+
= i * [wnrj
2 * \e^R-j r
2
(9 - n ) + 4> ~] ( l - n ) + 4> _
2 2
h ( t
t }
t S r |
- *}
^ = jsVv - n [n Vv - n + (v/2 + n )]} A = fsVv - n [nVv - n - (v/2 + n )]J
2 2 2 2 2 2
-l -l
OS
I to
= n/(y
+ 8n )
2 2 4
A. = (v/2 - v ) / ( v + an )
4
R = - n - V v - n r R = - r i
1 2
+"Vv - r\
<t> = Vn + B / 4 , n = V 3 7 2
,1/3
V =
J + 3 /4
s = h/aJTT
N = Ic q'"i./a&-T*
,1/4 + 9
4
+ s9
Section 8.2.
Solution
a.
-9=7
QlI "
l
b. c. en < d. * e.
linear input; jjhvr = T r q>"D = 0 . 5 5in Tna~ Tnax Tnax n linear input; )*,,-,' = (1 - _ r ^. unt = 0 . 5 T) Tnax Tnax a''* 2 Q''' circular pulse; g , , , = s i n TIT , " i n =0.5 Tnax Tnax
D D
C S _ _ r2
fl
b-
QTTT O - T
pr8=?(2-7,
sin2irx PCS ^ - 9 = 0 . 06767A
( 1 A
3 )
S ^ _ = 0.5473
l)e-
( l A
- >
o'"
-(1/T-5)
Q'''
f. g.
e .X-"t
.,, ^max
?
0.2795
D
pC6
Q"'
9 = 0. 006869/-47 + ~Z7
\6T
3
2T
Z + ) T /
1 0
- (l/T-5)
( l o 7 )
fi^_
2 7 1 7
flSL.
. ^ [ l
- (10T
1) e " * ]
% ax
Ta n
9 = t - t , D = heating duration
0
x = TA>/ Q''' = total heat input per unit volume durin;j time D See Fig. 8.10
Section 8.2.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Infinite plate of infinite conductivity with surface reradiation, steady surface heating, and steady internal heating. See Fig. 8.11 Solution
t = t , x = 0. g = q " + o?^
Q
T ),
x = o, 26.
= source temp.
k00 i V
on
q"
-i*
hr-25-H
Section 8.2.
Solution
74, p. 386 Infinite plate with two symmetrical planar heat pulses and convection boundaries, t = t , - t < x < +1, T = 0. f
f
Qa
= 2
oo l en ui
X,
X,
-h,t
h-H *-M
Mean temp: (t m - t )U f
Qa
^, Bi , n=l
s i n (X )X ( B i n n\
+ Bi + X ) n/
For Bi = i. (t Qa t )kSi
f
= 2 Y
(-l)
n + 1
cos
[(2n -
l)nx]
Fo/4] .
Section 8.2.
Solids Bounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description (t - t )k, Qa ^ = 2 \ n=l Solution , s i n (n7rX) exp (-n ir Po)
2
s i n {mx^
nf\
00
-Q
a\
JLJ MH
Section 8.2. Solids Gounded by Plane SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
CD i
en
Section 8.2.
CO
l
03
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.1.1 Description Solution
2 , p. 240 I n f i n i t e cylinder with 74, p. 131 steady surface temp. t = t . , 0 < r < r, T = 0. i 0
fc
~ 0
V n=l
/ ,2 \
0 n
( X
=V
* -
n=l
IS
Q "V ^
0
~ i
9.1.2
1, p . 269 9, p. 328
cr /a
0
2,} ' 4
( R 2
"
X)
+ 2
6XP
(" n
F o
) ,3
n=l
W> K W
W
See Table 9 . 1 and Fig. 9.8
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.1.3.1 Solution
Description
74, p. 270 Infinite cylinder with convection boundary and variable initial temp, t = f (r), 0 < r < r , T = 0.
V W >
J
exp(-X Fo)
n
t - t
1<V
-4 /
=X
n J l
(X )
m
9.1.3.2
t - t f
, V
Bi J ( X
0
n R )
h,t.
**-* k
x Cumulative heating:
+ B i 2
)w
1 - exp Qo , n=l
Z
X (x n \ n
Bi )
= 0
l r
c ( t
i "
/ . A - R\ . . . Fo
t -1.) e
B I
VR~
B i
i e r f c
\2^ws)
4 B l
vi
(iR f - )
i 2 e r f c
(ivfl)
Section 9.1.
Solution
exp
= 2 n=l
(<
2 2
")
VV
n 2 n
- br ,
Q
br!
T > 0.
0 < r < c,
Q
T =0.
Q f
X J (X ) n 1 n 1 J X , + 2 J (A )
l (
t = t, r = r
\
0 n
b c
a (X ) = o
to I
9.1.5
9, p. 201
t - t.
l_
I (R -Vi Pu,
Q
t r
(t
r , T
0
t - t. m I
real
iiTRTpdY
e x p
L ^ + e)]
n=l
(xW)
J
W
'(t - t)sin(cOT + e)
m
'
pd =
a)/a
M&SKt'
Section 9.1.
9.1.6.1 9, p. 202 Infinite cylinder with 89 convection cooling and linear time-dependent fluid temp. t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i# Q
K "
Si)
+2B i
1 2 / 2 2\
Mean temp:
fc
m-
fc
1 L
, 4 \ , , .2 y
*P
r n
(if)
X F o
; )
Section 9 . 1 .
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo internal HeatingDescription t - t. Solution J ( Vpd R) exp (-Pd Fo)
i
_____ _ !
fm
Vpd J ( Vpd) - ~
Q 0 n
Pd ^ t Vpd)
X F
i - 2 Bi V
)
X
n=l W
Mean temp
fc
(>n
+ Bi2
) t " ( nH]
in
_ i
n,- i fm "
fc
fc
Vfd J ( Ypd) - ~
Q
P6 J Vpd
1
exp 4 Bi
Section 9.1.
74, p. 320 Infinite cylinder with convection and evaporation boundary. t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i f Q
- t.
~ J (VP3)
Q
(-VPd/Bi)J ( VPa)
1
i = m.e n
= evaporation rate.
/h.t,
IrFfeil.
An = Bi
-A
c o s (A R) exp n
Y<m >
0
K )
~vvK
v
+ Bi2
h(t f
t.)'
vo
J(A ) / J , (X ) = \ / B i 0 n" l n n
Description
i 0
V^7 = "
n=l
X
(i[vrra i VTM, /,
2
vrwgj ~
S i n [ e ) J
+ 2B i
(t
t . ) s i n (turr + e ) ,
t m
= max f l u i d temp.
e
n[
MCOS ( )
3 0 n
O
R )
Vn
x = B i J
/ \ n
w a
1 J n if n
n < Jm u '
= no /
9.1.8
R )
q q
r = r
0'
T y
"
J (X ) = 0 , See F i g . 9.3
=1 ^
nW
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.1.9 Description Solution
6XP
Fo
)
+J
n=l
oo
to i
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description I n f i n i t e hollow cylinder with d i f f e r e n t surface temp.
1 fc
Solution
/ ,2 _ \
Y V V V
< r
<
T =
T >
t = t , r > r . , T > 0.
=
J
exp f-A
V
Pol '
0<V / )
R
[ W
J l n ( 1
*n(R/R )]
i
to
vo
n " iV n " V V*V ' W ' W " ' W W * Wi> W " W W Wi> -
R = r / r , Po = aT/rp
Q
= t..
Section 9.1.
Solution
9.1.10.2 74, p. 282 Infinite hollow cylinder with two convection boundaries and variable i n i t i a l temperatureageneral case, t a f(R), r.< r < r , T = 0 .
e x p
i^i n=l
W(XR) - - p i i V V nV n>] 0 n [ x J x , B i . a (X )] y ( X
+ n l ( n + 0 n 0
n R ) !
H ,2
E
2
B i
n =r n[ x /"
0 0
( X
nV
" V l
<W]
2 n
to I
R [f (R) - t
f ]
(X ,R,dR {(X
n
+ B i J ) [Bi. J ( X ,
0 n
a
+
V l M * ~ ( n O E i V nV " W W ] * ) ' .
X + X
Bi
E i V n>
B i
Bi
n W ]
X
B i
"
8 1
" [ 0 V nV
B i
C ! W 0
i i
/ k
'
B i
0 i
/ k
'
r / c
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.1.11 Description Solution
3, p. 409 Infinite hollow cylinder with steady inside surface! temperature, t = t.y r.. < r < r , T = 0.
Q
t - t.
tprr, = - 2. - K )
n=l
Fo
w M
t = t^Jr = r g
r
i #
T > 0.
= 0 , j r = r , t > 0.
Q
A{R.) = Y(X )J(X R.) - J(X )Y(X R.) 0* i' 0' n 0 n l 0 n 0 n l A (R ) = Y (X ) J (X R ) - J (X )Y (X R ) l i 1 n J. n i. l n l n i Y, (X ) J . ( X R.) - J , (X )Y.(X R.) = 0 1* n 0 n i ' 1 ' n' 0 n i '
V
Po = o t r / r , R = r / r
0
N
9.1.12 74, p. 200 I n f i n i t e hollow cylinder with steady surface heat flux. t = r < r < r , T = 0. (t - t . ) k <*n O'O
r
1 - R7
l
ii
2 F
-i
f
r- i *
J J
S
+
i/
-q =q > r = r q = 0, r = r . ,
r 0
Q f
T > o. > 0.
x ,n {R^ + j
T T
1<W 1<V
Po = a r / r , R = r / r
Q
J . rtR.JY. (X ) = Y (X R.) J . (X ) x n i l n x ni 1 n
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case Mo. References 9.1.13 Description
oo co
A 9 m + B n s i n 9)
Solution
9, p. 210 Infinite cylinder with vari able initial temperature and constant surface temp. t = f(r,0), 0 < r < r , t = 0.
Q
_ 0
y y r Z* ^ L m=l n=0
n
-| J
'
t = t , r = r , T > 0.
Q Q
, J (X R) exp (-X* F o )
n m
.1
IT
=
5
"
v
= /
2
/
-IT L
d 9
'
ir L 0 m'J I0 [JA<Ol
.1
-TT
=
n m
' *ftVI -i i
1
TT
5 I
2
/
-7T
fc
s i n
( n 9 ) J (X R)dR d9
I0
"
Section 9 . 1 .
S o l i d s Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description V V r ,-]_ n,m m=l n=0
ft
Solution
9 , p . 211 I n f i n i t e cylinder with v a r i able i n i t i a l temp and convect i o n boundary-general case. t = f (r,9), 0 < r < r , T = 0.
_ f
C Q g
Q)
(Q)
-,
n,m _1 _TT 2 I f
j J n n
( X R )
/_ \ \ n
p
,2 A
r a
=-7-5
=r
2X m
10
x I
'0 -TT m
-\(xW-n )
1
TT
[ W
\
0
\
-TT
<$ffi? eSav;'rKs!Es
Section 9.1.
Description
Solution
9.1.15
9, p. 212 Infinite cylindrical sector with steady surface temperature. 0 8 V sin(j9) V ,_ / , 2 .\ j m f ., . dR t = t . , 0 < r < t , 0 < 0 < e , t T ^ T " = ? L 2n + 1 L Tm j -.2 / ^ j ' ^ * n=0 m=l Lj J 0
D T e X P F o 1 n n f T =
t = t ,
Q
r = r , 6 = 0, x > 0.
Q
= 0
10 I
9.1.16
2, p. 248
Semi-infinite cylinder.
Dimensionless temperature equals product of solution for semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.1 or 7.1.3) and solution for infinite cylinder (case 9.1.1 or 9.1.3). See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
9.1.17
2, p. 248
Finite cylinder.
Dimensionless temperature equals product of solution for infinite plate (case 8.1.6 or 8.1.7) and solution for infinite cylinder (case 9.1.1 or 9.1.3). See Figs. 9.4a and 9.4b.
9.1.18
Section 9.1.
Description t - t t, 1 "
fc
Solution Bi J ( R X ) sinh
0 n 2 2
=2
n
[(1 - Z)X LJ
n
4it B i
|H| n
(
2
t =t
1 #
0 <r <r ,
Q
C D
r 2
+ (nrn/L)
2 V
Bi = h r / k , R = r / r , Z = z/l,
Q Q
Fo = onr/r , L = V r
9.1.20
2 Bi l" ^
^. J ( ^
0
\,
e J
s h
r* LJ - J]
n
+ B I s i n h
[ v ^ ~ 3i
( L
n-l
P
(
B i 2
B i 2+ X
l) W
(R
[n
c o s h
^n'
+ B i
s i n h
V]
F o
i Y V m(
1
" * m) 0 V
*n) (
B i 2
5 i n ( 2
V "> R l
L
> ) "
W
nfl m=l
("*
) (^n
<)
3 cotg m m
= -Bi L, L = Vr 0
ft^w-'"
Section 9.1.
T = 0.
t - t , 0 < r < r ,
x 0
2 = 0, T > 0.
Po
*) /.
\i l'^n^
Q
* o'^n^
0 Q
li = h r / k , R = r / r , Z = z/t ,
Fo = r /2-^oT
0
A 9.1.22
9, p . 419 Semi-infinite cylinder witn -inrinite cylinder with steady surface temperature. dy surface temperature. t y o < r < V z > o , = 0. t t = t,r= r ,z>0
x Q
v ^ -
x^TT) [ . K
o a g e
Xr erfcfz Fo* + ^ A + exp (-ZX ) erfc |Z Fo* ~) 2Fo"/ " \ 2 Fo" \\ 2Fo / \ 2 Fo*/ x , Fo*, R,and Z
n 9 > 1 - 2 0 f o r
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesHo Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.1.23 Description Solution
t - t.
i
= 1 +
^ 2.
(u)du
^ 9.1.24
33
t = t q
Q l
r = r , T > 0.
3
)r-rr = I J T 1 "0
P ("*
*>) FG [x2j (R X ) - NX
0 2 n
nJl
(R X )]
2 n
n=l
= 0, r = r,. F =
X R 2 n
vw
2
k =
(R
( R
- 1) ' p c
X ) P
3 "
22
Section 9.1.
Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Solution Bi J (^ R) cosh [X L(l - X)J
0 n n
Description Finite cylinder with convection boundary and insulated end. t = t., 0 < r < r , 0 < x < *' 0 T = 0. t = t , 0 < r < r
Q fc Q Q f
- 2TT
" i
fc
x = 0, x > 0. q = 0,
x
^. ~ , m=0 n=l
[(
2m 2
~ *) (1 - X)7ij
2
Convection boundary h,
h 2
+ B i ) J(X ) / O n '
' V
a t r =
V
h.t.
vo I
I
|x = ,
WV
Q
= B i
W
Q Q
Bi = hr /k, L = /r , R = r / r , X = x/l,
Fo = orr/r
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.1.26 33 Description Case 9.1.25 with convection h , t-.j at r = r . Convection boundary 0
Q fc
i_ _ " i
fc
h , t :
2 Q
at x = 0. "
Z n
X B^ B i ^
m
Bi,l
2
m=l n=l \ n
m/ V n ,
1/
2/ 2J X )]
to
Vl n>
(X
= B i
l W '
Bi
2 2
V'V
= B i
2
R = r / r , X = x/S,
Q
B^ = h^/k,
= h JLA, L = H/t ,
Q
l ^ S R K v --...i "--Vi
Description Finite cylinder with a linear time dependent temperature on one end. t = t^ 0 < r < r ,
Q
Solution
Bi J ( 0 R )
o n 2 2
cosh [ e L ( l - X)]
n
^ " ' i
00 00
4. n=l
n
fe + B i ) j (B ) cosh (3 L) Vn / O n n
J^ . m=0 n=l
n
\n
- [k * M1 - [ - ( * > )])
(2m + l)ir, 3nJ , ( 3 n = Bi J O3nJ ( l )
n n n
o
-X
h.t,
, b
t = f(r)-
3 j
Pd = r b / a 0
9.1.28
33
Solution identical to that given in case 4.1.25 except multiply the second summation series by
t
fc
at x = 0.
t.)T, t. ^ Pd {exp | ^ T (X: + KL/l>~)\ " < o " I 0 < T < 1/b. t = t , T > 1/b.
[h K *4
- 1}
Section 9.1. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.1.29 65 Description I n f i n i t e rod attached to an i n f i n i t e p l a t e . 0 *! ' 0 C < > T = 0 . . 0 <_ r < < , T = 0 *,
fc s fc 0
Solution .
t c
_ _ x , _ 2
_ i _ ,
3
2 v (-D 7i 4 , n
2 2
, > ir P o ) , :
2 2
n=j.
X = 1 , R + .
^ = q~, x = 0 , T
< -V l o
q b
fc
[<* - V l 1 / 2 2 2\ o ^ ~ W i<V
q b J p
V 2
to i IO
_i _
YP f
fm^T
2 4i
f f \ . i
+
, ^
- | ( rc ef
W
r P + S) ' J
2
x ^ P 4 1 erfc ( ^ o
yPo ^ )
_|o
ZM
n=0
.
i 2 e r f c
\
([i^i^]-))
+
erfc L
c f c
f^Po
2
J - e r f c ^
Q Q
^J
;{,X =l R = 0.
r
Po = o t ^ / b , X = x / b , R = r / b
References
References
VD i to
JJ!*.!***^-' "
".WWSj
Section 9.2.
9, p. 204 Infinite cylinder with steady internal heating and constant surface temperature.
*fo'
0 _2_,,,
I 4
=
2 R
) _
V0
i to
9.2.2
9, p. 205 90
I n f i n i t e cylinder with (t - t ) k steady internal heating and convection boundary. 0^0 t = t , 0 < r < r , T = 0. *n1,
f f Q
q
i"
n
K + 2/Bi) - 2 Bi
(
. . .
t...
BiJ (X ) = V l V '
0
Section 9 . 2 .
Solution
=
n 74, p. 372 Case 9 . 2 . 2 with g i " = ^in^-bT q^'e t = t,., 0 < r < r , x = 0.
Q
- *-i_ _
po
fr
Pd - Xn 2 Bi
J ( VSdR) a R)
Q
pJ^V^dJ
00
i n=l
J(X n' (r )
Xn
W
I
(n
+ B l
to 9.2.3 9, p. 204 I n f i n i t e cylinder with exponential time-dependent internal:heating. t = t> 0 < r < r, T = 0. (
r f c
- V
q" ^0^0 2_ Pd J
exp
n
(-FoX^JpCRXj
l( n
n=l ^ ( x J / P d - l ) J X )
Section 9.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 9.2.4 Description Pipe temp: 0 (t^ - t..)h P It - c. jn r. / i \ -XT -E r * i i- = XT + ( j - r r ) (1 - e ) - e ^ [(XT - 1) "p
E A T
Solution
3, p. 363 Infinite pipe with steady fluid flow and sudden heat generation in the w a n . generation in cne wall. Fluid: t - t T - 0. Pipe: t = t., T = 0. Fluid velocity = V. Wall heating: q'" = q"' T > 0. No axial conduction.
U
X T
Fluid temp: (t - t . ) h P.
- = XT ( X x
_
(1 - e
r
) - e *
Insulated
1 e n
outerwall
< -yJV
1 " n *0 " p
0
"
x [{XT
+ X - 1)I|I(5,T ) - e "
AT
A(C,T X)J
r
, T > (X - 1)5
- v
t , h -<
f
*
,T
6e"
d5
_~ n=0
t, = D / X ,
f
( n l
(nl) >'
-i 0
^*
A = X + B /D ,
f p
= D / (X p
X/V) ,
+ ( E r t
b = h V ff f
f
b = h P/PpOpAp,
2
*, =
J
n=0
rt
-^~2
1**1 / nl
/
0
n
fin+le
"
d 6
< >'
r
,,-jn / * "
(n!)' u
Section 9.2.
Solution
(t ~ t )k _ ^ J ( R V P 5 )
Q 0
^_
~
+ 2
exp l(-\l
X
+ Po)Fo] J ( R \ )
Q
o' r'r
9
B J (VPO)
Q
" Po
2/
n=l
n(
P o
" n) l<V
J ( X ) = 0 , Po = Brjj/k, R = r/r
Q n
I W -J
9.2.6
19, p. 3-29
Infinite cylinder of infinite conductivity, variable specific heat, convection boundary, and uniform heating.
I.
9.2.7
19, p. 3-29
I.
Section 9 . 2 .
S o l i d s Bounded by C y l i n d r i c a l SurfacesWith I n t e r n a l Heating. Description Hollow i n f i n i t e c y l i n d e r with e x p o n e n t i a l l y space varying heat g e n e r a t i o n . t = t . , r . < r < r , T = 0.
Q
Solution .2
( t
~ ^ 2
m r
2 2 .. WW Z, ,2., . 2, n=l W ~ 0
T J
, W
/ \
fc
\ /
t = t^T), r = s
2
i r
T > 0.
t = t ( x ) , r = r , T > 0.
2
Fo
q'"
= mc e x p [ - 6 ( r - r ^ ] .
(/ h v w " il W )
0
(T)
Ti(T
exp
Fo
d(Po)
r
j f (X ) ( B r ^
n 2
F o
I
mx exp ( x
2
Foj d(Fo)|
2
^
x
<
x
R = r/r
l f
, (t - t )k3 a Fo = a r / r ' , T ( T ) mr
R
/
J
(X
R)
Section 9.2. Solids Bounded by Cylindrical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Solution (t - t ^ k q'''r
+
Description
74, p. 375 Infinite cylinder with a steady surface heat flux and steady internal heating. t = t , 0 < r < r , x = 0.
A Q
Po +
Q
on
s
q". = . "
q
o < r < r ,
Q
> 0.
f- [ Fo - J(l - 2R ) - 2 J
2
J (X R) cap
0 n
( A )
0'
>
*
j'(X ) = 0 0 n
n=l
X J(X ) n 0 n'
I to
9.2.10
(t - t . ) k
q r
- = i FO + 4 Z a''' r0 0
Q n
V [ i n - W l
^3,2, X J(X ) n Cr n
J 2
2J
(X
n=l
Section 9.2.
