Rr411804 Semi Conductors and Magnetic Materials

Code No: RR411804 Set No.
1
IV B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November 2007
SEMI-CONDUCTORS AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Discuss in detail the free electron theory of conductivity

(b) Derive an expression for electrical conductivity in terms of mean free path,
velocity of electrons and number of free electrons. [8+8]
2. (a) How is the band model helpful in explaining various properties of semi-conductors?
Discuss the theory of intrinsic semi-conductors.
(b) Obtain an expression for the carrier density of an intrinsic semi-conductor.
Explain the various terminology in the expression clearly. [10+6]
3. (a) What are energy states? What are density of energy states? Explain density
of energy states in semi-conductors.
(b) What is an intrinsic semi-conductor. explain it in detail with the help of
suitable examples. [8+8]
4. (a) Discuss the method of identifying an unknown piece as n-type or p-type semi-
conductor.
(b) Intrinsic semiconductors are not suitable for applications in electronic devices
- why? Show that the fermi level for a pure germanium lies in the middle of
forbidden gap. [7+9]
5. (a) Describe the effect of

i. magnetic field
ii. frequency and
iii. isotopes on super conductors.
(b) Define critical magnetic field. Derive the thermodynamic relation connecting
the critical magnetic field and the transition temperature. [9+7]
6. (a) What do you mean by Bohr Magneton? What is the value of 1 Bohr Mag-
neton? Explain the term magnetic dipole moment? What is the Value of
magnetic dipole moment associated with a loop carrying current?
(b) What is meant by hysteresis in magnetic material? Explain.
(c) What is magnetostriction? Give the important applications of magnetostric-
tion. [8+4+4]
7. (a) Calculate and show the number of unpaired 3d electrons are there per atom
Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu.
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Code No: RR411804 Set No. 1
(b) How does the positive exchange energy affect the alignment of magnetic dipoles
in ferromagnetic materials? Also explain what do you mean by possitive ex-
change energy? How does it arise. [8+8]
8. (a) Why are strain hardened steels also harder magnetically and why are annealed
ones softer.
(b) What are ceramic magnets. Explain their working principle. Explain examples
for ceramic magnets.
(c) Mention some of the soft magnetic materials. Give their important applica-
tions. [6+5+5]
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1. (a) Explain briefly the resistivity of metals and relaxation time due to scattering
of electrons.
(b) Explain why the annealing process increases the conductivity of the alloys.
(c) Explain briefly the significance of Debye’s characteristic temperature.[7+5+4]
2. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Ionic conductivity in solids

(b) Amorphous semi-conductors
(c) single crystal semi-conductors. [6+6+4]
3. (a) What are energy states? What are density of energy states? Explain density
of energy states in semi-conductors.
(b) What is an intrinsic semi-conductor. explain it in detail with the help of
suitable examples. [8+8]
4. (a) Discuss the method of identifying an unknown piece as n-type or p-type semi-
conductor.
(b) Intrinsic semiconductors are not suitable for applications in electronic devices
- why? Show that the fermi level for a pure germanium lies in the middle of
forbidden gap. [7+9]
5. (a) What is super conductivity? Outline the experimental facts about this phe-
nomenon.
(b) Explain about Meissner effect.
(c) Explain the important property changes that occur in materials when they
change from normal to superconducting state. [7+4+5]
6. (a) Explain why the ferromagnetic domains subdivide until they reach a certain
minimum size.
(b) What form of domain reorientation dissipate the most energy? What part of
the magnetization curve is produced by this effect? Explain. [10+6]
7. (a) What are ferrities? Explain them. Discuss the various applications of ferrites.
(b) Materials having no permanent magnetic dipoles are called ferromagnetic. Is
this statement true. Give the proper explanation.
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(c) Explain the distinguishing features of ferromagnetism. [8+4+4]
8. (a) Why are strain hardened steels also harder magnetically and why are annealed
ones softer.
(b) What are ceramic magnets. Explain their working principle. Explain examples
for ceramic magnets.
(c) Mention some of the soft magnetic materials. Give their important applica-
tions. [6+5+5]
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1. Explain with suitable diagrams the conduction band, valence band and the for-
bidden band and explain the behavior of conductor, semi-conductor and insulator.
Explain the contribution of electrons and holes to electrical conduction. [16]
2. (a) Though silicon and aluminium have the same atomic density and mass density,
the difference in their electrical resistivity is very high? Explain with proper
reasons.
(b) Give the graphical representation of energy band model of carbon and silicon.
(c) Compare the variation of conductivities with temperatures in metals and semi-
conductors. [6+4+6]
3. (a) Write down as many as you can the ways in which n-type and p-type semi-
conductors differ from an intrinsic semi-conductor? Also explain it fully
(b) What do you mean by donor exhaustion? Discuss the donor exhaustion graph-
ically in an impurity semi-conductor. [9+7]
4. (a) Explain how electrons and holes both conduct in a pure silicon crystal. How
is conductivity influenced by mobility of electrons and holes?
(b) What do you mean by ionic conductivity? How it differs from electronic
conductivity? Explain the ionic conductivity in solids. [9+7]
nomenon.
6. (a) Explain why the ferromagnetic domains subdivide until they reach a certain
minimum size.
(b) What form of domain reorientation dissipate the most energy? What part of
the magnetization curve is produced by this effect? Explain. [10+6]
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8. (a) Explain the various factors that pin down the movement of domain wall?
(b) what are ferrites? How are they produced.
(c) What are some applications of hard magnetic materials. [8+5+3]
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1. (a) Explain the phenomena of ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity

(b) Name the factors that affect resistivtity and describe the variation of resistance
with the above factors.
(c) Classify solids on the basis of energy gaps in them, name them and give their
conductivity ranges. [6+5+5]
2. (a) Obtain the equation for the conductivity of an intrinsic semi-conductor in

terms of carrier concentration and carrier mobilities. Suggest a method for
evaluating the energy gap of a semiconductor.
(b) What is Hall effect? Briefly discuss the physical origin of Hall effect. What
are the uses of this effect. [10+6]
3. (a) Enumerate some of the properties of semi-conductors.

(b) Explain why the conductivity of a pure semi-conductor increases with tem-
perature while that of the metal decreases.
(c) Explain the characteristic difference between metals and semi-conductors from
the consideration of temperature coefficient of resistivity. 6+6+4]
4. (a) Explain how electrons and holes both conduct in a pure silicon crystal. How
is conductivity influenced by mobility of electrons and holes?
(b) What do you mean by ionic conductivity? How it differs from electronic
conductivity? Explain the ionic conductivity in solids. [9+7]
nomenon.
6. (a) What do you mean by Bohr Magneton? What is the value of 1 Bohr Mag-
neton? Explain the term magnetic dipole moment? What is the Value of
magnetic dipole moment associated with a loop carrying current?
(b) What is meant by hysteresis in magnetic material? Explain.
(c) What is magnetostriction? Give the important applications of magnetostric-
tion. [8+4+4]
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8. (a) Explain why in soft magnetic materials hysteresis loses must be kept down to
a minimum value.
(b) Soft magnetic materials find wide applications requiring frequent reversals of
direction of magnetization? Explain why?
(c) Explain the key factors in the design of soft magnets. [6+6+4]
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Code No: RR411804 Set No.

1. (a) Discuss in detail the free electron theory of conductivity

5. (a) Describe the effect of

2. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Ionic conductivity in solids

1. (a) Explain the phenomena of ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity

2. (a) Obtain the equation for the conductivity of an intrinsic semi-conductor in

3. (a) Enumerate some of the properties of semi-conductors.

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