Solution
v
\ * '
q'" "%"a
+ br).
9.2.12
(t
"V
,.,,2
r
I
1 r
Pd
lI
~l I I q'"
exp (-be).
V o
9.2.13
cos (br).
9.2.14
( t
- y
_ (PdFo)
n + 1
q-rj
FO +
Description
74, p. 393 Infinite cylinder with pulse heating on a cylindrical surface and convection boundary h, t , 0 < r < r , T = 0
f Q
Q,
J
"IT
=
~Z
n=l
r
(BI
+ x)
n/
J (X
\ ' 0
r
0 n
0<V
p c r
0, R =
For B i * : <t 00
T = 0.
- V
1
J2oo
V n > 0 ( X ^ ) exp
X R J
K )
*?<*>
A
Mean temp:
i
<**
~ V
P c c
o
n=l 4 Bi
2
nW
) B
X (" n Fo)
2
?<V
(X n
2 +
Bi ) '
. o 2 Section 9-*-
VD I W M
Section 10.1.
2, p. 239 Sphere with steady 74, p. 126 surface temperature. t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i f Q
t
t
r* - t
f y "*~H T ^_ T n n=l
OD
e x
P i-^
Po) s i n (mrR)
_
= X
L -R2 L n=l
eCfC
2R
eCfC
+ R
Po < 1 .
Mean temp:
CO
t - 10 t. ~m
9 .'_. I \ i I I l 0
6
IT
22 _
,n+l
0 w
n=l
See F i g . 10.1
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 10.1.2.1 74, p. 254 Description t _ V " f " Z n=l
fc 2 n
-1 I I
L
r_
M r
_
c
_ 1 f
J
/ ' x s0 n (X R) dR . i n
10.1.2.2
3, p. 298
i^. = y
2
t, - t,
k- n-1 I
0
[ s i n (X ) - X cos (X )]
R n fl
n On "
f
s i n
<V
Q = f TVrJpc( - t )
ti
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 10.1.3 Description Solution
9, p. 233 Sphere with initial temp (r) and surface temp 4>(t), general case. nl
If
o 10.1.4 u 9, p. 235 Sphere with surface temp proportional to time. t , 0 < r < r , t brt + t . , r T
t Q
" - / '
exp(n w
Po X)()>(A)dX
t - t t - .
0 t
Fo R
V " -
, n-1
WRBm.
Description Sphere with variable init'-' " itial temp. ! ~...* JL V r - ii l = <* " VII' < 0 " ( i0 l 0> ill' "rr 0 nT, Rn K (2n + I ) c n=0 0 < r < r , T = 0.
= c r)/ r + fc fc fc 3 c Q
Solution
*= V
r= r
0' * '
I
10.1.6 9, p. 236 Sphere with variable initial temp (parabolic). . . , /.2 _2^ ,/_2+^ . \ t = _ ,. r 2 r2 r fc . t - t n-1 9_ i-L. V 1=11 i t _ -"0 7 * R * Z- n 3 t 3 c T* J n=i.
= s n n (n1T
R) exp(-n i Fo) t
^ c - V ( o " V ( Q o)
Q
0 < r < c,
Q
T " 0.
Qf
t = t, r = r
T > 0.
Section 10.1.
Solution
i - t
l U1
10.1.8
_
0
fc
" 0
2ir
,
eXPt
2 2 ,
t -t
Q +
(t c
Q Q
eX
p[ (r - r 3, tprt; - T
b
-^TTBV
[(-l)
n + 1
"
^
2 2
x s i n (nTO) B = br
(B
- 2B + n t r ) - 2B exp (-B)"j
Section 10.1.
Solution
CO
10.1.9
9, p. 236
' 0 H" 0
fc
2
MTR
sin (nirRj) nn
2_2
n=l
H O
10.1.10
9, p. 237
2 +
b r
3
fc
^ _ 2 _ l ' 0
fc
s i n
<
nltR)
L i - <-l) **
n + 1 +
- ^
[ ( n V - 2)
nX
2
b[ = b r/H, b* = b rJ/R, bj = b ^ / R ,
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References 10.1.11 9, p . 238 89 Description Sphere with convection boundary and changing f l u i d temperature, t = t , , 0 < r < r , T = 0. t
f
Solution
( t
" V"
, R Bi - 2 + Bi . 2 Bi
+
= bx + t .
T > 0.
2 br!
"
^,
F o
Til
s i n (RXJexp (-Fo X )
X + B i
n-T Kn u n \l n=i
Mean temp:
<
B i
" ]J
s i n
< Jn
X cot(X ) + Bi = 1 n n
brr
F O
B l
~ X (X n=l n \ n
2.
Bi
- Bi) '
References
Solution t - t. .
fc
10.1.11.174,
P
'
= t
f m
- (t
f m
- t.)e
~ i ~
fc
"
( B i
" >
f" "
v^?a
c o s
B i
V _S
n+1
1JL_
2
V -S Z.
2 1 / 2
(-l)
A = n Mean temp:
fc
~ n=l
[\
2 n+
(Bi-l) ]
( l - X /P6) X \ n / n
Bi
(l
3 Bi
+Bi2
- )
( Vpd) VPHD exp (-Pd Fo)
m "
fc
[tan
t . - t. rm l 6 Bi
2
\PdJ
References
9, p. 238 Sphere with convection boundary and changing fluid temp, t = t 0 < r < r , T = 0.
i # Q
t t
~ i 2 Bi t m - t . i " Pd R
fc
fc
= max f l u i d temp,
I
Ae
i(t>
X rX
V Pdl-Pd
n=l
X
S i n
(E)
"
l
COS
()
1
Bi
(Bi
"
1)
S i n
( R
V
n
[( n
/ P d
+ 1
- B i ) cos (X ,
? n
+ 2 ^ - s i n (COT + z + ^
+ 4f )\
2
X cot (X ) + Bi = 1 n n = sinh (to ) cos (to ) + i cosh (to ) s i n (to ) 2 = to, cosh (to_) + (Bi - 1) sinh (to ) = (1 + i ) Y i d / I
Ae
w = R "VPd/2, u
Section 10.1. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Temp of the sphere:
fc
t
Solution
10.1.13 9, p. 240 Sphere enclosed in a finite medium of infinite conductivity. t = t., 0 < r < r , T = 0.
t =
V i
Kr <
1 2M V t. - t M + 1 " 3R Z
t
" 'C
fc
V
2
T =
M X* + 3(2M + 3)X + 9
sin
^n'
= 0, r = r , T > 0.
x sin (X ) exp (-X Fo.jJ , 0 < R < 1 Temp of the surrounding medium:
co
7 ~~ = * , - 6M y -r-r exp (-X t. - t M + 1 Z, 2 2 ^ n n=l n ' 22 / 3 \ n M = - (R - l) , R = r/r , tan (X ) = j ll ' 3 + MX_ See Fig. 10.3
P Q M X + P 3 X n P w 1 n
Section 10.1.
9, p. 241 Case 10.1.13, except the sur- Temp of surrounding medium rounding medium transfers ( 3 Bi R MX;) exp (-XJ; F o J heat by convection to a fluid at temp t . i *"? M X + 3X^(3 + 3 - 2M Bi R_) - 9 Bi R , ( l - Bi R_) M n=i n n z z i. t t , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
m
fc
"2
t = t , r > r , x = 0.
Q
22
(-J" )'
r/r,
M
o
i
3X
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Sphere with steady surface heat f l u x , t = t . , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
Q
References 9, p . 242
Solution (t - t . ) k 2 _ 3 10
5 R
Vo
= 3 Fo +
2. V
~8 Z n=l
S i n
Vn
e x p
(" n )
r V
T >
'
^2 X* s i n (X,,) n n
tan(X ) = X
n
i to
10.1.16
9, p., 246
Hollow sphere with two surface temperatures t = f(r), t < r < r , t = t . , r = \ . , T > 0.
i Q
T__!i
T
(
+
V i ~ i
R
) R 2
+
v
n = 1
/ T
c o s
(nir)
~ i
= 0.
T^
Rrr 2J
n ~ i V * y s i n (rnrR ) n=l
fc
"V
0'
>
"
x exp(-n ir Fo) / /
l
Section 10.1.
(t - t . ) k
<R - R)
0
"
(l + \
X
2 n
)
R
1 / 2
sin g R
n
-\ R)
n
Vi
RR
Q
t = t . , r = r , , T > 0. -9
r
n-1
n [ 0
( R
0 "
1 ) X
nl
- q , r = r , T > 0.
0 Q
10.1.18
9, p . 350
t - t,Q_ l 0
2K(1 - R.)A
+ 4R.A s i n
n
[A (l
n
- R.)]
- K sin
[2A (1 R
R.)]
R. < R < 1 .
i
=
F o =
(x R n i
0 f T /
- K ) s i n [A (1 - R.)] . ' n i 2
L J
K= P
c 2 2
/ / p
ll'
r/ft
0'
' 0
References
Solution
__^ n
^ j
s i n
{X
R _
O
1 }
x j
*~
t o
- I n=l
sin
(X ) = K X s i n
n n
[A X
(R - 1)]+ A X (R
Q n 2
- 1) s i n
2 n
(X >
n R
(X ) s i n [A X
n
{R - 1)] .
Q
(R - 1)] + 1/A + K [ X
Q
cot (X ) - l ] = 0 . R - r / r . , A(R - 1) i r r a t i o n a l
Q
Fo = crt/r^, A = VSjA^, K = k ^ ,
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesNo Internal Heating. Description Sphere with radiation cooling t = t ,0 < E < r ,x = 0 q = a tf"(T , - T \ ^r \ r=r s/
4 4 x
r = r 1*
= sink temp,
10.1.21
72
Prolate spheriod with steady surface temp t = t., throughout solid, T = 0. t = t , on surface of solid, w' T > 0.
References
74, p. 320 A sphere with convection and evaporation boundary, t = t , 0 < r < r , t = 0.
Q
m = nue"
= evaporation rate. T [l ^
TJA
2 n
H n=l
(-l,
n + 1 2
L
2 +
i -(pd/x u
(Bi 2
'
1
B i [X
1) ]
1 / 2
, M = Ym /h(t - t )
0 f
X + Bi n X cot(X ) = 1 - Bi n n
- Bi
References
o t
o I
i00
1
References
10.2.1
1, p. 30? Sphere with steady surface temp and internal heating. t = t . , 0 < r < t , x = 0.
f l
<t - t)k
,,, 2
c
i *,V
" ^
t- V r
- t ,x
Q
> 0.
Section 10.2.
Solution
(1 - 2R
2 2 +
R> ^
2
3 3
t =
_ i i i
c =
v " -
n=0 <
2 n
1 ) 5
1 0 . 2 . 2 . 1 74, p. 366
00
fc
" i
r E
V n=l
1 r
.
e c f c
/2n-l-_R\
/2n-l+_R jl
b t
X j>
U jr
1 /
-^ - - = 2 R [
Po Po 1 + (b/2)
00
\ 2VFO
J "
e c f o
V 2VF5 />J
i #
0 < r < r , x = 0.
Q
0'
>
'
| i - r
( , * ) *
V n=l
1 Tjb+2
/2n - 1 - R\
.b+2
_ /2n - 1 + R\"ll
Po = q ' - ' T / r / b ( t
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 10.2.3 Description . . ~V * 1 0 0 Solution
D
9, p. 243- Case 10.2.2, with ... ... (2 2\ , 2 0 < r < r, T > 0. '0'
. . (-1)""
1
( t
, - 2 , 12
D
10.2.4
(t
sin
(iir/r ),
0
q^'r*
l CO
(t - t )k , , _ , , ,, _ - _ . j ( i _ | _ ( i - - ) exp(BR - B) ( ff
l) e"
00
" H 1 n(n 27 2 + B ) , T , 1
n = 1
s i n (MTR)
e x p (
"
2 2 P_o ) ,
x [ ( - l ) ( 2 B - n ir - B ) - 2Be~ J. Br b.
0
Section 1 0 . 2 .
S o l i d s Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Case 1 0 . 2 . 2 with (t - V * _ 1_ ~ t)k ,, c2 ~ Pd Solution -br [ s i n (RVPd) .1 LR s i n ( V W " "J " _2_ 3
7T R
n
q'" =
%"*'*.
V 0
lv
n=l Pd = r*b/a .
e x p (
_ 2, 2
n r
F o ) >
10.2.7
9, p . 245
Case 1 0 . 2 . 2 with
(t - t ) k
Q
g " =q "
0 r
'
i <
< V
0, 0 < r < r , .
a0 "r0
q E
it
^VPdj]
n
2_ V
n=l
L^
n(n"7T" - Pd)
L _ i ) + i - sin (mtR.)
(
V]
2 2
Pd = r*b/a .
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case Ho. References 10.2.8 Description ft - t )k
n ey [ n 1! P o ) s i n { m R ) 2 2 r R
Solution
r
|
1
R
i) R'f(R )
f ( R s 1
(rniR')dR'
R f ( R ' ) dR'
, 2
io.z.9 S ., J
u
9, p. 245 Sphere with steady internal ,...,, < = ,-,*.. /,2 \ 90 heating and convection ~ V 1 2 ,.,,., . at V n ("n ) boundary. .,, * ft" Z t l x J ( x ;^ i - B i ) _,_n, (X ) .2/.2 + B 2 \ .l q ' " r2 = 6 ~ t = t , 0 < r < r ,T =0 q*" = <^'\ 0 < r < r , X cot C y = 1 - Bi T >0 See Fig. 10.10
( t k 5 1 n ( X R ) x p e X F o M ( 1 R + 2 / B l ) 2 2 6 R ; a n J n B Q Q n
h.t
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description
fc
Solution i . Po r t - t, " ^ ~ pa L x exp(-Pd Fo) n=l n 2 [sin (X ) - X cos (X j ] in n nXn - sin (A) "cos (X ) ' n n
1 fc
\ n
Po)
/
RX
\ ~ 10.2.10
o I to
t a n
1 -"B!
i r
(t "- 1 )k_ 1 t
C , K n
|"l_
_1
1 T _ 2 Bi
1
0 < r < r , T = 0 (temp dist. for steady state with const, surface temp = t.). q'*' = 1^", 0 < r < r , x > 0.
Q
. (
X
n
") V
k ( t
B i sin (
]
2
cot (X ) = 1 - Bi, Po =
n
q' " r _ Ij
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 10.2.11 9, p. 350 Description Sphere of infinite conductivity enclosed by a shell of finite conductivity t = t , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
Q 0 q
Solution .
( q r Jfc
sin [ X ( R
n X 2 K ( R
- 1)] s i n [X (R
n 4 X
n-1 n |
n
0 n 0
1 ) X
n =
s i
"
C n< 0 "
2
]
n
"
Q
[ V 0 " ^)
R ( )
' .
< r < r ,
Q
T > 0.
i w
Ol
(X - K) sin [X (R
P
2 2 1 1'
/ P
r / r
i'
10.2.12
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 10.2.13 Description (t - t,)k Po + $ Solution
74, p. 370 Sphere with a steady internal heating and steady surface flux.
ft Pof t 3 -
Fo - ^- (3 - 5R ) - 2
10
^ n=l
tana ) = X n n
n
P-F"2
0
2 - (2 + X ) cos ( J X v n/ n
2
sin (X R) n
n=l
2
X R sin n
( ) X n
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References 10.2.13.2 74, P. 370 Description Case 10.2.13 with ,,, _ 2 ,
= q ( 1 R )
Solution
g l I 1
< ~ V
fc
2 Po
n=l
sin
+ * Xra sin (X ) R m
a " "r 0 0
q r
$ given in case 10.2.13. 10.2.13.3 74, p. 370 Case 10.2.13 with q'" = q'" exp(-bR).
( t
"
fc
)k
3 Fo [2 - exp(-b) (b + 2b + 2)]
q'"r 0 0
4
"
+ 2 b
2X - exp(-b) (2 + b
n
2. ~ n=l
$ given in case 10.2.13. 10.2.13.4 74, p. 370 Case 10.2.13 with q'" = q^"(l + bT). (t - t.)k , x = Fo (1 + ~ Pd Fo) + $ a r 0 0 $ given in case 10.2.13.
q
l 2 M
'
iii
_ >i>
q
e x p
(-bT),
Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Description Case 10.2.13 with q " = q'< 'cos(br). Solution (t - t.)k . = |^ sin (Pd Po) + * given in case 10.2.13.
References
10.2.13.7
74, p. 371
q l I
... 2
r
Section 10.2.
74, p. 390 Sphere with pulse heating on a spherical surface and a convection boundary, t = t , 0 < r < r , T = 0.
f Q
(t - t ) p c r *
f
[(Bi - l )
sin
i
(X^)
sin
2
{X R)
n
Q|
B i R. R 2-11/2 l) ]
2
e x p
(" n ) *
+ (Bi 2
r = t ,
x
T = 0.
n=
X + Bi n
- Bi
tan(X ) n '
For B i -* : (t - t )pcr 5 For r
f
r^ii'
=
R = r / r
o
( n l I H
( n 1 T R )
e x
P(~
2 2 T )
F
= 0 i
X S i n ( X
3 (t - t )pcrjj
QI
R )
n n
F o
2TTR ZJ
sin
(X ) c o s ( X
Mean temp:
<*,, - y p
,
4TTR
^
n=l
RTBIS
i-
8 1
" ' *^
,.V2
Vn
">)
s i n
<W
x exp
B
n
6 Bi X (X n n
v 2 2 +
Bi
- Bi) /
Section 10.2. Solids Bounded by Spherical SurfacesWith Internal Heating. Case No. References Description Solution
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.1 Description Solution
9, p. 285 Initial surface maintained at Solid temp: constant temp: freezing liquid.. t = t , x = 0, T > 0. l/erf (A), 0 < x < w, = erf t = t , x > 0, T = 0. *" 0 Liquid temp: t = melting temp, m t ~ t] 'ft / * \ , _ erf c/FOj^J/erf c (X M a / < \ ) , x > w .
Q
fc
K)
i
I w (solid)
c ( t
XYVT
(liquid)
exp(-X )
'
e r f ( A )
(t
m ~ V H *** (~ V f t )
m " 0
t ) k
s m " V
(t
e r f o ( X )
w = 2Xya T
s
11.1.2
9, p. 287 Solid region maintained at melting temp: freezing liquid, t = t , x < w, T > 0.
m
Liquid temps
= \YTetCcfeo^/expl-X w = 2XVaT
X exp(X ) erfc(X)
2
) , x >w .
t = t , X > 0, T 0.
x
t, < t , t
melting temp.
m m
= (t
- t^
C^/VVTT
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.3 Description Solid temp:
fc
Solution
B- 0
fc
'h>V
''SL,
x =
' fc
T >
m"
fc
= melting temp.
Liquid temp:
0
fc
\-\-\ (solid)
|t .a .k I (liquid)
e
(solid)
e t f
(X>
* i " S*
V 5
( t
e r f c
( X V
V s"
( t l
"
tm>
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.4 Description Original solid:
fc
Solution
9, p. 288 Liquid freezing on solidproperties of solidified liquid different from original solid. t = t t
Q f
sl - Q t - t m o
fc
VA VA"+
K e r f (X)
[ l + erf
(Fo* )]
gl
, x < 0 .
x < 0, T
0. 0.
Solidified liquid:
fc
a2-
fc
0
~
^ *
( <4 >
2
- t m u
VA + K e r f (A)
0 < x < w .
, x > w .
fc
V^r si
(solid)
' W
s 2
VV ,
(liquid)
3 ( t
(solid)
, "l^a**, ~ l
k s 2
M I
P - &2
/ C
V
A
s2 m " V
VT (t
A
- t ) erfc
Q
(XVa /a )
s2
w = 2X V S ^ r
a g l
/a
s 2
Description w = 2AV"<V^
AT
Solution
9, p. 289 Melting of a solid in contact with another solidproperties of liquid different than original solid. t = t, > t , x < 0, T = 0. 1 m t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
Q
XYVTT
c
k^VH^exp { A ) " h ^ l
( t fc +
A l " V ,
k
( t
" a l ^
e x X
e t f( X )
B2^t
( t
0- m
P(- V s2)
( X
*^ i" V
e r f c
>' 7 ?
S
1 S
= melting temperature ,
ml
t o
W
> T
t W a ^
( t ^ - t )k VcT
ml &
fc
erf (A)
lt
ml ' V s * \
(t
m 2
m l
)k Va^
f c
Use c for c in the above equations and solutions given in cases li.l.i and 11.1.4.
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.7 Description Solution
A ( X
+
P -PI[/5
S
x = 0, T > 0.
Sa-h
2 ( t
Jl
X
r*$-4b->g Q
t = tj, x > 0, t = 0.
= melting temperature.
e x p
w = 2XY~a~T" s
r
| (solid)
w (liquid)
11.1.8
s a p
S^S"
=* -:V 2x
Q T
3 2
F o
x > ^ 2i ^ T 12x
+
4
+ 1 2
P o
x " ?<Q
, 0 < x < w.
W = QfT - |
+ |
Q T
0'
?'
>
*
Q =
V W ' x "s
Fo
X/x
'
T =
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.9 9, p. 292 Description Convection boundary at original solid-liquid boundary. t = t x > 0, T = 0, t t = melting temp, m
v x
Solution
t
t
- t
tj. X
P BiJ;
2 X
F Bi*
31 , X 0 < x < w.
~ m
> t .
m
x w
w = F Bi F = k (t
s
Fo
P Bi J - ^ (1 + F) FO +
2 x
v\,
)
- t ) / a p y , P o = cyr/x* , B i
f g x
= hx/k
te
(solid)
(liquid)
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.10 55 19. p. 3-87 Description Solidification on plane semih
Solution
s
pyk
V
fc
i
N
2
H l K B i + 1) - 1
t >
m
i X
- 1
a < 0, X = 0. t
N=
V o"
'
Bi
l
a
c = 0. t = melting temperature. See P i g . 11 .1
hw s " k s
(Solid) t ,h .
(Solid)
(Liquid)
P. c
Vo
Case 11.1.10 with solidified layer of finite heat capacity and heat flow at x = 0 given as q = bt , where t is temp w w at x < 0. "
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case Ho. References 11.1.12 19, 77 p . 3-88 Description Case 11.1.10 with heat flow 4 at x = 0 given as q = b t
w <
H I
erfc
e r f c
Ka)
V S
Char
Virgin
, x > _
)
S, ' d ~
fc
( b / 2
b2
h-f
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.14 57 19, p. 3-93 Description Ablation of a semi-infinite solid by convection heating,
fc
t = t , x > 0, T = 0.
Q
_ - = 1 - exp [(h/k) ore ] erfc [(h/k) VoTj] t , = Time for free surface to reach temp t .
d
t, = decomposition temp.
d
< a - V
d Q
fc
"ss ~ p < t - t ) + a]
l to
fc
l i
(Char) (Solid)
fc
r ss, ,.i
'd0
H = heat of ablation
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane Interface. Case No. References 11.1.15 58 19, p. 3-95 Description Case 11.1.15 with heating by a constant surface flux q " . See Fig. 11.6 Preablation time: Solution
p[c(t - t ) + H]
d Q
Section 11.1.
Section 11.1. Change of PhasePlane interface. Case No. References Description Solution
V
to
Section 11.2. Change of PhaseNonplanar Interface. Case No. References 11.2.1 9, p. 29 Description Liquid freezing on a cylinder. t = t,0<r<R. m t = t., r + , t < t . 1 1 m t = melting temp. Liquid temp:
a El
fc
Solution
(-Fo2) /Ei
2 2
<-X ) , r > r .
s
- i X exp(X ) Ei (-X ) + c ( t
A 2 m
fc
- t^/Y = 0.
- 2X VSJ7
.J ,
(Solid)
(Liquid)
11.2.2
9, p. 295
Liquid temp:
2X
tm -
t1
exp
l)
,
"
2 2
e r f c
("-)}
r > r (t - tj
X exp(X ) | e x p ( - X ) - Xu e r f c (X)j = ~
(Solid) (Liquid)
= 2X V5T
Description Steady line heat sink t = t , r > 0, T = 0, t , > t . sinK rate = q. 1 m u t = melting temp. S o l i d tempt
( t
Solution
s -
4lt Ei
(~2)
r
a
= 2X V a t
s
Liquid temp: (t
c
- t.)
> r
m
2 ax
x ^ t ,
m e
p(-X )/4ir * ~
xp(-X o /
l g
a A
)/E
VY/q .
0
11.2.4
9, p. 296
*- V
fc
r =
V V
T >
' -
- an(r/r )/n(r /r )
n s 0
< r < r
0 m
<
V
r > T =
*"V
t
= melting temp,
s ^ s ' V
" r
+ a
= 4 k (t
s
- t )T/YP
Q
(Solid) (Liquid)
Section 1 1 . 2 .
Change of PhaseNonplanar Interface. Description Freezing i n s i d e a tube, tube resistance neglected, convection cooling at r = r .
Q
Solution 2
( 2
m" p^k
t = t , r = r . t = melting temp.
m 1
Bi = h 8 A , R =
/*
Liquid
Solid
11.2.6
19, p. 3-87
2^ < n, ~ pyk
SiT/l 2 |_VBi
|\ 2/
2 _
l
] J
11.2.7
19, p. 3-88
2 m^ a
=
_ B|_ gj_
_ ^
( 1
R 3 )
( 1
R 2 )
"J
<
S^^f^s?-'''?,':--^?'
Solution
^k
_ B i f/l_+ . ,\ ,_3} 1 (B 1
r L\Bi )
" "2
,, ( R 3_ 1, 2 }
p
" J ' *
" 1
Section 11.2. Change of PhaseNonplanar interface. Case No. References Description Solution
Section 11.2. Change of PhaseNonplanar Interface. Case No. References Description Solution
Solution
9, p. 389 Semi-infinite solid with t - t . linear! initial temp, time - 7 - = D(l - U) + G + ^ erfc [x(l - U)] dependent surface temp 1 ~ 0 and internal heating t = t "+ dx, x > 0, T = 0. + i exp(40X ) erfc [ x ( l + 0)] + f ( t t ' + tit,-* = 0, T > 0. x 1 (1 + U) exp(4UX ) e r f c [ x ( l + U)] Solid increasing at
2 2
- (1 - U) e r f c [ x ( l - U ) ] j .
Q
velocity u.
B - bT/(t
- t ) , D = dx/(t
0
- t ) , G = q'-'OT/M^ - t )
f l
H = ux/x, X = x/2Vat
10 1
12.1.2
= I ( e r f c [ X ( l - Oj] + 2 Fo Bi -_0 Po Bi
e x p
F F o
. f
+ F o
exp(U/Fo) e r f c [ x { l + 0)] j]
e r f c
B i ( 1
_ 0
B i
(
X
Bi + 1 - U ) ] .
Section 12.1. Trav ^ing Boundaries. Case No. References 12.1.3 Description Solution t - t f- = exp[ux/2a - xVE cos (<l>/2)] cos [tox - x V b s i n (<|>/2) + e] 0 ~ m
fc
0 + j& = b exp(i<t.)
4a
to I
12.1.4
t - t 0
t n
_ _ X
=
fc
0" i
fc
^
n=u + | V n = n=0
V>
exp(-U P o ) e
2 n
t = t, r = r
Q
Q l
T > 0.
Cylinder traveling at v e l o c i t y u.
cos
(n6)I (U)
n
" exp(-Fo X ) [j
2
L n
2
(X + u ) [a (X) + YJ(X>]
e = 1, 6 = 2 i f n > 1 , Fo = orr/rj;, R = r / r
n
U = ur / 2 a
Section 12.1.
9, p. 391 Thin rod with fixed end temps and convection cooling, t = t , 0 < x < S., x = 0. t = t , x = , T > 0.
+
2 l
yexp(UX- )
D
- '
n n 2
5 i n
2 2 + n 71
<")
+ n Tt )]
2
t .h
0
il
10 , .
p ^ B = 0-j
FIG. 1.1. Temperature distribution and mean temperature in a porous plate (case 1.1.4, source: Ref. 2, p. 221, Fig. 9.2).
0.2
0.3
1.0
FIG. 1 . 2 . Temperature d i s t r i b u t i o n in an i n f i n i t e p l a t e with internal heating and temperature dependent conductivity (case 1 . 2 . 3 , source: Ref. 3 , p . 132, Fig. 3 . 2 3 ) . _
F x
FIG. 1.3. Teit,perature d i s t r i b u t i o n in a heat generating porous p l a t e (case 1 . 2 . 6 , source: Raf. 2, p. 223, Fig. 9 . 3 ) .
, p 0.60
0.45 0.40 0 1
2 3 4
5 6
8 9 10 11 12
-* b/a (or a/b) FIG. 1 . 4 . Ratio of mean and maximum temperature excesses i n an e l e c t r i c a l c o i l of rectangular cross s e c t i o n (case 1 . 2 . 8 , source: Ref. 1, p . 180, Fig. 1 0 . 5 ) . F-2
h
FIG. 1.5. First-term approximation to the maximum temperature in a solid rectangular rod with internal heating, ^ = VqJjT^TSk 2b, ty ~ " q V o /Bk 2a (case 1.2.10, source: Ref. 2, p. 198, Fig. 8.16).
2
F-3
FIG. 1.6a. Maximum temperature variations on the cooled surface of a f l a t p l a t e having equally spaced adiabatic and constant temperature s t r i p s on the o p p o s i t e surface (case 1 . 1 . 3 0 , source: Ref. 2 7 ) .
F-4
PIG. 1.6b. Heat flux through slabs held at a uniform temperature on one surface and having equally spaced constant temperature strips on the other (case 1.1.30, source: Ref. 88).
F-5
10
w/a = 0.05
FIG. 1.7. Maximum temperature variation of the cooled surface of a f l a t plate having alternating adiabatic and constant heat-flux s t r i p s on the opposite surface (case 1 . 1 . 3 1 , source: Ref. 28).
F-6
10 E
1ii
i i 1111
rii
i i 111
1 I I I II I
1 1 I I III I
Insulating spot-v
>,H mwL.
ib
10''
v//////////////////m^/m////////M
Insulated surface
hw/k PIG. 1.8. Temperatures at the spot center of a spot-insulated plate having a uniform internal heat source (case 1.2.13, source: Ref. 29). 10
d
"III
I I I 111
1 I I I I I 111
1II
I I I III
1II I I 111,
Insulating spot-v
^ 0 ^
mm.
10 hw/k
FIG. 1.9. Temperatures on the cooled surface and at the spot center of a spot-insulated plate having a constant temperature heat source on one face (case 1.1.32, source: Ref. 2 9 ) . F-7
0.4
0.6
0.8
(y/t)/(1/Bi+1) FIG. 1.10. Hotspot temperatures along plate/rib centerline (Bi = hl/k) (case 1.1.39, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-126, Pig. 7 7 ) .
10 9 8
1 1
Adiabatic wallv.
FIG. 1.11. Conductive shape factors for a rectangular section containing constant temperature tube (case 1.1.44, source: Ref. 87).
F-8
1.6
_- 1.0
o i
/ r
Ref. 3 ,
F-9
1 '
"
I
l
p + + 1)/
=^^^
3
tm
l\ 12:25 1 \ 1 \
'
\
\
V b T = 2.00
0
1 1 1 1
+ o +
E
s
1
1 S. i
" 1.75 1 ^V 1.50
0.00
>
0.6 R 0.8
0s.Y
1.0
0.2
0.4
FIG. 2.2. Temperature distribution and mean temperature in a cylinder with temperature dependent heat source (case 2.2.4, source: Ref. 2, p. 189, Fig. 8.11).
100
FIG. 2.3. Temperature distribution in an infinite plate with a cylindrical heat source, B =V(h + h )/lw r , t = t at r , ^ = t at t = (case 2.2.10, source: Ref. 2, p. 175, Fig. 8.2).
x 2 0 0 0
F-10
0.1 -
0.01 -
0.001
0.001
0.01
0.001 0.05
0.4 0.5
FIG. 2.4. The inside surface temperature of an infinite tube with temperature dependent conductivity and heating {case 2.2.17, source: Ref. 16, Fig. 1 ) . Equation (5) given in case solution.
F-ll
CM V)
s/r
FIG. 2 . 5 . Maximum (hot spot) temperatures i n the cross s e c t i o n of a heat-generating s o l i d (cases 2.2.18 and 2 . 2 . 1 9 , source: Ref. 64, F i g . 3).
0.2
0.4
1.0
1.2
1.4
FIG. 2.6. Shape factor for a cylinder with two longitudinal holes (case 2 . 1 . 4 4 , source: Ref. 73, Fig. 6 ) . E-12
F-13
12
10 -
B = 10/l
/
/ /
S\ V
X
V
"
I 6
2
4 / / S
1
2 =-5^1 -2 -1
I I I
= ;
x/b FIG. 4 . 1 . Surface temperature of a semi-infinite s o l i d with heating on the surface over width 2b, which moves at v e l o c i t y u (case 4 . 1 . 8 , source: Ref. 9, p. 270, Fig. 34).
|- |
*-| |
'
>
-i
3 -
Is^"0^ = 0
2 y^.
--~~~^\s'
H
L=1
//
H = O.lXX
= i.o
^ -
1 Leading edge ^
1 1
, x/fi
7"---VI
^ ^t-
-3
-2
FIG. 4.2. Surface temperature of a convectively cooled semi-infinite solid with a traveling strip heat source (case 4.1.9, source: Ref. 3 0 ) . F-14
0.02
0-rad PIG. 4.3a. Surface temperature of an i n f i n i t e cylinder with a r o t a t i n g surface band source, $ = 0.01 (case 4 . 1 . 1 0 , s o u r c e : Ref. 30).
TTT
l VZX
0
-0.10-0.08-0.06-0.04-0.02
F-15
Nu = 0.2 Nu = 2.0
OIR.tt (4/Pe)
2.0 - I
Pe = 20.0 Pe = 2.0
g(R,f) (4/Pe)
Pe = 20.0 Pe = 2.0
J
-1.5 (b)
L
-1.0
FIG. 4.4. Temperature distribution in a cylinder with a ring heat source (case 4.1.11, source: Ref. 34), 9 = (t - t )2irr k/Q .
f 0 0
9(R,f)
9(R.f)
PIG. 4.5. Temperature distributions in a hollow cylinder with an inside ring heat source (case 4.1.12, source: Ref. 3 4 ) . 9 defined in Pig. 4.4.
0.9 0.8
0.2 0.1
2.0 Hv/h/kYb
3.0
4.0
5.0
FIG. 5.1. Perfocnance of pin fins (cases 5.1.2, 5.1.14, and 5.1.16 through 5.1.18, source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p. 55, Fig. 3.14.
F-18
^ _ $ \
[n=1/3:y = y ( x /
b
4 0=
3 u
(u )
b b b
_ .
b
M b>
u 0
b l t h)
3 / 2 b
, ,u
b
|n = -1;y = v ( x / t ) 4
"b
=4t^hlky
'2< b'
'l( bl
2
U
10=
n
= + ; y = y (x/e) ;u
b
=Cv/h/kV
1 +Vl-4u
0.2
1.0
2.0 Sv/fiTEVb"
3.0
4.0
5.0
(cases 5 . 1 . 4 , 3.15).
5.1.5, 5.1.7,
5.1.8,
F-19
1.0 0.9
0 = l (u )/K (u )
1 e 1 e
t\/h/ky
u = u (x /x )
e b e b
, x / x = 1.0
f h
1.0
2.0 B\/h7kVb
3.0
4.0
5.0
FIG. 5.3. Performance of circumferential fins of rectangular cross section (case 5.1.10, source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p. 57, Fig. 3.16).
F-20
FIG. 5 . 4 .
Curve for calculating dimensions of circular fin of rectangular Ref. 1, p. 234, a = B/irhx(t - t ) .
0 f
F-21
_4
4/3 e b
[i-2/3 b) P'2/3("b)|
+
(u
28Vh7i^T
I 1.0
2.0 3.0
4.0
5.0
Vh7k^r
FIG. 5 . 5 . Performance of cylindrical fins of triangular p r o f i l e (case 5.1.11, source: Ref. 8 and Ref. 7, p. 58, Fig. 3 . 1 7 ) .
F-22
<re*-r K/2h7k^
0
FIG. 5.6. Efficiency of an infinite fin heated by square arrayed round rods (case 5,1.19, source: Ref. 11 and Ref. 10, p. 135, Fig. 2.22). r| = (2/W)s.
F-23
PIG. 5.7. Efficiency of an i n f i n i t e fin heated by equilateral triangular arrayed round rods (case 5.1.20, source: Ref. 11 and Ref. 10, p. 136,
Pig. 2 . 2 3 ) . r* = ( Z W T T ) / ^ .
1
P-24
7
IO
Z = T /T
0
FIG. 5.8. Fin parameter as a function of Z for a straight fin radiating to free space (case 5.1.24, source: Ref. 10, p. 208, Fig. 4.3).
FIG. 5.9. Fin efficiency for a straight fin radiation to free space (case 5.1.24, source: Ref. 10, p. 209, Fig. 4.4).
0.8
FIG. 5.10. Heat flow relationship for a straight fin of rectangular profile radiating to nonfree space (case 5.1.25, source: Ref. 10, p. 216, Fig. 4.8).
0.4
0.8
1.2
1 2
1.6
FIG. 5.11. Efficiency of a straight fin of rectangular p r o f i l e radiating to nonfree space (case 5 . 1 . 2 5 , source: Ref. 10, p. 216, Fig. 4 . 9 ) . F-26
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Profile number K^TJ^/kbo FIG. 5.12a. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating fin of trapezoidal profile with a taper ratio of 0.75 (case 5.1.26, source: Ref. 10, p. 223, Fig. 4.12).
Profiie number I^T^/kb,, FIG. 5.12b. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating fin of trapezoidal profile with a taper ratio of 0.50 (case 5.1.26, source; Ref. 10, p. 224, Fig. 4.13). F-27
3
Profile number K T B / k b
1
FIG. 5.12c. Fin efficiency for the longitudinal radiating f i n of trapezoidal p r o f i l e with a taper ratio of 0.25 (case 5 . 1 . 2 6 , source: Ref. 10, p. 224, Fig. 4 . 1 4 ) .
Profile number K T ^ R / k b
1
FIG. 5.12d. Fin e f f i c i e n c y for the longitudinal radiating f i n of triangular p r o f i l e (case 5.1.26, source: Ref. 10, p. 225, Fig. 4.15). F-28
1.0
1.1
1.7
PIG. 5.13. Profile number of constant-temperature-gradient longitudinal radiating f i n as a function of b a s e - t o - t i p temperature ratio (case 5 . 1 . 2 8 , source: Ref. 10, p. 233, Fig. 4 . 1 8 ) .
F-29
0.4
0.8
2 1
1.2
FIG. 5.14. Efficiency of constant-temperature-gradient longitudinal radiating fin as a function of p r o f i l e number (case 5 . 1 . 2 8 , source: Ref. 10, p. 232. Fig. 4.17).
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 Radius ratio p = r /r
n e
FIG. 5.15a.
Taper r a t i o , X = 1.00; environmental factor, Kj^r^a source: Ref. 10, p. 250, Fig. 4.24). F-30
c a s e
-29,
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0 e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio p = r /r
Radiation f i n e f f i c i e n c y of r a d i a l f i n of rectangular p r o f i l e .
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
Q e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio p - r /r
F-31
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
Q e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio p = r /r
FIG. 5.15d. Radiation fin efficiency of radial fin of trapezoidal profile. Taper ratio, \ = 0.75; environmental factor, K./K.T. - 0.00 (case 5.1.29, source: Ref. 10, p. 252, Fig. 4.27).
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
n e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio p = r /r
Taper r a t i o , \ = 0 . 7 5 ; environmental factor, K /K T = 0.20 (case 5.1.29, Ref. 10, p . 252, Fig. 4.28).
F-32
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
Q e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r
Taper r a t i o , \ = 0.75; environmental factor, K-ZK-.T': = 0 . 4 0 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 , Ref. 10, p. 253, F i g . 4.29).
c o
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
Q e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r
F-33
ra DC
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
Q e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r
FIG. 5.15h.
Taper ratio, X = 0.5C; environmental factor, S A T : =0.20 (case 5.1.29, source: Ref. 10, p. 254, Fig. 4.31).
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
0 e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r
FIG. 5.15i. Radiation fin efficiency of radial fin of trapezoidal profile. Taper ratio, X = 0.50; environmental factor, K./K^T!: = 0.40 (case 5.1.29, source: Ref. 10, p. 254, Fig. 4.32). F-34
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
Q e
0.65
0.75
Radius ratio, p = r /r
FIG. 5.15j.
Taper ratio, X = 0.00; environmental factor, K /K 1* = 0.00 (case 5.1.29, source: Ref. 10, p. 255, Fig. 4.33).
1.0
1^ u ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
-
0.8
0.6
CO
'5
T^A^Z//
f/ / / / ^- Profile number
i . i
0.55
n e
0.4
^ / / r
0.35
,
0.45
i
0.65
0.25
i 0.75
F-35
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 Radius rato, p = r /r
Q e
FIG. 5.151. Radiation f i n efficiency of r a d i a l f i n of t r i a n g u l a r p r o f i l e . Taper r a t i o , X = 0.00; environmental f a c t o r , K /K T = 0.40 (case 5 . 1 . 2 9 , source: Ref. 10, p . 256, F i g . 4.35).
o
a
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 Base parameter ml
FIG. 5.16a. Efficiency of the side of a capped cylinder fin (case 5 . 1 . 3 0 , s o u r c e : Ref. 10, p . 276, F i g . 5 . 6 ) . F-36
Base parameter mB
PIG. 5.16b. Efficiency of the top of a capped cylinder fin (case 5 . 1 . 3 0 , source: Ref. 10, p. 277, Fig. 5 . 7 ) .
F-37
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.4
36 .
Parameter mil FIG. 5.17. Heat flow ratio qj/qg as a function of mb and temperature excess ratio (t! - tfj/ftg - ff) for the doubly heated rectangular fin (case 5.1.32, source: Ref. 10, p. 410, Fig. 8.10).
F-38
1.0 0.9
X e-
| /
V
1
i
1
i I <6
| I -
>
> c
fici
aj H-
w*
|
0 0.2
N'
o
<0
a > _c
iZ
^ S
1
1
0.4 1 0.6
m
1 0.8 xl l
b
1 1.0
1
1.2
I
1.4 1
FIG. 5.18a. Efficiency of the vertical section of a straight, single Tee fin for u = v (case 5.1.32, source: Ref. 10, p. 398, Fig. 8.4).
0.2
0.4
1.2
1
1.4
1.6
FIG. 5.18b. Efficiency of the horizontal section of a straight, single Tee fin for u = v (case 5.1.32, source: Ref. 10, p. 399, Fig. 8.5).
F-39
FIG. 5.19. Effectiveness of the concave parabolic f i n radiating to non-free space (case 5.1.37, source: Ref. 31).
0 0.5 -*
FIG. 5.20. Effectiveness of the convex parabolic f i n radiating to non-free space (case 5 . 1 . 3 8 , source: Ref. 31).
F-40
1-)^
FIG. 5.21. Effectiveness of sheet fin with square array tubes (case 5.1.40, source: Ref. 83, p. 294, Fig. 2 ) .
1
-^No.0 \ _a2NA\
5
kO.01
J J i
0.5- 1
~2
*v ^
v
-5
No
i ^ s ^ :
FIG. 6.1. Temperatures in an infinite region of which the region |x| < b is initially at temperature tg (case 6.1.1, source: Ref. 9, p. 55, Fig. 4 a ) .
F-41
^ 5 * V 0.01 = Fo
0.1N
^ \
2
i
i ^S?
0
FIG. 6.2. Temperatures i n an i n f i n i t e region of which the region r < r i s i n i t i a l l y at temperature t (case 6 . 1 . 4 , source: Ref. 9, p. 55, Fig. 4b).
0
1.0
0.05
s1
3.02SAo.01 = Fo
'
o.ioN
'c 0.5
0.20
0.50 1.00 1_
I XS^5*
0
FIG. 6 . 3 . Temperatures i n an i n f i n i t e region of which the region r < r i s i n i t i a l l y at temperature t (case 6 . 1 . 5 , source: Ref. 9, p. 55, Fig. 4c).
0
F-42
0.4
FIG. 6.4. Temperatures in an i n f i n i t e region with steady temperature tg on the surface r = r (case 6.1.18, source: Ref. 9, p. 337, Fig. 41).
0
log (Fo)
10
FIG. 6 . 5 . Temperature in a cylinder of i n f i n i t e conductivity, i n i t i a l l y at temperature t, i n an i n f i n i t e medium i n d i t i a l l y at t . Numbers on the curves are values of 2 p c / P i C i (case 6 . 1 . 2 1 , source: Ref. 9, p. 342, Fig. 45).
0 0 o
F-43
a
I
0.2-
PIG. 6 . 6 . Temperature in a cylinder of i n f i n i t e conductivity, i n i t i a l l y at temperature t , in an i n f i n i t e medium. Numbers on the curves are values of 2pQCo/Plci (case 6.1.22, source: ref. 9, p. 343, Fig. 46).
u
Embedded sphere
10 20
1000 2000
10,000
PIG. 6.7. Temperature response of solid sphere 0 < r < r with kj_ and * > initially at tx,o embedded in an infinite solid (r > trf initially at t (case 6.1.26, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-64, Fig. 37).
l f 2 0
F-44
0.6
0.001
5.000 10.000
FIG. 6.7. Temperature response of an infinite solid with a constant spherical surface temperature of t (case 6.1.13, source: Ref 74, p. 430, Fig. 10.9).
0
I "*K*.
N c\
-ii
lll\
III V II
4? 0.3 0.2
I
0.10 0 10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.2 40 20
"I
0.20
-\ I
200
- 0.15
0.10 0.05
I
400 Fo
I
600 800
0 10 00
FIG. 7.1. Temperature distribution in the semi-infinite solid having a steady surface temperature (case 7.1.1 b = 0, source: Ref. 74, p. 95, Figs. 4.4 and
4
' >-
F-45
0.01
FIG. 7.2a. Temperature distribution in the semi-infinite solid with convection boundary condition (case 7.1.3, source: Ref. 5, p. 82, Fig. 4.6).
F-46
1.0000 0.8875
0.3222 0.2579 0.2031 0.1573 0.1198 0.0897 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 5.00 10.00 50.00
BL\/Fo7 -
FIG. 7.2b. The dimensionless excess temperature vs the number B i ( F o ) ^ ' ^ various Fourier numbers for semi-infinite solid with a convection boundary (case 7 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 74, p. 207, Fig. 6 . 2 ) .
x x a n d
2y/lTQTQ
FIG. 7 . 3 . Temperature distribution in a s e m i - i n f i n i t e region when the surface temperatur i s harmonic (case 7 . 1 . 1 6 , source: Ref. 7, p. 99, Fig. 4 - 1 9 ) . F-47
o o
PIG. 7.4. Function f Qt-tf )/(t -t )] (case 7.1.22, source: Ref. 4, p. 84, Fig. 4.15).
c f
FIG. 7.5. Temperature distribution across a heated strip of width 2a on the surface of a semi-infinite solid (case 7.1.24, source: Ref. 9, p. 265, Fig. 33).
F-48
1.4
1.6
FIG. 7.6. Temperature response of semi-infinite s o l i d (x > 0) with surface _ temperature t suddenly increasing as power function of time, t = t^ + b t , (case 7 . 1 . 9 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-66, Fig. 39).
n s s
1
Semi-infinite solid q = const
0
2.4
F:
FIG. 7 . 7 . Temperature response, temperature gradient, and heating rate i n a semi-infinite s o l i d after exposure to a constant surface heat flux q (case 7.15, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3 - 8 1 , Fig. 49).
n
F-49
Semi-infinite solid
"o
<
/ D
FIG. 7 . 8 . Temperature response of a semi-infinite s o l i d after sudden exposure to a l i n e a r l y increasing surface heat flux for a duration D, Q = D q / 2 , qg = q x/t) (case 7 . 1 . 1 4 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-82, Pig. 50).
m a x m a x
Fo* ,x /2v^r
2 2
FIG. 7 . 9 . Temperature response of an i n f i n i t e conductivity plate and semii n f i n i t e s o l i d composite with a constant heat f l u x a t x^ = 0 (case 7 . 1 . 3 0 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-84, Fig. 51). F-50
0.6
Vy/V0.5
-S. 0.4
=
q
b"
e*
0.3
r** i^
V2-
0.2
0.1 = - 1 / 4 Opaque*\
1
1 , 1 ,
0.4 0.8 1.2
20
Fot -*
FIG. 7.10. Temperature distributions in a s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d with exponential heating (case 7 . 2 . 9 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-85, Fig. 52).
FIG. 8 . 1 . Temperatures i n a slab with a l i n e a r i n i t i a l temperature distribution (case 8 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 9 , p . 97, Fig. 1 0 ) . F-51
10 .
O.ffP^
0.04
->
0.8
O10
0.6-
0.4 ^0.40
Cv^
VV^
1.0
0.2
0.4 X
0.6
0.8
10 .
FIG. 8.2. Temperatures in a slab with a parabolic initial temperature distribution (case 8.1.4, source: Ref. 9, p. 98, Fig. 10).
0.6 -
FIG. 8.3. Temperatures in the infinite plate with a constant intial temperature and steady surface temperature (case 8.1.6, source: Roc. 9, p. 101, Fig. 11). F-52
1.000
0.100 -
0.010 -
0.001 0 1 2 3 4 10
20 Fo
30
50
70
300
500
700
FIG. 8.4a. Midplane temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 2S, and convectively cooled, (case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 12, p. 227 and source: Ref. 5, p. 83, Fig. 4-7).
0.0001
0.0005 0.0010
0.0050 0.0100 Fo
0.0500 0.1000
0.50001.000
FIG. 8.4b. Surface temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 21 and correction boundary (case 8.1.7.2, source: Ref. 74 p. 226, Fig. 6.6c).
0.0001
0.0005 0.0010
0.0050 0.0100 Fo
0.05000.1000
0.50001.0000
FIG. 8.4c. Surface temperature of an infinite plate of thickness 2% and convection boundary (case 8.1.7.2, source: Ref. 74, p. 226, Fig. 6.6d). F-54
100.0
FIG. 8.4d. Temperature as a function of midplane temperature for an infinite plate of thickness 2l and convectively cooled (case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 5, p. 86, Fig. 4-10).
10"
10~
FIG. 8.4e. Relative heat loss from an infinite plate of thickness 21 and convectively cooled (case 8.1.7, source: Ref. 5, p. 90, Fig. 4-14 and Ref. 13).
F-55
FIG. 8.5.
The function F(a) (case 8.1.12, source: Ref. 1. p. 301, Fig. 14-3).
FIG. 8.6a. Variation of amplitude of the steady oscillation of temperature in an infinite plate caused by harmonic surface temperature (case 8.1.13, source: Ref. 9, p. 106, Fig. 13).
F-56
-600
-500-
-400
-300-
FIG. 8.6b. Variation in phase of the steady o s c i l l a t i o n of temperature i n an i n f i n i t e plate caused by harmonic surface temperature (case 8 . 1 . 1 3 , source: Sef. 9, p. 107, Fig. 14).
F-57
I 0.3
Fo=joo /0.3
i7 om QJa
0
ma.21 5
"I
I / -
JS/iO.1 0.2
o u.
I
CJ
J/////l* ff////fl
003
J///J J////J XA
0.1
'
01
' o
10 _ .
/ I
0.2
0.4
i Ul CD
" a
-0.1 1 I I
I I
0.2
i
0.6
i
0.8 1.0
Fo
PIG. 8.7. Temperature distribution in an infinite plate with no heat flow at x = 0 and constant heat flux q at x = S, (case 8.1.18, source: Ref. 9, p. 113, Fig. 15).
0
FIG. 8.8. Temperatures in an infinite plate with constant internal heating q' and surface temperature tj (case 8.2.1, source: Ref. 9, p. 131, Fig. 20).
FIG. 8.9. Quasi-steady state temperature of an infinite conductivity plate with a harmonic fluid temperature (case 8.1.49, source: Ref. 19, Fig. 17b, p. 3-31). F-59
FIG. 8.10. Plate temperature response for prescribed heat inputs (case 8.2.15, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-35, Fig. 18).
F-60
(c#tjj/pC6) FIG. 8 . 1 1 . Temperature response of thin generating p l a t e suddenly exposed t o constant heat input with surface reradiation: (a) heating, (b) cooling (case 8 . 2 . 1 6 , source: Ref. 19, p. 3-36, Fig. 1 9 ) . F-61
FIG. 8.12. Maximum temperature of thin insulated plate suddenly exposed to circular heat pulse with surface reradiations (case 8.1.50, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-38, Fig. 20). 1.00
0.04
0.16 0.20
FIG. 8.13. Temperature response of an infinite plate with uniform internal heating, & = half thickness (case 8.2.6, source: Ref. 19, p. 3-43, Fig. 24), F-62
01 .
0.2
0.3
Ka.max-V^f-V FIG. 8.14a. Insulation weight for substructure protection to t in heating duration D, W^ = Pi&x < 8.1.51, sources Ref. 19 p. 5-48, Fig. 27).
2m a x c a s e
F-63
0.4-
0.5
1 Fo
i
10
20
n= p C 5 /p C 5
2 2 2 1 1
B^ ' h S , / ^
10 Fo, (b)
20
<_ 6 ) convectively
1
= 6 with a = 0.
F-64
50
100
50 100
x/5 = 1
I
50 100 Fo
g s
0.5
50 (dl
100
FIG. 8.15. Temperature response of thick plate (0 < x <_ 6) with insulated rear face x = 6 after sudden _ exposure to uniform radiative environment t at x = 0: (a) heating, t[j/t = 0, x/6 = 0 , (b) heating, t n A s ' / ' > heating, t / t = 1/4, x/6 = 1, (d) heating, t / t = 1/4, x/6 = 1 (case 8.1.52, source; Ref. 19, pp. 3-50, Fig. 29).
= x fi = 1 (c 0 a 0 s
t. = t,
50 100
500
50 100 (f) Fo FIG. 8.15 (Cont.). Temperature response of thick plate (0 x 6) with insulated rear face x = 6 after sudden exposure to uniform radiative environment t at x = 0: (e) heating, tg/t = 1/2, x/6 = 0, (f) heating, t / t = 1/2, x/6 = 1, (g) cooling, t /t = 6, x/6 = 0, (h) cooling, t /t = 6, x/ = 1. 0.5 1
s s 0 s 0 s 0 s
500
500
500
FIG. 8.15 (Cont.). Temperature response of thick plate (0 <_ x 6) with insulated rear face x = 6 after sudden exposure to uniform radiative environment t- at x = 0: (k) cooling, t / t = 2, x/6 = 0, (1) cooling, t /t = 2, x/6 = 1.
0 s 0 s
F-67
500
500
FIG. 8.15 (Cont.). Temperature response of thick plate (0 <_ x <_ 6) with insulated rear face x = 5 after sudden exposure to uniform radiative environment t at x = 0: (i) cooling, t / t = 4, x/6 = 0 , (j) cooling, t / t = 4, x/S = 1.
s 0 s 0 s
F-68
FIG. 8.16. Temperature response of thick plate (0 x 6) with surface temperature t at x = 0, increasing linearly with time and rear face x = 6 insulated or exposed to uniform convective environment tg (case 8 . 1 . 8 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-60, Fig. 3 3 ) .
FIG. 8.17. Surface temperature response of a plate of thickness 2ft exposed to a steady heat flux qg on both s i d e s for a time duration D (case 8 . 1 . 1 8 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-67, Fig. 4 0 ) .
F-69
50
100
(a)
J?
50 Fo
100
(b) FIG. 8.18. Temperature response of a plate with steady heating qg at x = 9. and convection boundary at x = 0 to to (a) x/H = 1, (b) x/H = 0 (case 8.1.17, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-69, Fig. 41).
F-70
QD/2JIS
(a)
to
&
3 2
I
aDIlnb < 0.1v 0 . 6 ^ \
2
0.3 - \ N
--
0 - - x \ ^iwir 0.2-\\\i
_^ -= 25^o.i
% o / /
/
0 0 8
O.16-M0 0.14-Tyigav
^ ^ / 0 . 0 6 -
Thin plate-'~~~~^4425<2&Zs
o.i2-*/2s2S3i0
am
(b)
^55P>0
3
27T7-/D
L*^
FIG. 8.19. Temperature response of an infinite plate exposed to a circular heat pulse cfogjj sin (ITT/D) at x = 0 and insulated at x = 6 (a) x/6 = 0 , (b) x/6 = 1 (case 8.1.54, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-70, Fig. 42).
2
F-71
FIG. 8.20. Temperature response of an infinite porous plate after sudden exposure to a constant heat flux at x = 0 and cooled by steady flow through plate from x = 6 of a fluid initially at t (a) x/6 = 0 , (b) x/6 = 1 (case 8.1.55, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-74, Fig. 44).
Q
F-72
FIG. 8.21. Temperature response of an infinite plate with a constant heat flux q at ^ = 0, in contact with a plate at x- = 6 and insulated on exposed surface of second plate x = 6o ( 8.1.56, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-76, Fig. 45).
0 c a s e 2
F-73
9 5
W
- 1
x = 6
1
1
> i
= 4
'
'
1 ' 0.2
-\ Vs
\
1/4^
"^ 0.4
12
""^>i
r.
/ 4 K,-0*
t i l l 2 3
i 4
Fo,
W>
FIG. 8.21.
(continued).
F-74
FIG. 8.22. Temperature response of an infinite plate exposed to a constant heat flux q " at xi = 0 and in perfect contact at xx = &i with a plate of thickness 62 insulated at x = 6 (case 8.1.57, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-78, Fig. 46).
2 2
F-75
T
Two-layer plate ,
m a x
sin (*r/D).k o
2 2 2 1 1
eqb- O
n = p C 5 /p C,S =0.1
2
Fo\/2ir = a,D/27rS2
FIG. 8.23. Temperature response of an infinite plate exposed to a circular heat pulse at x = 0 and in perfect contact with an infinite conductivity plate of thickness 6 (case 8.1.58, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-78, Fig. 47).
1 2
F-76
1000
I
2 2 2 1 1
I
1
10
t <>
1 -,
0.1
0.01
W// /
2 4 6 27rr/D - Two-layer plate P C 8 / P i C 6 = 10
2 2 2 1 1
/ 1
8 10 12
1000
a, D/2TT62
100
0.01
FIG. 8 . 2 3 .
(continued),
F-77
I
43"
0.001
0.005 0.01
FIG. 8.24. Temperature response of an i n f i n i t e p l a t e surface having steady temperature and convection boundaries (case 8 . 1 . 2 5 . 2 , source: Ref. 74, p. 240, Fig. 6 . 1 2 ) .
FIG. 8 . 2 5 . equal to t
Temperature of a f l a t plate having a ramp surface temperature = t j + bt (case 8 . 1 . 3 3 , source: Ref. 74, p. 305, Fig. 7 . 1 ) .
F-78
2Fo 1 + 2/Bi
2Fo 1 + 2/Bi FIG. 8.26. Transient surface temperature of a slab convectively coupled to a linearly changing environment temperature equal to t = t^ + be (case 8 . 1 . 3 3 , source: Ref. 89).
f
F-79
ha i
CD
0.001
FIG. 9.1a. Axis temperature for an infinite cylinder of radius r Fig. 4-8 and Ref. 12).
Ref. 5, p. 84,
FIG. 9.1b. Temperature as a function of axis temperature in an i n f i n i t e cylinder of radius r (case 9 . 1 . 3 , source: Ref. 5, p. 87 and Ref. 12).
Q
lO
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
5 ^ 5 5 ^ 5 5 5 ^-y 4< * *
a o o o *-
FIG. 9.1c. Dimensionless heat loss Q / Q Q of an infinite cylinder of radius r with time (case 9.1.3, source: Ref. 5, p. 90, Fig. 4-15 and Ref. 13).
0
F-81
0.11 I . I i I . I ' I M 0.0011 0 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.2 mBi{Foj
I 3
I 4
I 5
FIG. 9 . I d . Center temperatures for p l a t e s , cylinders, and spheres for small values of h (case 9 . 1 . 3 , 8.1.7 and 1 0 . 1 . , source: Ref. 5, p. 89, Fig. 4-13 and Ref. 1 2 ) , i s half thickness of radius.
FIG. 9 . 2 . Temperature distribution in an i n f i n i t e cylinder with i n i t i a l temperature fcj and steady surface temperature tg (case 9 . 1 . 1 , source: Ref. 9, p . 200, Fig. 24). F-82
FIG. 9.3. Temperature in an infinite cylinder with constant heat flux at the surface (case 9.1.8, source: Ref. 9, p. 203, Pig. 25).
F-83
T = S(X)
T = S(X,)S(X )
2
tw'
Semi-infinite solid
T = P(Fo)
Quarter-infinite solid
T = P(Fo)S(X)
Eighth-infinite solid
T = P(Fo)S(X,)S(X )
2
Infinite plate
T = P(F )P(Fo )
0l 2
Semi-infinite plate
T=P(Fo,)P(Fo )S(X)
2
Quarter-infinite plate
T = P(Fo )P(Fo )P(Fo )
1 2 3
^ ^ ^
\S
, * 2
UV -25,
Infinite rectangular bar
T = C(F )
0l
+ 'yA->
3
i !
2S,
x
i-.
-2r,
Semi-infinite cylinder
FIG. 9.4a. Product solutions for internal and c e n t r a l temperatures i n s o l i d s with step change i n surface temperature. S(X) given i n Fig. 7 . 2 , P(Fo) given i n F i g . 8 . 4 , C(Fo) given i n F i g . 9.1 (case 7 . 1 . 1 9 , 7 . 1 . 2 0 , 8 . 1 . 2 2 , 9 . 1 . 1 6 , and 9 . 1 . 1 7 , source: Ref. 74, pp. 3 - 6 5 , Fig. 38). F-84
0.01
0.001 Fo, arlh\ FIG. 9.4.b. Central temperatures in an infinite plate, an infinite rod, an infinite cylinder, a cube, a sphere, and a finite cylinder of length equal to its diameter, with all surfaces at temperature tg (case 7.1.29, 7.1.20, 9.1.16, 9.1.17, and 8.1.22, source: Ref. 2, p. 248, Fig. 10-8).
FIG. 9.5. Temperature distribution in an infinite cylinder with steady internal heating and a surface temperature tg (case 9.2.1, source: Ref. 9, p. 205, Fig. 26). _
F 8 5
100.0
"a
i CO
0.4 0.8
2.0
3.0 ore
4.0 Ref. 3,
5.0
Ref. 3,
10
50
F-87
0.001
0.005 0.010
0.050 0.100
Fo, QT/TQ
0.500 1.000
5.000 10.000
FIG. 9.7a. Temperature response of a hollow cylinder with a steady inside surface temperature equal to the initial temperature, t^ (case 9.1.10, source: Re. 74, p. 156, Fig. 4.24).
0.001
0.005 0.010
0.050 0.100
Fo, UT/TQ
0.500 1.000
5.000 10.000
FIG. 9.7b. Temperature response of a hollow cylinder wit,, a steady outside surface equal to the i n i t i a l temperature, t (case 9.1.10, source: Ref. 74, p. 157, Fig. 4.25).
F-86
FIG. 9 . 8 . Temperature of an i n f i n i t e cylinder having a ramp surface temperature equal to t = t i + br (case 9 . 1 . 2 , source: Ref. 74, p. 312, Fig. 7 . 3 ) .
s
4Fo 1 + 2/Bi
4Fo 1 + 2/Bi FIG. 9.9. Transient surface temperature of a cylinder convectively coupled to a linearly changing environment temperature equal to tf = t^ + br (case 9 . 1 . 6 , source: Ref. 8 9 ) .
F-89
100
- I I I I I 11 I
1II I I I I I
1II I I 11
1I
Fo
FIG. 9.10. Central temperature of an infinite cylinder with uniform internal heating and convection boundary (case 9 . 2 . 2 , source: Ref. 90).
F-90
^ffC^:
0.004
0.010
0.100
(1-R) FIG. 10.1. Temperature distribution in a sphere of radius r with initial temperature t^ and surface temperature t (case 10.1.1, source: Ref. 74, p. 127, Figs. 4.15 and 4.16).
0 0
1.000
3" I
3. 0.050
3 I ID
3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 70.0110.0 170.0 250.0 Fo PIG. 10.2a. Center temperature of a conveotively cooled sphere (case 10.1.2, source: Ref. 5, p. 85, Fig. 4-9 and source: Ref. 12).
0.001 0
1.0
2.0
10 nr
0.02
0.1
0.5
1/Bi FIG. 10.2b. Temperature as a function of center temperature of a convectively cooled sphere (case 1 0 . 1 . 2 , source: Ref. 5, p. 88, Fig. 4-12, and Ref. 1 2 ) .
ala - ~
10 Bi Fo
2
10*
10
10
FIG. 10.2c. Dimensionless heat l o s s Q/QQ of a convectively cooled sphere (case 1 0 . 1 . 2 , source: Ref. 5, p. 91, Fig. 4-16, and Ref. 13).
F-93
FIG. 10.3. Temperature of an infinite conductivity medium surrounding a spherical solid (case 10.1.13, source: Ref. 9, p. 241, Fig. 30).
o u. m
o
"2-
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0.2
0.4 Fo
0.6
0.8
FIG. 10.4. Temperature in a sphere caused by a steady surface heat flux (case 10.1.15, source: Ref. 9, p. 242, Fig. 3 1 ) . F-94
0-2 R
0-6
1 -0
FIG. 10.5. Temperature distribution i n a sphere with steady internal heating (case 1 0 . 2 . 1 , source: Ref. 9, p. 244, Fig. 32).
F-95
10.00
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
Fo . FIG. 10.6. Temperature response of solid sphere (0 r rtf cooling by radiation to a sink temperature of 0R: (a) r/r = 0, (b) r/rj^ = 1/2, (c) r/r = 1 (case 10.1.20, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-57, Fig. 30).
x x
T-T T - i
w T
0.6-
0.02
0.06
0.10
OCT
0.40
0.80
Fo, I* FIG. 10.7a. Transient temperature distribution at the center point (x = y = z = 0) for various prolate spheroids (case 10.1.21, source: Ref. 72, Fig. 1),
1.0
1
Cylinder,
1 i-;tPs
T-T,
T
0.6
w- i
0.01
0.04 0.08
0.20
0.601.00
FIG. 10.7b. Transient temperature distribution at the f o c a l point (x = y = 0, z = L2) for various prolate s o l i d s (case 10.1.21, source: Ref. 72, Fig. 2 ) .
F-97
1 0.8 -
^0.80 ^
y^\^ -^^^-<^^
0.6
bJQ
0.4 0.2
-[////^*
t, - t, + bT
i
0.2
i
0.3
i
0.4
i
0.5 Fo
t 0.6
i l l 0.7 0.8
0.9
1.0
FIG. 10.8. Temperature of a sphere having a ramp surface temperature equal to t = t + br (case 10.1.4, source: Ref. 74, p. 310, Fig. 7 . 2 ) .
s A
I
0.15 -
05 .
= 0.4
yBi = 100
Bi = ^ s - "
v
- 0.3 < l ^ B i = 10 ~ ~
^-Bi = 1 Bi=i*/** Bi=0^
S
0.10
Bi= 10
- ^
/
/ v
>X
_ - 0.2
0.05 -
ffl\
^*Bi = 0
\v\I
R=1
01 .
1 6Fo 1 + 2/Bi
FIG. 10.9. Transient surface temperature of a sphere convectively coupled to a linearly changing environment temperature equal to tf = t + br (case 10.1.11, source: Ref. 8 9 ) . F-98
100.0
1 I I I II
1/Bi
10.0
CMQ
1000.0
FIG. 10.10. Central temperature of a sphere with uniform internal heating and convection boundary (case 10.2.9, source: Ref. 90).
' 3
m
FIG. 11.1. Solidification depth in semi-infinite liquid for which solidified phase has negligible thermal capacity and is exposed to convective environments t at free surface x = 0 and t at interface x = w (case 11.1.10, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-88, Fig. 54).
a 0
F-99
0.01
0.05 0.1
0.50
1
2
5 (b /pck)r->-
10
50 100
500 1000
100
s
0.05 -
0.01
5 10 50 100
FIG. 1 1 . 2 . Temperature response and s o l i d i f i c a t i o n depth in semi-infinite l i q u i d i n i t i a l l y at t, (a) surface temperature for convective cooling q = bt at x = 0, (b) s o l i d i f i c a t i o n depth (case 11.1.11, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-89, Fig. 5 5 ) . F-100
0.01
0.05 0.1
0.5
1
2
5
{b t%/pck)r
10
50 100
500 1000
10
50 100
FIG. 11.3. Temperature response and solidification depth in semi-infinite liquid initially at t with radiative cooling q = bt$ at x = 0 (a) surface , temperature at x = 0, (b) solidification depth (case 11.1.12, source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-90, Fig. 55). F-101
1.0
Tr
0.8
0.2
I
0.0001
L
0.005 0.01 Fo: x1 0.05 0.1 0.5 1
0.0005 0.001
? 0.6
0.01
0.05 Fx2
PIG. 1 1 . 4 . Temperature response of decomposing semi-infinite s o l i d after sudden change i n surface temperature from t to t: (a) 0 _ x H, (b) x < SL < (case 1 1 . 1 . 1 3 , source: Bef. 19, pp. 3-91, Fig. 5 6 ) .
0
F-102
(b)
-ww
Semi-infinite solid {h/pH)(t -t )V ^7a"=1
a d r
10
ww
Semi-infinite solid (h/pH)(t -t )Vyd"=2
a d
0.01 0.1
0.5 r/r
d
1 - 1
10
FIG. 11.5. Ablation depth of s e m i - i n f i n i t e s o l i d (x > 0) after sudden _ exposure to oonvective environment t_(> t ) : (a) (h/pH) ( t - t ) ?d/< = 1/2, (b) (h/pH) ( t - ta) Szpa = 1, (c) (h/pH) ( t - t ) /Ta/Ot = 2 (case 1 1 . 1 . 1 4 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-94, Fig. 5 8 ) .
d a a a a d
F-103
10 5
irmi I i ' i ii
1rni I i i i ii
1mi i I I i
5 10 50 100 Wr )-1
d
FIG. 1 1 . 6 . Ablation depth of semi-infinite s o l i d (x > 0) after sudden ^ exposure t o constant surface heat input q" [case 1 1 . 1 . 1 5 , source: Ref. 19, pp. 3-96, F i g . 59)i -: v - - -
:
F-104
TABLE 1.1.
electrical coils of rectangular and circular cross sections, 8 = t - t, m mean I 8 = t - t (case 1.2.8, source: Ref. 3, p. 220, Table 1 0 - 3 ) . 0 max 0
Cross S e c t i o n , b/a (2k/q'"a )9 (2k/q "a )e * "
6 I 2 2 m
Rectangular
GO
2.5
n/ 0
0.52
0.485
0.475
TABLE 1.2a.
TABLE 1.2b.
Heat transfer rates through the surface y = 0 of a semi-infinite Ref. 15, Table 1) 9 = (t
hw/k
s t r i p (case 1 . 1 . 2 9 , source:
- t ).
20 3.971 0.08
10 3.107 0.C5
% Error 1 . 8
P-105
TABLE 1 . 3 .
Conductance data for heat flow normal to wall cuts in an i n f i n i t e Ref. 19, p. 3-124). These groups of data are for
K/K
uncut
1/4 1/8
(d)
c/a d/a
K/K
b/a = 1/2 0.822 0.767 0.721 0.599 0.740 0.698 0.661 0.570 0.627 0.561 0.527
b/a = 1/4
0.507
'uncut 1/8
1/16
0.634 0.546 0.480 0.339 0.486 0.430 0.390 0.299 0.403 0.312 0.276
0.478 0.374 0.311 0.190 0.342 0.284 0.242 0.164 0.270 0.186 0.152
1/2 3/2
Ui/8 1/16
3/2
1/2
1/16 3/16
F-106
Values of A. for a triangular cooling array of cylinders (case 2.2.18, source: TABLE.2.1 Ref. 64, Table 2 ) .
B/l
>1
[/')
2
;-h
4
&
3
5
4
7
*5
6
n
7
13
-8.089K10" ) -8.0542(10 )
-4
-3.08(10~ ) -1.33(10" )
9
-6.9920(10" ) -2.1203(10* )
4
5.23(10~ ) 2.99(10~ )
7
1.31(10 ) +1.56(10~ )
5
-5
1.7(10 ;)
T 8
9.8(10*7 ) -5 (10" )
7 6 8
10
-K10" ) -2(10" )
9
1 0
-5 (10" ) -1,7(10T )
TABLE; 2 . 2 .
s / E
i:i
X 1 1
3
4
h
_5
6
7
,
7
-1.25382 (10" ) -1.25098 (10" ) -1.22597(10" ) -1.17022 (10" ) -1.10421 (10 ) -1.05352 (10" ) -9.3721 (10" ) -9.0358 (10~ )
2 2 1 - 1 1
-8
3 1 4 5 1
-0
(10 -)
do" )
(10" )
7
1.83 3.50
(10 ) (10 )
4 4 -4
-4
do" )
(10~ ) dO" )
6 5 8 7
1.15
1.1
- 5 . 3(10~ ) - 1 . 6 dO" )
1.05
TABLE 8.1. Values of (t - t,)/(t - t.) for an infinitely wide plate 1 s x whose surface temperature increases proportionally to time, t = t. + br proportionally (case 8 . 1 . 8 , source: Ref. 1, p. 268, Table 13.5),
Fo
X 0
0.33
0.5
0.66
0.8
1
Ref. 1,
a
0
1/8
1
2/8
1
3/8
1
4/8
1
5/8
1
6/8
1
7/8
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
F-108
TABLE 9 . 1 .
Values of (t - t . ) / ( t
1
- t.)
s i
for an i n f i n i t e l y long cylinder whose surface increases proportionally to time (t - t . = CT) (case 9 . 1 . 2 , source: Ref. 1, p. 269).
R
Fo
0.08
0
0.33
0.5
0.66
0.8
1
TABLE 1 0 . 1 . time ( t
Fo
0.016
0
0.33
0.)
0.66
0.8
1
F-109
F-llO
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
e r f
< >
=yf
exp(-z ) dz
_2_
V?
Y
^
(-l) (x)
2n+1
{2nil)nl
'
f O C
S n , a 1 1
V a l u e S
. 2 1 _ S2E ( - ) / l - k _
L..3__l_.3_
\
7
large
U e S
*
erf(O) = 0
I*
2x
" 7 ' of fx !
, erf (<) = 1
i erfc(x) =
-f *
/
i" 'erfc(z)dz
, n = 1, 2,
e r f c ( x ) - 2x i
2
n _ 1
erfc(x)
=^exp(-x )
13-1
r* M
13.2.
- e" 5
, sinh (0) = 0
u u cosh (u) = - s - S -
, cosh (0) = 1
, cosh () = <> *
e tanh (u) = e
2 u
-l + 1
, tanh (0) = 0
, tanh ( = 1 <)
Z U
13-3
TABLE 13.2.
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58
1.000 1.020 1.041 1.062 1.083 1.105 1.128 1.150 1.174 1.197 1.221 1.246 1.271 1.297 1.323 1.350 1.377 1.405 1.433 1.462 1.492 1.522 1.553 1.584 1.616 1.649 1.682 1.716 1.751 1.786
1.000 0.980 0.961 0.942 0.923 0.905 0.887 0.869 0.852 0.835 0.819 0.802 0.787 0.771 0.756 0.741 0.726 0.712 0.698 0.684 0.670 0.657 0.644 0.631 0.619 0.606 0.594 0.583 0.571 0.560
0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18
1.822 1.859 1.896 1.935 1.974 2.014 2.054 2.096 2.138 2.182 2.226 2.270 2.316 2.363 2.411 2.460 2.509 2.560 2.612 2.664 2.718 2.773 2.829 2.886 2.945 3.004 3.065 3.127 3.190 3.254
0.549 0.538 0.527 0.517 0.507 0.497 0.487 0.477 0.468 0.458 0.449 0.440 0.432 0.423 0.415 0.407 0.398 0.391 0.383 0.375 0.368 0.361 0.353 0.346 0.340 0.333 0.326 0.320 0.313 0.307
1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62 1.64 1.66 1.68 1.70 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78
3.320 3.387 3.456 3.525 3.597 3.669 3.743 3.819 3.896 3.975 4.055 4.137 4.221 4.306 4.393 4.482 4.572 4.665 4.759 4.855 4.953 5.053 5.155 5.259 5.366 5.474 5.584 5.697 5.812 5.930
0.301 0.295 0.289 0.284 0.278 0.272 0.267 0.262 0.257 0.252 0.247 0.242 0.237 2.232 0.228 0.223 0.219 0.214 0.210 0.206 0.202 0.198 0.194 0.190 0.186 0.183 0.179 0.176 0.172 0.169
13-4
TABLE 1 3 . 2 . u 1.80 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88 1.90 1.92 1.94 1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.30 2.32 2.34 2.36 2.38 e
u
(Continued).
u
e"
u 2.40 2.42 2.44 2.46 2.48 2.50 2.52 2.54 2.56 2.58 2.60 2.62 2.64 2.66 2.68 2.70 2.72 2.74 2.76 2.78 2.80 2.82 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.90 2.92 2.94 2.96 2.98
e~
u 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50
e"
6.050 6.172 6.296 6.424 6.554 6.686 6.821 6.959 7.099 7.243 7.389 7.538 7.691 7.846 8.004 8.166 8.331 8.499 8.671 8.846 9.025 9.207 9.393 9.583 9.777 9.974 10.176 10.381 10.591 10.805
0.165 0.162 0.159 0.156 0.153 0.150 0.147 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.135 0.133 0.130 0.127 0.125 0.122 0.120 0.118 0.115 0.113 0.111 0.109 0.106 0.104 0.102 0.100 0.098 0.096 0.094 0.093
11.023 11.246 11.473 11.705 11.941 12.18 12.43 12.68 12.94 13.20 13.46 13.74 14.01 14.30 14.58 14.88 15.18 15.49 15.80 16.12 16.44 16.78 17.12 17.46 17.81 18.17 18.54 18.92 19.30 19.69
0.091 0.089 0.087 0.085 0.084 0.082 0.080 0.079 0.077 0.076 0.074 0.073 0.071 0.070 0.069 0.067 0.066 0.065 0.063 0.062 0.061 0.060 0.058 0.057 0.056 0.055 0.054 0.053 G.052 0.051
20.08 22.20 24.53 27.11 29.96 33.11 36.60 40.45 44.70 49.40 54.60 66.69 81.45 99.48 121.51 148.4 181.3 221.4 270.4 330.3 403.4 665.1 1096.6 1808.0 2981.0 4914.8 8103.1 13360
0.050 0.045 0.041 0.037 0.033 0.030 0.027 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10.00 22026
13-5
13.3.
T(x) = /
'o
x
X _ 1
x e~ M
V x
li + - i - + - i - - -122
L
1 2 X
571_
3
"I
""J '
288X
5184X
2488320x
TABLE 13.3.
X
1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.C9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 T(x) 0.99 433 0.98 884 0.98 355 0.97 844 0.97 350 0.97 874 0.96 415 0.95 973 0.95 546 0.95 135 0.94 740 0.94 359 0.93 993 0.93 642 0.93 304 0.92 980 0.92 670 0.92 373 0.92 089 0.91 817
X
1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40
X
1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60
TW
0.88 676 0.88 636 0.88 604 0.88 581 0.88 566 0.88 560 0.88 563 0.88 575 0.88 595 U.C9 623 0.88 659 0.88 704 0.88 757 0.88 818 0.88 887 0.38 964 0.89 049 0.89 142 0.89 243 0.89 352
X
1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.80
x
1.81 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.89 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.94 1.95 1.96 1.97 1.98 1.99 2.00
T(x) 0.93 408 0.93 685 0.93 969 0.94 261 0.94 561 0.94 869 0.95 184 0.95 507 0.95 838 0.96 177 0.96 523 0.96 877 0.97 240 0.97 610 0.97 988 0.98 374 0.98 768 0.99 171 0.99 581 1.00 000
13-6
the p o s i t i v e sign used i f -TT/2 < arg u < 3ir/2 and the negative sign used i f -31T/2 < arg u < n / 2 . I 2 (u) - I (u) s i n (nil)
v i \
n' '
K (u) = ( - l )
n
n + 1
| iln (u/2) + y | I ( u )
n
+ J C
J j=0
n+j
ra 1 +
j
m
X " X"
,m=l m=l
i j=0 2
-n+2j (u/2)
C - 3 - Ul
=0
,2,
n
+ " -
(4n
2!(8u)'
f -
* o( - )l
U
h V
U )
' Vl
( U )
"5V
U )
l! V
U )
" Vl<
l
u)
4 - I (u) = I , (u) - - I (u) = I _,, (u) + - I (u) du n* n-l u n* ' n+1* ' u n ' %- K (u) = -a (u) - K (u) = K (u) - K (u) du n n-l u n u n n+1
13-7
13.4.
Bessel Functions.
3=0 3+n
1
.m=l
I "- * I "m=l
u
n+2j
(n - j - 1) 1
!v >
1 +
j) "^ ^L (21)'
("7*l)^ (3!)'
x (uu))
v ^ -<-1* - ^
(
32)
* (- )l
j
1
13-8
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 1 . (source: u 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
Jj/U) 0.0000 0.0499 0.0995 0.1483 0.1960 0.2423 0.2867 0.3290 0.3688 0.4059 0.4400 0.4709 0.4983 0.5220 0.5419 0.5579 0.5699 0.5778 0.5815 0.5812 0.5767 0.5683 0.5560 0.5399 0.5202 0.4971 0.4708 0.4416 0.4097 0.3754
u
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
J (u)
0
^(u)
1.0000 0.9975 0.9900 0.9776 0.9604 0.9385 0.9120 0.8812 0.8463 0.8075 0.7652 0.7196 0.6711 0.6201 0.5669 0.5118 0.4554 0.3980 0.3400 0.2818 0.2239 0.1666 0.1104 0.0555 0.0025 -0.0484 -0.0968 -0.1424 -0.1850 -0.2243
-0.2600 -0.2921 -0.3202 -0.3443 -0.3643 -0.3801 -0.3918 -0.3992 -0.4026 -0.4018 -0.3971 -0.3887 -0.3766 -0.3610 -0.3423 -0.3205 -0.2961 -0.2693 -0.2404 -0.2097 -0.1776 -0.1443 -0.1103 -0.0758 -0.0412 -0.0068 0.0270 0.0599 0.0917 0.1220
0.3391 0.3009 0.2613 0.2207 0.1792 0.1374 0.0955 0.0538 0.0128 -0.0272 -0.0660 -0.1033 -0.1386 -0.1719 -0.2028 -0.2311 -0.2566 -0.2791 -0.2985 -0.3147 -0.3276 -0.3371 -0.3432 -0.3460 -0.3453 -0.3414 -0.3343 -0.3241 -0.3110 -0.2951
13-9
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 1 . u 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7,6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9
J (u)
0
(Continued.) u 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9
10.0 1C.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 J (u)
0
J (u)
x
J (u)
L
0.1506 0.1773 0.2017 0.2238 0.2433 0.2601 0.2740 0.2851 0.2931 0.2981 0.3001 0.2991 0.2951 0.2882 0.2786 0.2663 0.2516 0.2346 0.2154 0.1944 0.1716 0.1475 0.1222 0.0960 0.0692 0.C419 0.0146 -0.0125 -0.0392 -0.0652
-0.2767 -0.2559 -0.2329 -0.2081 -0.1816 -0.1538 -0.1250 -0.0953 -0.0652 -0.0349 -0.0047 0.0252 0.0543 0.0826 0.1096 0.1352 0.1592 0.1813 0.2014 0.2192 0.2346 0.2476 0.2580 0.2657 0.2708 0.2731 0.2728 0.26S7 0.2641 0.2559
-0.0903 -0.1142 -0.1368 -0.1577 -0.1768 -0.1939 -0.2090 -0.2218 -0.2323 -0.2403 -0.2459 -0.2490 -0.2496 -0.2477 -0.2434 -0.2366 -0.2276 -0.2164 -0.2032 -0.1881 -0.1712 -0.1528 -0.1330 -0.1121 -0.0902 -0.0677 -0.0446 -0.0213 0.0020 0.0250
0.2453 0.2324 0.2174 0.2004 0.1816 0.1613 0.1395 0.1166 0.0928 0.0684 0.0435 0.0184 -0.0066 -0.0313 -0.0555 -0.0788 -0.1012 -0.1224 -0.1422 -0.1604 -0.1768 -0.1913 -0.2028 -0.2143 -0.2224 -0.2284 -0.2320 -0.2333 -0.2323 -0.2290
13-10
TABLE 13.4.1.
(Continued.)
_u 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5
J (u)
Q
J^u) -0.2234 -0.2158 -0.2060 -0.1943 -0.1807 -0.1655 -0.1487 -0.1307 -0.1114 -0.0912 -0.0703 -0.0488 -0.0271 -0.0052 0.0166 0.0380
u 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 15.0
J (u)
Q
J^u) 0.0590 0.0791 0.0984 0.1165 0.1334 0.1488 0.1626 0.1747 0.1850 0.1934 0.1998 0.2043 0.2066 0.2069 0.2051
0.0477 0.0697 0.0908 0.1108 0.1296 0.1469 0.1626 0.1766 0.1887 0.1988 0.2069 0.2129 0.2167 0.2183 0.2177 0.2150
0.2101 0.2032 0.1943 0.1836 0.1711 0.1570 0.1414 0.1245 0.1065 0.0875 0.0679 0.0476 0.0271 0.0064 0.0142
13-11
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 2 .
Ref. 2 p . 371-3). u 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
V
^00
u )
^(u)
-CO
u
3.0 3.1 3.2 3,3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 13-12
v>
0.3768 0.3431 0.3070 0.2691 0.2296 0.1890 0.1477 0.1061 0.0645 0.0234 -0.0169 -0.0561 -0.0938 -0.1296 -0.1633 -0.1947 -0.2235 -0.2494 -0.2723 -0.2921 -0.3085 -0.3216 -0.3312 -0.3374 -0.3402 -0.3395 -0.3354 -0.3282 -0.3177 -0.3044
^(u) 0.3247 0.3496 0.3707 0.3878 0.4010 0.4102 0.4154 0.4167 0.4141 0.4078 0.3979 0.3846 0.3680 0.3484 0.3260 0.3010 0.2737 0.2445 0.2136 0.1812 0.1479 0.1137 0.0792 0.0445 0.0101 -0.0238 -0.0568 -0.0887 -0.1192 -0.1481
-1.5342 -1.0811 0.8073 -0.6060 -0.4445 -0.3085 -0.1907 -0.0868 0.0056 0.0883 0.1622 0.2281 0.2865 0.3379 0.3824 0.4204 0.4520 0.4774 0.4968 0.5104 0.5183 0.5208 0.5181 0.5104 0.4981 0.4813 0.4605 0.4359 0.4079
-6.4590 -3.3238 -2.2931 -1.7809 -1.4715 -1.2604 -0.1032 -0.9781 -0.8731 -0.7812 -0.6981 -0.6211 -0.5485 -0.4791 -0.4123 -0.3476 -0.2847 -0.2237 -0.1644 -0.1070 -0.0517 0.0015 0.0523 0.1005 0.1459 0.1884 0.2276 0.2635 0.2959
TABIS 1 3 . 4 . 2 .
(Continued.)
u 6 i6
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.1 8.2 873 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9
V>
-0.2882 -0>2694 -0:2433 -0;2251 -0.2000 -0.1732 -0.1452 -0.1162 -0.0864 -0.0562 -0.0260 0.0042 0.0338 0.0628 0.0907 0.1173 0.1424 0.1658 0.1872 0.2065 0.2235 0.2381 0.2501 0.2595 0.2662 0.2702 0.2715 0.2700 0.2659 0.2592
Vj/u) -0J1750" -0.1998 -0.2223 -0.2422 -0.2596 -0.2741 -0.2857 -0.2945 -0.3002 -0.3029 -0.3027 -0.2995 -0.2934 -0.2846 -0.2731 -0.2591 -0.2428 -0.2243 -0.2039 -0.1817 -0.1581 -0.1332 -0.1072 -0.0806 -0.0535 -0.0262 0.0011 0.0280 0.0544 0.0799
u
9-0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9
* (u)
0
^(u)
0.1043 0.1275 0.1491 0.1691 0.1871 0.2032 0.2171 0.2287 0.2379 0.2447 0.2490 0.2508 0.2502 0.2471 0.2416 0.2337 0.2236 0.2114 0.1973 0.1813 0.1637 0.1446 0.1243 0.1029 0.0807 0.0579 0.0348 0.0114 -0.0118 -0.0347
0li499 0>2383 0.2245 0.2086 0.1907 0.1712 0.1502 0.1279 0.1045 0.0804 0.0557 C.0307 0.0056 -0.0193 -0.0437 -0.0675 -0.0904 -0.1122 -0.1326 -0.1516 -0.1688 -0.1843 -0.1977 -0.2091 -0.2183 -0.2252 -0.2299 -0.2322 -0.2322 -0.2298
10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9
13-13
TABLE 13.4.2.
(Continued.)
_u 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4
Y (u)
0
Y (u)
1
_u 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9
r (u)
0
Y (u)
1
-0-2252 -0.2184 -0.2095 -0.1986 -0.1858 -0.1712 -0.1551 -0.1375 -0.1187 -0.0989 -0.0782 -0.0569 -0.0352 -0.0134 0.0085
-0.0571 -0.0787 -0.0994 -0.1190 -0.1371 -0.1538 -0.1689 -0.1821 -0.1935 -0.2028 -0.2101 -0.2152 -0.2182 -0.2190 -0.2176
Q.0301 0.0512 0.0717 0.0913 0.1099 0.1272 0.1431 0.1575 0.1703 0.1812 0.1903 0.1974 0.2025 0.2056 0.2066
-0.2140 -0*2084 -0.2007 -0.1912 -0.1798 -0.1666 -0.1520 -0.1359 -0.1186 -0.1003 -0.0810 -0.0612 -0.0408 -0.0202 0.0005
13-14
TABLE 1 3 . 4 . 3 . (source:
u
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
Ij^U)
u
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9
I (u)
0
I^u) 3.953 4.326 4.734 5.181 5.670 6.206 6.793 7.436 8.140 8.913 9.76 10.69 11.71 12.82 14.05 15.39 16.86 18.48 20.25 22.20 24.34 26.68 29.25 32.08 35.18 38.59 42.33 46.44 50.95 55.90
1.0000 1.0025 1.0100 1.0226 1.0404 1.0635 1.0920 1.1263 1.1665 1.2130 1.2661 1.3262 1.3937 1.4693 1.5534 1.6467 1.7500 0.8640 1.9806 2.1277 2.280 2.446 2.629 2.830 3.049 3.290 3.553 3.842 4.157 4.503
0.0000 0.0501 0.1005 0.1517 0.2040 0.2579 0.3137 0.3719 0.4329 0.4971 0.5652 0.6375 0.7147 0.7973 0.8861 0.9817 1.0848 1.1963 1.3172 1.4482 1.591 1.746 1.914 2.098 2.298 2.517 2.755 3.016 3.301 3.613 13-15
4.881 5.294 5.747 6.243 6.785 7.378 8.028 8.739 9.517 10.369 11.30 12.32 13.44 14.67 16.01 17.48 19.09 20.86 22.79 24.91 27.24 29.79 32.58 35.65 39.01 42.70 46.74 51.17 56.04 61.38
Ref. 2, p. 374-5).
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
oo
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9
0.072 0.064 0.057 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.035 0.031 0.028 0.025 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008
0.089 0.078 0.069 0.060 0.053 0.047 0.042 0.037 0.032 0.029 0.026 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.009
1.545 1.116 0.874 0.710 0.588 0.495 0.420 0.360 0.310 0.268 0.233 0.203 0.177 0.155 0.136 0.120 0.105 0.093 0.082
6.270 3.040 1.946 1.391 1.054 0.829 0.669 0.549 0.456 0.383 0.324 0.277 0.237 0.204 0.177 0.153 0.133 0.116 0.102
13-16
13.5. Legendre Polynomials The Legendre polynomial of degree n, of the first kind: , , . ,,n/2 l . 3 5 (n - 1) r. V 2 4 6 .. n L "
U ) = ( 1} 1 +
n(n + 1) 2 2,
u = 2 6
n<n - 2 n J 1 , * 3) ^
M M
...."] , , ,
, n
1 ) / 2
3 u u
(n-lM-3)M2 n 4) 5 ...."J
M t u +
2
fn
3f 5f 7
u|<1
The Legendre polynomial of degree n, of the second kind: . , , ,.(n+l)/2 2 4 * 6 " (n - 1) f, Q C ) = (-D 1 3 5 n L
n 1 n
n(n + 1) 2 27"^
u c
"n
(u) = ( x..n/2
n-l n-3Mn,2 n
M M
4) 5 . . . . - |
u +
t n s 2 > 4 t 6
13-17
Q (") H
0
^n(^i).|u|<l
Q (u) = Q (u) P^u) - 1,
x Q
13-18
TABLE 13.5.
Ref. 2, p . 375-7).
u
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29
Pj/U) 0.0000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 0.0700 O.OSOO 0.0900 0.1000 0.1100 0.1200 0.1300 0.1400 0.1500 0.1600 0.1700 0.1800 0.1900 0.2000 0.2100 0.2300 0.2300 0.2400 0.2500 (1.2600 0.2700 0.2800 0.2900
P (u)
2
P (u)
3
v>
0.3750 0.3746 0.3735 0.3716 0.3690 0.3657 0.3616 0.3567 0.3512 0.3449 0.3379 0.3303 0.3219 0.3129 0.3032 0.2928 0.2819 0.2703 0.2581 0.2453 0.2320 0.2181 0.2037 0.1889 0.1735 0.1577 0.1415 0.1249 0.1079 0.0906
P (u)
5
-0.5000 -0.4998 -0.4994 -0.4986 -0.4976 -0.4962 -0.4946 -0.4926 -0.4904 -0.4878 -0.4850 -0.4818 -0.4784 -0.4746 -0,4906 -0.4662 -0.4616 -0.4566 -0.4514 -0.4458 -0.4400 -0.4338 -0.4274 -0.4206 -0.4136 -0.4062 -0.3986 -0.3906 -0.3824 -0.3738
0.0000 -0.0150 -0.0300 -0.0449 -0.0598 -0.0747 -0.0895 -0.1041 -0.1187 -0.1332 -0.1475 -0.1617 -0.1757 -0.1895 -0.2031 -0.2166 -0.2*98 -0.2427 -0.2554 -0.2679 -0.2800 -0.2918 -0.3034 -0.3146 -0.3254 -0.3359 -0.3461 -0.3558 -0.3651 -0.3740
0.0000 0.0187 0.0374 0.0560 0.0744 0.0927 0.1106 0.1283 0.1455 0.1624 0.1788 0.1947 0.2101 0.2248 0.2389 0.2523 0.2650 0.2769 0.2880 0.2982 0.3075 0.3159 0.3234 0.3299 0.3353 0.3397 0.3431 0.3453 0.3465 0.3465
13-19
TABLE 13.5. u
0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59
(Continued.)
P (u)
3
p x
(u)
P (u)
2
P (u)
4
P (u)
5
0.3000 0.3100 0.3200 0.3300 0.3400 0.3500 0.3600 0.3700 0.3800 0.3900 0.4000 0.4100 0.4200 0.4300 0.4400 0.4500 0.4600 0.4700 0.4800 0.4900 0.5000 0.5100 0.5200 0.5300 0.5400 0.5500 0.5600 0.5700 0.5800 0.5900
-0.3650 -0.3558 -0.3464 -0.3366 -0.3266 -0.3162 -0.3056 -0.2946 -0.2834 -0.2718 -0.2600 -0.2478 -0.2354 -0.2226 -0.2096 -0.1962 -0.1826 -0.1686 -0.1544 -0.1398 -0.1250 -0.1098 -0.0944 -0.0786 -0.0626 -0.0462 -0.0296 -0.0126 0.0046 0.0222
-0.3825 -0.3905 -0.3981 -0.4052 -0.4117 -0.4178 -0.4234 -0.4284 -0.4328 -0.4367 -0.4400 -0.4427 -0.4448 -0.4462 -0.4470 -0.4472 -0.4467 -0.4454 -0.4435 -0.4409 -0.4375 -0.4334 -0.4285 -0.4228 -0.4163 -0.4091 -0.4010 -0.3920 -0.3822 -0.3716
0.0729 0.0550 0.0369 0.0185 0.0000 -0.0187 -0.0375 -0.0564 -0.0753 -0.0942 -0.1130 -0.1317 -0.1504 -0.1688 -0.1870 -0.2050 -0.2226 -0.2399 -0.2568 -0.2732 -0.2891 -0.3044 -0.3191 -0.3332 -0.3465 -0.3590 -0.3707 -0.3815 -0.3914 -0.4002
0.3454 0.3431 0.3397 0.3351 0.3294 0.3225 0.3144 0.3051 0.2948 0.2833 0.2706 0.2569 0.2421 0.2263 0.2095 0.1917 0.1730 0.1534 0.1330 0.1118 0.0898 0.0673 0.0441 0.0204 -0.0037 -0.0282 -0.0529 -0.0779 -0.1028 -0.1278
20
TABLE 1 3 . 5 . u
0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 P (u)
2
(Continued.)
P,(u) -0.3600 -0.3475 -0.3342 -0.3199 -0.3046 -0.2884 -0.2713 -0.2531 -0.2339 -0.2137 -0.1925 -0.1702 -0.1469 -0.1225 -0.0969 -0.0703 -0.0426 -0.0137 0.0164 0.0476 0.0800 0.1136 0.1484 0.1845 0.2213 0.2603 0.3001 0.3413 C.3837 0.4274 P (u)
4
P (u)
x
P (u)
5
0.6000 0.6100 0.6200 0.6300 0.6400 0.6500 0.6600 0.6700 0.6800 0.6900 0.7000 0.7100 0.7200 0.7300 0.7400 0.7500 0.7600 0.7700 0.7800 0.7900 0.8000 0.8100 0.8200 0.8300 0.8400 0.8500 0.8600 0.8700 0.8800 0.8900
0.0400 0.0582 0.0766 0.0954 0.1144 0.1338 0.1534 0.1734 0.1936 0.2142 0.2350 0.2562 0.2776 0.2994 0.3214 0.3438 0.3664 0.3894 0.4126 0.4362 0.4600 0.4842 0.5086 0.5334 0.5584 0.5838 0.6094 0.6354 0.6616 0.6882
-0.4080 -0.4146 -0.4200 -0.4242 -0.4270 -0.4284 -0.4284 -0.4268 -0.4236 -0.4187 -0.4121 -0.4036 -0.3933 -0.3810 -0.3666 -0.3501 -0.3314 -0.3104 -0.2871 -0.2613 -0.2330 -0.2021 -0.1685 -0.1321 -0.0928 -0.0506 -0.0053 0.0431 0.0947 0.1496
-0.1526 -0.1772 -0.2014 -0.2251 -0.2482 -0.2705 -0.2919 -0.3122 -0.3313 -0.3490 -0.3652 -0.3796 -0.3922 -0.4026 -0.4107 -0.4164 -0.4193 -0.4193 -0.4162 -0.4097 -0.3995 -0.3855 -0.3674 -0.3449 -0.3177 -0.2857 -0.2484 -0.2056 -0.1570 -0.1023
13-21
TABLE 13.5. u
0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 P (u)
x
(Continued.)
P (u)
3
P (u)
2
P (u)
4
P (u)
5
0.9000 0.9100 0.9200 0.9300 0.9400 0.9500 0.9600 0.97C0 0.9800 0.9900 1.0000
0.7150 0.7422 0.7696 0.7974 0.8254 0.8538 0.8824 0.9114 0.9406 0.9702 1.0000
0.4725 0.5189 0.5667 0.6159 0.6665 0.7184 0.7718 0.8267 0.8830 0.9407 1.0000
0.2079 0.2698 0.3352 0.4044 0.4773 0.5541 0.6349 0.7198 0.8089 0.9022 1.0000
-0.0411 0.0268 0.1017 0.1842 0.2744 0.3727 0.4796 0.5954 0.7204 0.8552 1.0000
13-22
13.6.
SAM.
d u
J. 0
S i {<*) =
TT/2
r
Cosine integral: Ci(x) = I "x
00
C 0 S
r
J )
U
du =8, n(yx) -
I * 'o
Exponential integral:
Logarithmic integral:
S,i(x) = U(x)
//
0
. "
= Ei(An x)
Ci(x) a Ei(-x) a i l ( x ) = Jln(l/yx) = y + S,n(x) - x + {X /A) For large values of x: Si(x) = ir/2 - cos (x)/x Ci(x) = s i n (x)/x
13-23
TABLE 1 3 . 6 . (source:
Si(x) 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 G.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 +0.000000 +0.010000 +0.019999 +0.029998 +0.039996 +0.04999 +0.05999 +0.06998 +0.07997 +0.08996 +0.09994 +0.10993 +0.11990 +0.12988 +0.13985 +0.14981 +0.15977 +0.16973 +0.1797 +0.1896 +0.1996 +0.2095 +0.2194 +0.2293 +0.2392 +0.2491 +0.2590 +0.2689 +0.2788 +0.2886
Ci(x)
-CO
Ei(x)
00
Ei (-x)
-4.0280 -3.3349 -2.9296 -2.6421 -2.4191 -2.2371 -2.0833 -1.9501 -1.8328 -1.7279 -1.6331 -1.5466 -1.4672 -1.3938 -1.3255 -1.2618 -1.2020 -1.1457 -1.0925 -1.0422 -0.9944 -0.9490 -0.9057 -0.8643 -0.8247 -0.7867 -0.7503 0.7153 -0.6816
-4.0179 -3.3147 -2.8991 -2.6013 -2.3679 -2.1753 -2.0108 -1.8669 -1.7387 -1.6228 -1.5170 -1.4193 -1.3287 -1.2438 -1.1641 -1.0887 -1.0172 -0.9491 -0.8841 -0.8218 -0.7619 -0.7042 -0.5485 -0.5947 -0.5425 -0.4919 -0.4427 -0.3949 -0.3482
-4.0379 -3.3547 -2.9591 -2.6813 -2.4679 -2.2953 -2.1508 -2.0269 -1.9187 -1.8229 -1.7371 -1.6595 -1.5889 -1.5241 -1.4645 -1.4092 -1.3578 -1.3098 -1.2649 -1.2227 -1.1829 -1.1454 -1.1099 -1.0762 -1.0443 -1.0139 -0.9849 -0.9573 -0.9309
13-24
TABLE 13.6.
X 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.52 0.53 0.54 0.55 0.56 0.57 0.58 0.59 Si(x) +0.2985 +0.3083 +0.3182 +0.3280 +0.3378 +0.3476 +0.3574 +0.3672 +0.3770 +0.3867 +0.3965 +0.4062 +0.4159 +0.4256 +0.4353 +0.4450 +0.4546 +0.4643 +0.4739 +0.4835 +0.4931 +0.5027 +0.5123 +0.5218 +0.5313 +0.5408 +0.5503 +0.5598 +0.5693 +0.5787
(Continued.)
Ei(x) -0.3027 -0.2582 -0.2147 -0.17210 -0.13036 -0.08943 -0.04926 -0.00979 +0.02901 +0.06718 +0.10477 +0.14179 +0.17828 +0.2143 +0.2498 +0.2849 +0.3195 +0.3537 +0.3876 +0.4211 +0.4542 +0.4870 +0.5195 +0.5517 +0.5836 +0.6153 +0.6467 +0.6778 +0.7087 +0.7394 Ei (-x) -0.9057 -0.8815 -0.8583 -0.8361 -0.8147 -0.7942 -0.7745 -0.7554 -0.7371 -0.7194 -0.7024 -0.6859 -0.6700 -0.6546 -0.6397 -0.6253 -0.U4 -0.5979 -0.5848 -0.5721 -0.5598 -0.5478 -0.5362 -0.5250 -0.5140 -0.5034 -0.4930 -0.4830 -0.4732 -0.4636
Ci(x)
-0.6492 -0.6179 -0.5877 -0.5585 -0.5304 -0.5031 -0.4767 -0.4511 -0.4263 -0.4022 -0.3788 -0.3561 -0.3341 -0.3126 -0.2918 -0.2715 -0.2517 -0.2325 -0.2138 -0.1956 -0.17778 -0.16045 -0.14355 -0.12707 -0.11099 -0.09530 -0.07999 -0.06504 -0.05044 -0.03619
13-25
TABLE 13.6.
(Continued.)
Si(x) 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.65 0.66 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 +0.5881 +0.5975 +0.6069 +0.6163 +0.6256 +0.6349 +0.6442 +0.6535 +0.6628 +0.6720 +0.6812 +0.6904 +0.6996 +0.7087 +0.7179 +0.7270 +0.7360 +0.7451 +0.7541 +0.7631 +0.7721 +0.7811 +0.7900 +0.7989 +0.8078 +0.8166 +0.8254 +0.8342 +0.8430 +0.8518
Ci(x) -0.02227 -0.008675 +0.004606 +0.01758 +0.03026 +0.04265 +0.05476 +0.06659 +0.07816 +0.08946 +0.10051 +0.11132 +0.12188 +0.13220 +0.14230 +0.15216 +0.16181 +0.17124 +0.1805 +0.1895 +0.1983 +0.2069 +0.2153 +0.2235 +0.2316 +0.2394 +0.2471 +0.2546 +0.2619 +0.2691
Ei(x) +0.7699 +0.8002 +0.8302 +0.8601 +0.8898 +0.9194 +0.9488 +0.9780 +1.0071 +1.0361 +1.0649 +1.0936 +1.1222 +1.1507 +1.1791 +1.2073 +1.2355 +1.2636 +1.2916 +1.3195 +1.3474 +1.3752 +1.4029 +1.4306 +1.4582 +1.4857 +1.5132 +1.5407 +1.5681 +1.5955
Ei(-x) -0.4544 -0.4454 -0.4366 -0.4280 -0.4197 -0.4115 -0.4036 -0.3959 -0.3883 -0.3810 -0.3738 -0.3668 -0.3599 -0.3532 -0.3467 -0.3403 -0.3341 -0.3280 -0.3221 -0.3163 -0.3106 -0.3050 -0.2996 -0.2943 -0.2891 -0.2840 -0.2790 -0.2742 -0.2694 -0.2647
13-26
TABLE 13.6. x
0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00
(Continued.) Ei(x)
+1.6228 +1.6501 +1.6774 +1.7047 +1.7319 +1.7591 +1.7864 +1.8136 +1.8407 +1.8679 +1.8951 +1.8951 +2.1674 +2.4421 +2.7214 +3.0072 +3.3013 +3.6053 +3.9210 +4.2499 +4.5937 +4.9542 +5.3332 +5.7326 +6.1544 +6.6007 +7.0738 +7.5761 +8.1103 +8.6793 +9.2860 +9.9338
Si ix)
+0.8605 +0:8692 +0.8778 +0.8865 +0.8951 +0.9036 +0.9122 +0.9207 +0.9292 +0.9377 +0.9461 +0.9461 +1.0287 +1.1080 +1.1840 +1.2562 +1.3247 +1.3892 +1.4496 +1.5058 +1.5578 +1.6054 +1.6487 +1.6876 +1.7222 +1.7525 +1.7785 +1.8004 +1.8182 +1.8321 +1.8422 +1.8487
Ci(x)
+0:2761 +0.2829 +0.2896 +0.2961 +0.3024 +0.3086 +0.3147 +0.3206 +0.3263 +0.3319 +0.3374 +0.3374 +0.3849 +0.4205 +0.4457 +0.4620 +0.4704 +0.4717 +0.4670 +0.4568 +0.4419 +0.4230 +0.4005 +0.T751 +0.3472 +0.3173 +0.2859 +0.2533 +0.2201 +0.1865 +0.1529 +0.1196
Ei(-x)
-0.2602 -0.2557 -0.2513 -0.2470 -0.2429 -0.2387 -0.2347 -0.2308 -0.2269 -0.2231 -0.2194 -0.2194 -0.1860 -0.1584 -0.1355 -0.1162 -0.1000 -0.08631 -0.07465 -0.06471 -0.05620 -0.Q4890 -0.04261 -0;03719 -0.03250 -0.02844 -0.02491 -0.02185 -0.01918 -0.01686 -0.01482 -0.01304
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
13-27
TABLE 13.6. x 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Si(x)
+1.8517 +1.8514 +1.8481 +1.8419 +1.8331 +1.8219 +1.8086 +1.7934 +1.7765 +1.7582 +1.7387 +1.7184 +1.6973 +1.6758 +1.6541 +1.6325 +1.6110 +1.5900 +1.5696 +1.5499 +1.4247 +1.4546 +1.5742 +1.6650 +1.6583 +1.5783 +1.5050 +1.4994 +1.5562 +1.6182
(Continued.) Ei(x)
+10.5263 +11.3673 +12vl610 +13.0121 +13.9254 +14.9063 +15.9606 +17.0948 +18.3157 +19.6309 +21.0485 +22.5774 +24.2274 +26.0090 +27.9337 +30.0141 +32.2639 +34.6979 +37.3325 +40.1853 +85.9898 +191.505 +440.380 +1037.88 +2492.23 +6071.41 +14959.5 +37197.7 +93192.5 +234 956
Ci(x)
+0.08699 +0.05526 +0:02468 +0.004518 -0.03213 -0.05797 -0.08190 -0.1038 -0.1235 -0.1410 -0.1562 -0.1690 -0.1795 -0.1877 -0.1935 -0.1970 -0.1984 -0.1976 -0.1948 -0.1900 -0.06806 +0.07670 +0.1224 +0.05535 -0.04546 -0.08956 -0.04978 +0.02676 +0.06940 +0.04628
Ei (-x)
-0.01149 -0.01013 -0.0 8939 -0.0 7890 -0.0 6970 -0.0 6160 -0.0 5448 -0.0 4820 -0.0 4267 -0.0 3779 -0.0 3349 -0.0 2969 -0.0 2633 -0.0 2336 -0.0 2073 -0.0 1841 -0.0 1635 -0.0 1453 -0.0 1291 -0.0 1148 -0.0 3601 -0.0 1155 -0.0 3767 -0.0 _1245 -0.0 4157 -0.0 1400 -0.0 4751 -0.0 1622 -0.0 5566 -0.0 1918
7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
13-28
TABLE 1 3 . 6 .
(Continued.)
S i (x) +1.5482 +1.5315 +1.5668 +1.5969 +1.5870 +1.5587 +1.5516 +1.5707 +1.5867 +1.5792 +1.5616 +1.5586 +1.5723 +1.5824 +1.5757 +1.5630 +1.5622 +1.5799 +1.5640 +1.5737
C i (x) +0.04442 -0.00685 -0.03303 -0.01148 +0.01902 +0.01863 -0.00563 -0.01817 -0.00481 +0.01285 +0.01092 -0.00533 -0.01240 -0.001935 +0.009986 +0.007110 -0.005149 -0.000320 +0.004781 -0.007132
x 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10 10 10 10 10
2
Si(x) +1.5722 +1.5662 +1.5769 +1.5653 +1.5741 +1.5704 +1.5684 +1.5709 +1.5721 +1.5726 +1.5725 +1.5720 +1.5714 +1.5707 +1.5702 +1.5709 +1.5708 +1.5708 +1.5708 1/2TI
Ci(x) +0.007011 -0.004800 +0.001409 +0.002010 -0.004432 +0.005250 -0.004378 -0.003332 -0.002124 -0.0009320 +0.0000764 +0.0007788 +0.001118 +0.001109 +0.000826 -0.0000306 +0.0000004 -0.0000004 +0.0 0.0
13-29
13-30
SECTION 14.
TABLE 14.1.
tan \
= C.
(Source:
c
0
0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
\
15.7080 15.7080 15.7081 15.7082 15.7083 15.7085 15.7086 15.7092 15.7105 15.7118 15.7131 15.7143 15.7207 15.7270 15.7334 15.7397 15.7460 15.7524 15.7587 15.7650 15.7713 15.8026 15.8336 15.8945 15.9536 16.0107 16.0654 16.1177 16.1675 16.2147 16.2594
0.0000 0.0316 0.0447 0.0632 0.0774 0.0893 0.0998 0.1410 0.1987 0.2425 0.2791 0.0311 0.4328 0.5218 0.5932 0.6533 0.7051 0.7506 0.7910 0.8274 0.8603 0.9882 1.0769 1.1925 1.2646 1.3138 1.3496 1.3766 1.3978 1.4149 1.4289
3.1416 3.1419 3.1422 3.1429 3.1435 3.1441 3.1448 3.1479 3.1543 3.1606 3.1668 3.1731 3.2039 3.2341 3.2636 3.2923 3.3204 3.3477 3.3744 3.4003 3.4256 3.5422 3.6436 3.8088 3.9352 4.0336 4.1116 4.1746 4.2264 4.2694 4.3058
6.2832 6.2833 6.2835 6.2838 6.2841 6.2845 6.2848 6.2864 6.2895 6.2927 6.2959 6.2991 6.3148 6.3305 6.3461 6.3616 6.3770 6.3923 6.4074 6.4224 6.4373 6.5097 6.5783 6.7040 6.8140 6.9096 6.9924 7.0640 7.1263 7.1806 7.2281 14-1
9.4248 9.4249 9.4250 9.4252 9.4254 9.4256 9.4258 9.4269 9.4290 9.4311 9.4333 9.4354 9.4459 9.4565 9.4670 9.4775 9.4879 9.4983 9.5087 9.5190 9,5293 9.5801 9.6296 9.7240 9.8119 9.8928 9.9667 10.0339 10.0949 10.1502 10.2003
12.5664 12.5665 12.5665 12.5667 12.5668 12.5670 12.5672 12.5680 12.5696 12.5711 12.5727 12.5743 12.5823 12.5902 12.5981 12.6060 12.6139 12.6218 12.6296 12.6375 12.6453 12.6841 12.7223 12.7966 12.8678 12.9352 12.9988 13.0584 13.1141 13.1660 13.2142
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
10.0
TABLE 1 4 . 1 .
(Continued.)
\
15.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
OD
14-2
TABLE 1 4 . 2 .
F i r s t five roots of 1 - \
cot \
= C.
( s o u r c e : Ref. 20 p . 442.)
c
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050 0.060 0.070 0.080 0.090 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.500 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 1.0.000 11.000 16.000 21.000
\
0.0000 0.1224 0.1730 0.2445 0.2991 0.3450 0.3854 0.4217 0.4551 0.4860 0.5150 0.5423 0.7593 0.9208 1.0528 1.1656 1.2644 1.3525 1.4320 1.5044 1.5708 1.8366 2.0288 2.2889 2.4557 2.5704 2.6537 2.7165 2.7654 2.8044 2.8363 2.8628 2.9476 2.9930
h
7.7253 7.7259 7.7265 7.7278 7.7291 7.7304 7.7317 7.7330 7.7343 7.7356 7.7369 7.7382 7.7511 7.7641 7.7770 7.7899 7.8028 7.8156 7.8284 7.8412 7.8540 7.9171 7.9787 8.0962 8.2045 8.3029 8.3914 8.4703 8.5406 8.6031 8.6587 8.7083 8.8898 9.0019
4.4934 4.4945 4.4956 4.4979 4.5001 4.5023 4.5045 4.5068 4.5090 4.5112 4.5134 4.5157 4.5379 4.5601 4.5822 4.6042 4.6261 4.6479 4.6696 4.6911 4.7124 4.8158 4.9132 5.0870 5.2329 5.3540 5.4544 5.5378 5.6078 5.6669 5.7172 5.7606 5.9080 5.9921
10.9041 10.9046 10.9050 10.9060 10.9069 10.9078 10.9087 10.9096 10.9105 10.9115 10.9124 10.9133 10.9225 10.9316 10.9408 10.9499 10.9591 10.9682 10.9774 10.9865 10.9956 11.0409 11.0856 11.1727 11.2560 11.3349 11.4086 11.4773 11.5408 11.5994 11.6532 11.7027 11.8959 12.0250
14.0662 14.0666 14.0669 14.0676 14.0683 14.0690 14.0697 14.0705 14.0712 14.0719 14.0726 14.0733 14.0804 14.0875 14.0946 14.1017 14.1088 14.1159 14.1230 14.1301 14.1372 14.1724 14.2075 14.2764 14.3434 14.4080 14.4699 14.5288 14.5847 14.6374 14.6870 14.7335 14.9251 15.0625
14-3
TABLE 1 4 . 2 .
(Continued.)
c
31.000 41.000 51.000 1U1.000
\
3.0406 3.0651 3.0801 3.1105
h
9.1294 9.1987 9.2420 9.3317
h
12.1807 12.2688 12.3247 12.4426
TABLE 1 4 . 3 .
F i r s t f i v e r o o t s of J (X ) = 0 . in n
(Source:
Ref.
20, p .
443.)
m
0 1 2 3 4
X_
2 5.5201 7.0156 8.4172 9.7610 11.0647
14-4
J (X ) - CJ (X ) = 0. x n u n
ft
(Source:
Ref. 74.
c
0
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06
h
0 0.1412 0.1995 0.2814 0.3438 0.3960 0.4417 0.5376 0.6170 0.7465 0.8516 0.9408 1.0184 1.0873 1.1490 1.2048 1.2558 1.4569 1.5994 1.7887 1.9081 1.9898 2.0490 2.0937 2.1286 2.1566 2.1795 2.2509 2.2880 2.3261 2.3455 2.3572 2.3651 2.3750 2.3809 2.4048
3
10.1735 10.1745 10.1754 10.1774 10.1794 10.1813 10.1833 10.1882 10.1931 10.2029 10.2127 10.2225 10.2322 10.2419 10.2516 10.2613 10.2710 10.3188 10.3658 10.4566 10.5423 10.6223 10.6964 10.7646 10.8271 10.8842 10.9363 11.1367 11.2677 11.4221 11.5081 11.5621 11.5990 11.6461 11.6747 11.7915 13.3237 13.3244 13.3252 13.3267 13.3282 13.3297 13.3312 13.3349 13.3387 13.3462 13.3537 13.3611 13.3686 13.3761 13.3835 13.3910 13.3984 13.4353 13.4719 13.5434 13.6125 13.6786 13.7414 13.8008 13.8566 13.9090 13.9580 14.1576 14.2983 14.4748 14.5774 14.6433 14.6889 14.7475 14.7834 14.9309
\
16.4706 16.4712 16.4718 16.4731 16.4743 16.4755 16.4767 16.4797 16.4828 16.4888 16.4949 16.5010 16.5070 16.5131 16.5191 16.5251 16.5312 16.5612 16.5910 16.6499 16.7073 16.7630 16.8168 16.8684 16.9179 16.9650 17.0099 17.2008 17.3442 17.5348 17.6506 17.7272 17.7807 17.8502 17.8931 18.0711
3.8317 3.8343 3.8369 3.8421 3.8473 3.8525 3.8577 3.8706 3.8835 3.9091 3.9344 3.9594 3.9841 4.0085 4.0325 4.0562 4.0795 4.1902 4.2910 4.4634 4.6018 4.7131 4.8033 4.8772 4.9384 4.9897 5.0332 5.1773 5.2568 5.3410 5.3846 5.4112 5.4291 5.4516 5.4652 5.5201
7.0156 7.0170 7.0184 7.0213 7.0241 7.0270 7.0298 7.0369 7.0440 7.0582 7.0723 7.0864 7.1004 7.1143 7.1282 7.1421 7.1558 7.2233 7.2884 7.4103 7.5201 7.6177 7.7039 7.7797 7.8464 7.9051 7.9569 8.1422 8.2534 8.3771 8.4432 8.4840 8.5116 8.5466 8.5678 8.6537 14-5
o.oe
0.1
0.15
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
00
TABLE 14.5.
(Source:
Sef. 9, p. 493.)
_h
1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 15.7014 6.2702 3.1230 2.0732 1.5485 1.2339 1.0244 31.4126 12.5598 6.2734 4.1773 3.1291 2.5002 2.0809
\
62.8302 25.1294 12.5614 8.3717 6.2767 5.0196 4.1816
^5_
78.5385 31.4133 15.7040 10.4672 7.8487 6.2776 5.2301
14-6
TABLE 14.6.
(Source:
c
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 80.0 100.0
00
\
1.5708 1.6320 1.6887 1.7414 1.7906 1.8366 1.8798 1.9203 1.9586 1.9947 2.0288 2.1746 2.2889 2.4557 2.5704 2.6537 2.7165 2.7654 2.8044 2.8363 2.8628 2.9476 2.9930 3.0406 3.0651 3.0801 3.0901 3.1028 3.1105 3.1416
\
17.2788 17.2845 17.2903 17.2961 17.3019 17.3076 17.3134 17.3192 17.3249 17.3306 17.3364 17.3649 17.3932 17.4490 17.5034 17.5562 17.6072 17.6562 17.7032 17.7481 17.7908 17.9742 18.1136 18.3018 18.4180 18.4953 18.5497 18.6209 18.6650 18.8496
4.7124 4.^335 4.7544 4.7751 4.7956 4.8158 4.8358 4.8556 4.8751 4.8943 4.9132
c
7.8540 7.8667 7.8794 7.8920 7.9046 7.9171 7.9295 7.9419 7.9542 7.9665 719787 8.0385 8.0962 8.2045 8.3029 8.3914 8.4703 8.5406 8.6031 8.6587 8.7083 8.8898 9.0019 9.1294 9.1986 9.2420 9.2715 9.3089 9.3317 9.4248
10.9956 11.0047 11.0137 11.0228 11.0318 11.0409 11.0498 11.0588 11.0677 11.0767 11.0856 11.1296 11.1727 11.2560 11.3349 11.4086 11.4773 11.5408 11.5994 11.6532 11.7027 11.8959 12.0250 12.1807 12.2688 12.3247 12.3632 12,4124 12.4426 12.5664
14.1372 14.1443 14.1513 14.1584 14.1654 14.1724 14.1795 14.1865 14.1935 14.2005 14.2075 14.2421 14.2764 14.3434 14.4080 14.4699 14.5288 14.5847 14.6374 14.6870 14.7335 14.9251 15.0625 15.2380 15.3417 15.4090 15.4559 15.5164 15.5537 15.7080
.0037
5.0870 5.2329 5.3540 5.4544 5.5378 5.6078 5.6669 5.7172 5.7606 5.9080 5.9921 6.0831 6.1311 6.1606 6.1805 6.2058 6.2211 6.2832
14-7
-1
\4-i
SECTION 15.
15.1.
Mathematical- Constants.
e = 2i7182818.
15.2.
Joule's constant
cal/s'cm -K Btn/hr'ft -R
2 4 2
= 5.673 x 10" W/ra 'K Universal gas constant R = 8.3143 J/molK = 0.08205 &*atm/mol*K
J/kg-mol-K
15-1
15.3.
Conversion Factors.
ym 1 m 1 cm lUm 1 A 1 in. 1 ft 1 yd
Ul I to
A 10 10 10
1 0
1 0.01 io6
10 10 1
ID"
10
io-
1
4
- 8
- 8
25.4 x 10
2.540 x 1 0
4
1 12
6
30.48 x 1 0
30.43 x 1 0
4
91.440 x 1 0
91.440 x 1 0
36
cm
1 cm 1 m 1 in. = 1ft
2 2 2
m lO"
4
ft
1 = 10
4
- 4
1 144
4
- 4
=
2
- 4
1 yd
8361.307 x 1 0 "
1296
in.
ft
4
ml
- 4
liter
- 3
= 1
3
610.23 x 10~
35.3145 x 1 0 5.7870 x 1 0
1 in. 1ft 1 ml
3
; i
1728 610.251 x 1 0 61.0251
- 4
- 4
1
353.15 1 x 1 0
- 7
1
1000 3785.329
1 liter 1 gal
1
3.785329
231
- 3
g
453.59 1.4594 x 1 0
5 4
kg
0.45359 14.594 io3
ton
0.0005 0.016087 1.1023 x l o 1.1023 x l o
- 6
1
6.8521 x 10~ 6.8521 x 10~ 62.162
3
-3 = 2.2046 x 10'
= 2.2046 = 2000
1 10
3
1
5
- 3
9.0718 x 1 0
907.18
Conversion factors for density. lbm/ii i. 5.787 x 1 0 0.01862 1 4.329 x 10~ 0.03613
3 - 4
=
3
= = =
1 lbni/in. =
15-4
TABLE 1 5 . 6 .
lbf/in. 1 lbf/in. = 1
2 2
dyne/cm 689.473 x 10
2
kgf/cm
nun Hg 51.715
in. H O 27.71
atm
0.06805
bar
0.06895
0.07031
1
980.665 x 10
3
101.972 x io"
8
= 14.2234
1
0.03453 1.3595 -3
x XQ
750.062 x 10
- 6
4.0188 -4 x 10 * 394.0918
986.923
lO"
-9
967.841 x 10
3
735.559
980.665 x 10"
3
1 in. Hg
= 0.4912 = 0.01934
338.64 x 10 1333.223
2
1
0.03937
25.40
13.608 0.5358
15Ul
1 ram Hg
1
1.8665
1 in. H o
2
= 0.03609
24.883 x 10
2
2.537 x 10"
3
0.0735
1
460.80
2.458 x 10"
3
x 10
- 3
1 atra
= 14.6960
101.325 x 10
4
1.03323
29.9212
760
750.0617
1
986.923 -.n-3
1.01325
1 bar
= 14.5038
10
1.01972
29.5299
401.969
TABLE 15.7. fflbf 1 fflbf 1 abs joule = 1 i n t joule = 1 cal 1 I.T. cal 1 Btu 1 i n t kWhr = 1 hphr = 1 liter'atm = =
1
198.0000 x 1 0
268.4525 x 1 0 101.3278 i n t kW hr
1 fflbf 1 abs joule 1 int joule 1 cal 1 I.T. c a l 1 Btu 1 int kWhr 1 hp'hr 1 liter'atm
128.5083 x 10 -5 947.827 x 10~ 396.572 x 10~ 396.832 x 10~ 1 3412.76 2544.46 0.09604
6
-9
7
0.947988 x 10"
5 S
3.7256 x lo"
-8
-7
377.452 x 10"
hp hr/lb 1.690 x ltf* 7.069 x 10 7.074 x 10 3.930 .< 10** 5.051 x l o " 608.4 1 1.567 x i o "
7
ftV
10763 4.504 x 10 4.506 x 10 25,037 32.174 3.876 x 1 0 6.370 x 1 0 1
4 4
. = = = -
1
4.184 4.186 2.326 2.989 x 10~ 3.610 x 10
6 3
- 6
hp'tar/lb ftW
- 6
- 1 0
2545
5
3 994 x 10"
1 0
11
Table 15.9.
Conversion factors for specific energy per degree. Cal/gK 0.2390 1 1.0007 1.0007 -4 2.390 x l o ' I .T. c a l / g K Btu/lb'R 0.2388 0.9993 1 1 2.388 x 1 0
- 4
abs j o u l e / g K
W"s/kg*K 10
3
abs joule/g*K =
cal/g*K I . T . cal/g*K btu/lb'H Ws/kgK = = =
Table 15.10.
,
cal/s cm-C
n II
. ' "F/in.
- 3
2903 12 1 69350
ui
co
xaoie J.:>.XJ..
2
tonvecsii
II
- 4
stokes 0.25806
1
m /s
2.58 x 1 0
- 5
io1
2.778
10
4
1.778 x 1 0 ~
m /s
3600
= =
1 1.163 x i o "
2 kcal/hr-m = 2 cal/s*cm =
1
8
4.1868 x 10~
2.778 x 1 0
TABLE 15.13.
1 2.778 x 10"
15-9
Is-10
SECTION 16. CONVECTION COEFFICIENTS 16.1. Forced Flow in Smooth Tubes. 16.1.1 Fully Developed Laminar Flow (Source: Ref. 21):
= 4.364 (constant heat rate) = 3.658 (constant surface temp) Fully Developed Turbulent Flow (Source: Ref. 21):
16.1.2
= 6.3 + 0.003 (Re Pr), Pr < 0.1 (constant heat rate) = 4.8 + 0.C03 (Re Pr), Pr < 0.1 (constant surface temp)
6 8
jp = 0.022 Pr' Re" , 0.5 < Pr < 1.0 (constant heat rate) = 0.021 Pr ' Re
5
jp = 0.0155 Pr" Re" , 1.0 < Pr < 20 f = 0.011 Pr- Re - , Pr < 20 Pr - Prandtl number, Re = Reynolds number 16.2. Forced Flow Between Smooth Infinite Parallel Plates. 16.2.1. Fully developed laminar flow (Source: Ref. 21): hs = 4.118 (constant heat rate on both sides) hs = 2.693 (constant heat rate on one side, other side insulated)
3 0 9
16-1
hs = 3.77 (constant surface temperature on both sides) = 2.43 (constant surface temperature on one side, other side insulated) s = spacing of plates 16.3. Forced Flow Parallel to Smooth Semi-Infinite Flat Plates Laminar Flow. 16.3.1. Laminar flow: = 0.332 P r
1 / 3 1 / 2 x 3 / 4 1 / 3
Re
[l - ' X /X)
t 0
]~
= 0.453 P r
1 / 3
Re
1 / 2 x
[l - ( X / X )
Q
3 / 4
]~
1 / 3
16.3.2.
| * = 0.0295 P r ' R e x
[ l - (X /X) Q
9 /
L 0
]~
1 / 9
0.6 hx = 0.0307 Pr Re 0.8 [T - (X /X) 9/10~l-l/9 (constant heat rate) _ 1 J , k 16.4. Fully Developed Flow in Smooth Tube Annuli. 16.4.1. Laminar flow (Source: Sef. 21):
Nu..
1 d
( d
o- i>
k
11
9
W t
Nu oo
n
V o - i>
k
1 - (q./q )9* i! ^o o
(Subscripts i and o refer to inner and outer surfaces, q is surface heat flux, Nu., and Nu _ are inner and outer surface Nusselt numbers when only one
11 OO
TABLE 1 6 . 1 .
_
r.r i o
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Nu.. 11 CO
8.499 6.583 5.912 5.580 5.385
Nu oo
9. l CD
0.905 0.603 0.473 0.401 0.346
1.0
16.4.2.
(d / d . ) ' , R e
o l
4 5
Ad
A j
1 0 , & d = d - A.
o l
16.5.
Forced Flow Normal to Circular Cylinders. 16.5.1. Local Coefficients (Source: Ref. 22):
"
- 1 . " Pr * H^-
[ l - ( 6 / 9 0 ) ] , 0 < 9 < 80
6 = cylinder angle from stagnation point 16.5.2. Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 7 ) :
J * = 0.43 + C Re P r K a
3 1
TABLE 1 6 . 2 .
C
R e
16.6.
Forced Flow Normal to Spheres. 16.6.1. Average Coefficients (Source: Ref. 7):
r ^ = 0.37 R e ' k d
Pr
0 , 3 3
,
0
16.7.1.
1/2
1 / 4
(Gr )
x
1 / 4
, GrPr < 1 0
jj = 0.0295 ( P r )
7 / 5
[l + 0.494 ( P r )
2 / 3
]"
2 / 5
(Gr)
2 / 5
, GrPr > 1 0
16.8.
16.8.1.
f = C (Gr Pr,
d
TABLE 16.3.
Gr p
d
C 0.40
_:L
0-10~
5
IO~ -IO
-1
10 -10~ 10 -10
9 4 9
10 -10
12
0.13
16-4
16.9.
16.9.1.
TABLE 16.4.
Condition Upper surface heated or lower surface cooled Lower surface heated or upper surface cooled Upper surface heated or lower surface cooled
Gr
it
pr
10 - 2 x 1 0
5
0.54
1 0
3 x 10 - 3 x 1 0 2 x 10 - 3 x 1 0
7
0.27 0.14
1 0
16.10.
16.10.1.
1 / , 4 f
16.11.1.
r 1
0.18 (Gr ) s I 0.065(Gr ) s
1 / 4
Gr
<
2,000
(s/L) (s/L)
1 / 9 f
2,000 < Gr s
1 / 3
1 / 9
, 20,000 < Gr
16-5
k s L
16.11.2.
1 / 4
, 1 0 < Gr S
5
< 4 x 10
1 / 3
, 4 x 1 0 < Gr s
Film Condensation.
16.12.1.
1/3
1.47 Re^ P (P
a a
-1/3
- P )g
v
1/3
= 0.007 Rejj' , Re
fc
> 1800
Re. = (4hAt )/i u X , vw v & At = temp difference between saturated vapor and wall
H
in
16.12.2.
1/4
^ = 0.725
16-6
16.13.
Fool Boiling,
_^p_^_i
At
t
1 / 2
. r^f
(source:
Re
. X9,
= temp difference between wall and saturated vapor number at saturated liquid temperature a - surface tension at liquid vapor interface
= heat of evaporation
and n (source: Ref. 19). n 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
sf
0.006 0.013 0.013 0.006 0.013 0.101 0.015 0.0027 0.0025 0.0054 0.0027 0.0030
n-Butyl alcohol-copper
16-7
'i.
Ib-S
SECTION 17. CONTACT COEFFICIENTS An empirical correlation developed by Shevts and Dyban (Ref. 24) gives estimated thermal contact coefficients for many common ferrous and non-ferrous metals in contact, including dissimilar metals.
hr/k = (IT/4) [l + 8 5 ( P / S )
0,8
k = thermal conductivity of the gas phase P = contact pressure r = height of a micro-element of roughness plus the height of the wave for one surface S = permissible rupture stress A theoretical approximation of contact coefficients developed by French and Rohsenow (Ref. 25) can be found by using Fig. 17.1 and the following properties: C = constriction number, P/M P = contact pressure M = Meyer hardness of the softer contact material B = gap number = 0.335 C
m = 0.315 (VATT)
0 , 1 3 7
A = interface area (one side) I = effective gap thickness, 3.56(4. + i. ) if ( , + J ) < 280 S , uin. (smooth contacts), or 0.46 (JL + t, ) > 280 uin. (rough contacts) ..,., - mean (or rms) depths of surface roughness k. = equivalent conductivity of interstitial fluid, for liquids use k
f
k K
= 1 + 8 y (v/v) (a + a
L 2
4CTAG E t
2
2 " 1 2
17-1
k_ = fluid conductivity at zero contact pressure Pr = Prandtl number V = mean molecular velocity Y = ratio of specific heats v = kinematic viscosity evaluated at t a = accommodation coefficient e = surface emissivity o = Stefan-Boltzmann constant K = conductivity number, I: (k + k )/2k k k. = conductivity of first solid evaluated at
[ 2
fc
(k
l l
fc
2 2
f c
) / ( k
2 J
/ 2
Some thermal contact data assembled by P. J. Schneider from various sources (Ref. 19) is given in Fig. 17.2. Also, some additional data from Ref. 26 showing the effects of machining processes and surface matching is given in Fig. 17.3.
17-2
TABLE 17.1.
Curve
Material pair aluminum (2024-T3) aluminum (2024-T3) aluminum (2024-T3 aluminum (75S-T6) aluminum (75S-T6) aluminum (7SS-T6) aluminum (2024-T3) aluminum (75S-T6) stainless (304) stainless (304) stainless (416) stainless (416) magnesium (AZ-31B) magnesium (AZ-31B) copper (OFHC) stainless/aluminum iron/aluminum tungsten/graphi te
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-J 1 W
110
no
110 200 200 200
no
200 85 85 200 200 85 85 115 200 80 270
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
100 100
50-60i (oxidized) 8-16 (oxidized)
air
brass foil (0.001 in.) vacuum (10 mm Hg) 4 vacuum (10 mm Hg) vacuum (10~ mm Hg)
7-9
30-65
TABU! 17.2.
Curve
Material Cold rolled steel Cold rolled steel Cold rolled steel Cold rolled steel Cold rolled steel Cold rolled steel Cold rolled steel Cold rolled steel 416 Stainless 416 Stainless 416 Stainless 416 Stainless Stainless
Finish Shaped Shaped Shaped Milled Milled Shaped Shaped Lapped Ground Ground Ground Ground Milled
Gap Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air Air
(F)
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 400 200 400
Clean
Condition Parallel cuts, rusted Parallel cuts, clean Perpendicular cuts, clean Parallel cuts, rusted Parallel cuts, clean Perpendicular cuts, clean Parallel cuts, clean Clean
a b c d e f g h i
4-4
100-100 100-100 30-30 30-30 195-195
J
k 1 m
* Sexier
5X10"
1
1
FIG. 1 7 . 1 .
Ref. 2 5 ) .
17-5
20 10
/>'V
J
h i
~p2/3
i i ' I i i 11 I I I I 11.
' I i i i il
10
50 p - lb/in.
100
2
200
500 1000
FIG. 1 7 . 2 .
Ref. 19),
17-6
0.016
0.010 r-
0.002
100
200
300
2
400
500
FIG. 17.3.
17-7
ft-%
"I - '
Uq/ifi JUiBlnm Fata 1034 (4.51 Ca, l , S t KQI 901* ( 4 . U Hg. 0.51 Mol tot* ii.i\ arUIuMi avail*i Coppti rare Puta tan CCMMcelal tuans* ( t *"1 I l l i c i t MM* (3St 1st ml bin ( l i t i n , 0.1* 5tii (31* ". 15 Nil Sanaa l U n t * ? , o.* %%\ . io"
J
MAa-u - 10 "
O.U O.M
m/ii in
1.4 1.1 1.1 3.1 3.0 .H 4.0 I.I 1.1
.o
ioo 3.0 0.(1 D.*J 3.1 9.9 1.4. 4.1 1-3 0.51
ion 2.4 1.0 0.11 3.0 3.01 1.1 I.I 0.14 0.30 D.ll 0.19 0.17 ].] O.M
too 1.1
Mo 7.1
IOOO
uoo
0.10
O.M
1.14 4.54 0.34 0.41 0.41 0.31 0.40 0.30 0.43 0.40
O.U
0.90 0.19 0.33 D.D7 0.44 O.Df 0.07 1.17 0.17 0.10 a.u 0.10
O.IB
1.47
I.U
0.75 0.35
1.5
O.011
C*tonlc*l (10t Ml. 3t la) conatantan (404 Mil Mmiaanln 1131 Rn, n Soldi Irani Fora run Mcauaht two. i < a . c> Stay caat Iron (3.01 C, O.tt 311 SAI 10H ataal (D.ll C, 0.3* Mnl AMI U4D ataal 11.M HI. 0.TI CrJ tflckal atsal IM Ml, O.tt Hnj Invar (3U VI, SI Co) SAI 4130 i t H l (11 Cr, 0.51 Hn> M i l M4 auLalaa* (1) Ci. 1M HI) MSI H i atalnlasa ,U Cr, U t Mil ludi Part Soldat IK* lb. Lit bloat UoaaaiBBi nra fun (ft U. It 11) (131 AI, Si) Pur a 101 SB) Soldar ISO* Pn> SOI So) Ml
0.21 0.13
1.3
0.1B 1.1 0.(1 0.51 9.31 3.0 0.51 0.11 0.34 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.2a 0.11 O.lt 3.1 a.U 0.)1 0.11 O.J* 0.13 0,73 0.33 0.11 0.31 0.3) 0.1> 0.35 0.33 0.30 3.0 0.11 3.C 0.30
0-43 O.tt D.42 0.47 0.44 0.44 0.4C 0.44 0.30 0.44 0.13 0.11 1.17 1.00 1.00
o.ao O.ID 0.31 0.44 0.3* 0.29 O.I4 0.41 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.37 0.44 0.77 1.9. O.70 O.St
1.4
D.DI
0.33
0.43 D.ll 0.34 0.13 0.37 0.13 9.13 0.37 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.)) 0.14
o.oa
.00 7, I t
7.W
o.u
0.001 0.001 1.71 0.3* 0.37 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.5* 1.45 (.0 0.04 0.0} ti.OJ 0.0) 0.01 3.3 U.) 0.3] 0.1* 1.71 14.0 1(1. 0.010 f.l 11.7
0.53 1.74 1.14 1.11 ID. 33 4.10 1.2* 1.14 4.51 1.40
O.U
7.2 11.1
3.) >.
0.71 V.5 O.U O.fl 1.1 D.IO 1.) 0.44 1.1 0.(7 1.1 0.T3 l.D D.T( 1.5 1.5
o.i
0.39 0.49 0.94 0.4) a.M 0.45 0.44 0.37 0.13 0.19 0.14 0.34
Moljbdanuai Ickali
Fata OmanlcUl I4.H Alt Nonal (301 Cu, L41 Fa) Inoootl X-TS0 l i l t Cr, I t Fa) MlduoM (10 Cr) NlcUca* V (241 Fa, 1** Cr]
0.91 0.19 0.23 n.ia 0.11 0.10 0.94 0.71 0.(7 0.41
4.3 1.5 1.3
1.97 31.45 1*.I4 31.04 10.41 10. Jl 10.04 7.10 1.44 li.l
M.J
Tim
6.73 0.93
D.tt
o.st
2.0
0.10
1.*
0.9)
1.4
0.9)
1.3
0.(0
1.2
9.41
1.1
0.39
0.39 0.0*1
0.1) O.U
O.M
0.21
0.33
Oranlnai Ilnei
Fata
0.22
0.35
o.ia
0.44
0.4*
Puta
18-1
TABLE I B . 2 .
Thermal p c o p e r t i e s o m i s c e l l a n e o u s s o l i d s ( s o u r c e i
P c o p e r t i e s a t 300 K (m /s) x 10 10 K
(kg/m ) Ceramics) ( F o l y c r y s t a l U n e , 99.5% purity,96% solid) 3.B4 BeO HgO SiO Th0 Tio
2
400
600
BOO
1000
1200
zca
Glassesi
Boco&Uicate (Pycex)
2
0.007 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.02 0.002 0.73 0.79 l.U 5.2 0.C1 0.48 0.66 0.002 1.9 0.89 1.0 2.1 1.3 1.3 2.2 2.8 3.5 1.7 1.3 6.6 8.4 10. 8. 11. 9. 11. 15. 13.
00 I to
Insulations:
Alumina, f u s e d
0.B1 0.19
Magnesite (S5% MgO) Micro q u a r t z f i b e r Rockwool Ziroonia Insulations: Fiberglass Fiberglass (loose)' (grain) (Foe lew temps.) (Foaaglas) (Hlanket)
0.90
0.18
Expanded g l a s s
0.31 0.12
S i l i c a aerogel
P o l y s t y r e n e foam
0.12
0.24 0,12
Polystyrene foaa ( I D
atmabs)
TABI I B . 2 . P r o p e r t i e s at 300 II
P.
Material Plasticac A c r y l i c , PMKA ( P l e x i g l a s ) Nylon 6 Polyvinyl chloride T e f l o n , PTPB Polyethylene, high denaity Rocks: Granite Harble Sandstone Shale Hoods: Salaa ( a c r o s s g r a i n , oven dry) 0.16 0.46 0.67 0.40 0.42 2.60 2.50 2.20 2. G O (rigid) 1.18 1.16 1.40 2.16 D.95 (kg/a ) x 10"
3 3
c. (J/kg'R) x 1 0
_ U
k. K/m'K
a.
| n / s ) * 10*
3
10 K
20
50
100
200
400
GO O
BOO
1000
1200
0.059 2.72 2.38 2 . B0 2.90 0.11 0.17 0.10 0.11 0.001 0.001 O.0D1 0.001
I-"
W
Douglaa l r Oak, red Pine, vhlte Redwood Miscellaneous: Carbon black (powder) Carbon (petroleum coke) Graphite (*TJ| (H t o g r a i n s ) * ( 1 to grains) Graphite (cytolytic) (n t o g r a i n s ) ( 1 t o graina) Concrete Hlca Rubber (hard) Gypaun board Sand (dry)
0.19 2.10
0.84 0.84
0.021 1.9
0.001 0.011 21. 25. 19. 4200. 1100. 170. 130. 23000. 1000. 580. 420. 50000. 390. 1200. B60. 32000. 150. USD. 900. 14600. 70. 25. 2B. 30.
5. 4. 810. 270.
0.003
TABIiE 1 8 . 3 . point
(source:
mp. Metal Aluminum Copper Iron Lead Lithium Mercury Potassium Sodium NaK (eutectic) Tin Zinc K 933.2 1356. 1810. 600.6 453.7 234.3 336.8 371.0 262. 505.1 692.7
k, W/m'k 91 167 41 16 43 7 54 87 13 31 50
PF
c.
3
Y kJ/kg 395.4 205. 281.6 24.7 663.2 11.3 61.5 114.6 60.2 102.1
kg/m
kJ/kg -k 1.09 0.49 0.82 0.21 4.25 1.34 0.84 1.34 1.00 0.23 0.50
2390 7940 7020 10700 520 13650 820 930 850 6980 6640
18-4
18-5
TABLE 18.5.
(source;
Ref. 3 7 ) .
Emissivity Material Iron, rusted 0.90 0.97 0.69 0.82 0.87 0.87 0.S9 0.022 0.028 0.60 0.11 0.19 0.048 0.061 0.61 0.59 0.035 0.035 0.81 D.81 0.81 0.08 0.13 0.23 0.19 0.24 0.02 0.15
0.6 0.6
Temp,
Emissivity 0.65 0.94 0.94 0.05 0.63 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.19 0.24 0.43 0.43 0.045 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.37 0.85 0.037 0.047 0.096 0.152 0.191 0.80 0.B5 0.02 0.035 0.08 0.28
C
25 25 350 100 200 25 100
Monel m e t a l , o x i d i z e d N i c k e l , unoxidized
1200
25 100 500
Chromium, unoxidized C o b a l t , unoxidized Columbian, unoxidized Copper, unoxidized oxidized calorized c a l o r i z e d , oxidized P i c e brick Gold, unoxidized Gold enamel I r o n , unoxidized oxidized
100 500
liquid
200
liquid
25 200 600
o.eo
0.79 0.79 0.94 0.97 0.52 0*5? 0.21 0.26 0.043 0.05 0.024 0.032 0.071 0.15 0.23 0.28 0.05
1000
100 500 200 600
0.26 0.26 0.18 0.19 0,75 0.02 0.03 0.37 0.05 0.74 0.84 0.89 0.21 0.29 0.64 0.78 0.95 0.95 Zinc, unoxidized Tungsten, unoxidized Tin, unoxidized Tantalum, unoxidized S t e e l p l a t e , rough c a l o r i z e d , oxidized
1000
100 500 100 100 100 500
1500 2000
25 100 25 100 500
liquid
200 600
40 250
18-6
TABLE 1 8 . 6 .
Ref. 37).
Melting point.
Metal Advance. Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Bismuth Brass Cadmium Calido. Climax Cobalt Constantan Copper: annealed see nichrome See constantan
20c
c
659 630
2.70
6.6
5.73
8.9
8.89 8.89
hard-drawn Eureka. Excello Gas carbon German silver, 18% Ni Gold Ideal. See constantan See constantan
92
5000
8.9
8.4
19.3
33
2.44
Iron, 99.98* pure Lead Magnesium Manganin Mercury Molybdenum, drawn Monel metal Nichrome Nickel Palladium Phosphor bronze Platinum Silver Steel, E . B. B. Steel, B. B. Steel, Siemens-Martin Steel, manganese Tantalum Therlo
8
10 22 4.6 44
95.783
.005 .0039 .004 .00001 .00089 .004 .0020 .0004 .006 .0033 .0018 .003 .0038 .005 .004 .003 .001 .0031 .00001 .0042 .0045 .0037
7.8
11.4 1.74
1530
8.4
13.546
8.9
21.4 10.5
750
1755
960
1510 1510 1510 1260 2850
IB 70
15.5
47
11.5
232
3400
Tin
Tungsten, drawn Zinc
5.6 5.8
419
"Trade mark.
18-7
XABI 18.7.
Hef. 76).
C a p p e r TeffPr K 6 8 10 15 JO 25 30 35 40 50 60 70 16 90 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 290 300 O.F.E i . e . G. 1 14. 5 2 5 . .2 6 1 . .4 110 160 22 B 285 338 426 496 554 5B6 606 654 700 788 874 956 1040 1120 1320 1520 Hi-purity annealed 166 382 636 1270 1790 2160 2410 25BD 2700 2060 2960 3030 3070 3090 3140 3180 3270 3360 3440 3520 ' 3600 3800 4000
8 A 1 u Bl i n u m Brass (Pb) 2024-T4 0.060 0.197 0.347 0.872 1.60 2.51 3.61 4.91 6.41 9.91 14.1 IB.9 22.0 24.2 30.1 36.3 50.1 65.4 82.1 100 119 171 229 6063-T5 0.,850 2. 05 3..60 9.,00 16. ,5 25. ,8 36. .5 46. 8 62. .0 89. ,5 117 143 158 167 190 211 253 293 333 373 413 513 613 SHE 1020 0.088 0.231 0.431 1.17 2.22 3.52 5.02 6.74 8.67 13.1 1B.1 23.6 27.1 29.5 35.5 41.7 54.5 67.5 80.5 93.5 107 139 172 less
3 t e e l Stain Znconel (annealed) 0.0133 0.0348 0.0653 0.1B2 0.356 0.592 0.B82 1.22 1.60 2.47 3.45 4.52 5.19 5.66 6.85 8.06 10.6 13.1 15.7 18.3 21.0 28.0 35.4 Soft solder 0.425 1.05 1.03 4.IB 6.86 9.66 12.5 15.3 18.1 23.4 28.5 33.6 36.7 38. B 44.1 49.4 60.3 71.4 82.6 93.8 105 133 162 G l a s s Jlass 2.. 1 1 x 1 0 4..43 6,. 8 1 13 . 1 20., 0 27.,9 36, ,8 47. ,1 58. .6 84. .6 115 151 175 194 240 292 40B 542 694 050 1030 1500 1990
- 3
a n d
p l a s t i c s perspex
- 3
H a t e Constantan
3
r i a l Ag s o l d e r 0.059 0.14B 0.26S 0.6B8 1.25 1.92 2.67 3.52 4.47 6.62 9.12 12.0 13. 15.2 18.7 22.6 31.1 40.6 51.0 62.2 74.0 105 138
nylon 0..32 x 1 0 0..B0 1,. 4 8 4,,10 0 .23 13. .9 20. ,8 2 9 . ,0 38. .5 60. .4 85. 9 113 131 142 173 204 269 336 405 475 545 720 895
0.053 0.129 0.229 0.594 1.12 1.81 2.65 3.63 4.76 7.36 10.4 13.9 16.2 17.7 22.0 26.5 36.5 47.8 60.3 73.8 BB.3 128 172
0.0063 0.0159 0.0293 0.0816 0.163 0.277 0.424 0.607 0.824 1.35 1.98 2.70 3.17 3.49 4.36 5.28 7.26 9.39 11.7 14.1 16.6 23.4 30.6
1.18 x 10" 2.38 3.59 6.69 10.1 14.4 19.6 25.9 33.0 49.5 68.3 BB.5 101. 110. 132. 155. 200. 247. 294. 342. 390. 510. 630.
0.024 0.066 0.128 0.375 0.753 1.24 1.81 2.44 3.12 4.57 6.12 7.75 8.75 9.43 11.1 12.8 16.2 19.7 23.2 26.9 30.6 40.6 51.6
REFERENCES
1. 2. 3. 4.
M. Jakob, Heat Transfer, Vol. I (Wiley, New York, 1949). P. J. Schneider, Conduction Heat Transfer (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1955). V. S. Arpaci, Conduction Heat Transfer (Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1966). S. S. Kutateladze and V. M. Borishanskii, A Concise Encyclopedia of Heat Transfer (Pergamon, New York, 1966).
5. 6.
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