CSAT CurrentAffairs 2012 Part 4

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Table of Contents
1.M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers'-Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) Aims of M-STrIPES 2.Recent Milestone Initiatives Taken for Conservation of Tiger and Other Wild Animals Financial steps International Cooperation Reintroduction of Tigers Creation of Special Tiger Protection Force (STPF) Recent initiatives Cyberplasm Srinivasa Ramanujan National Science Day 3. Aakash Tablet PC National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NME ICT) Ira and Ira Thing 4.Nuclear Reactors Types of Reactors: Alpha Particle Becquerel (Bq) 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 15 16 17 19 19
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CA 4 CSP 2 01 2 A nna Nagar/ C hrom pe t 9 84 02 4 11 1 8 / 99 40 2 44 5 76
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Beta particle Curie (Ci) Gray (Gy) 5.Hall of Nuclear Power Nehru Science Centre Mumbai 6.Nuclear Suppliers Group Zangger Committee 7.Ice Cube: World's largest neutrino observatory completed at South Pole Cherenkov radiation International Commission for Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 8.INSAT-2E completes 13 years of Successful Operation Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) GSAT-12 Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT - 1) 9.Google Android (Operating Systems) Google Play Facebook Yahoo Amazon.com 10.Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) 11.AGNI IV Tessy Thomas Agni-V 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27
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MIRV (Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry Vehicles) AKASH MISSILE 12.TAL TORPEDO Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam 13.International symposium on vaccines Vaccine Grand Challenge Programme (VGCP) 14.Chemical Weapons Convention Key points of the Convention National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) Agent Orange 15.Perfomax Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) Information Security Education and Awareness (ISEA) Project Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) 16.2G Advantages Disadvantages 3G (Third Generation of Mobile Telephony) 17.Mobile Number Portability (MNP) 18.Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution 19.Malware, Viruses and Spyware 20.Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 21.Lakshya-1 22.DRDO AEW&CS 23.Rafale edges out Euro fighter 27 28 29 29 29 29 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 37 38
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24.Pralay 25.Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) 26.Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture All benefit, in many ways: 27.Cloud Computing 28.Operation Ghost Click Botnet DNSChanger Malware 29.Operation Global Blackout 2012 30.Neutrino Pauli Exclusion Principle Aufbau principle Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity 31.Lukoskin Defence Institute of Bio-energy Research (DIBER) Leucoderma or Vitiligo Melanocyte 32.DNA FINGER PRINTING Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) 33.World Sparrow Day 34.Bacillus thuringiensis 35.Tropical Legumes II 36.REXUS (Rocket-Borne Experiments for University Students) 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 48
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37.F. Sherwood Rowland 38.Nestl India Food and Energy 39.St. Martin's Island 40. Mithilanchal belt (Purnea, Araria and Supaul Districts) 41.Jawai Bandh forests 42.Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) 43.Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) 44.Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever National Institute of Virology 1.M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers'-Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) Aims of M-STrIPES 2.Recent Milestone Initiatives Taken for Conservation of Tiger and Other Wild Animals Financial steps International Cooperation Reintroduction of Tigers Creation of Special Tiger Protection Force (STPF) Recent initiatives Cyberplasm Srinivasa Ramanujan National Science Day 3. Aakash Tablet PC National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NME ICT) Ira and Ira Thing 4.Nuclear Reactors 48 49 49 52 52 53 53 54 54 55 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 15 15 16
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Types of Reactors: Alpha Particle Becquerel (Bq) Beta particle Curie (Ci) Gray (Gy) 5.Hall of Nuclear Power Nehru Science Centre Mumbai 6.Nuclear Suppliers Group Zangger Committee 7.Ice Cube: World's largest neutrino observatory completed at South Pole Cherenkov radiation International Commission for Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 8.INSAT-2E completes 13 years of Successful Operation Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) GSAT-12 Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT - 1) 9.Google Android (Operating Systems) Google Play Facebook Yahoo Amazon.com 10.Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) 17 19 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26
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11.AGNI IV Tessy Thomas Agni-V MIRV (Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry Vehicles) AKASH MISSILE 12.TAL TORPEDO Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam 13.International symposium on vaccines Vaccine Grand Challenge Programme (VGCP) 14.Chemical Weapons Convention Key points of the Convention National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) Agent Orange 15.Perfomax Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) Information Security Education and Awareness (ISEA) Project Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) 16.2G Advantages Disadvantages 3G (Third Generation of Mobile Telephony) 17.Mobile Number Portability (MNP) 18.Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution 19.Malware, Viruses and Spyware 20.Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 27 27 27 27 28 29 29 29 29 30 31 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 35 35 36 37
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21.Lakshya-1 22.DRDO AEW&CS 23.Rafale edges out Euro fighter 24.Pralay 25.Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) 26.Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture All benefit, in many ways: 27.Cloud Computing 28.Operation Ghost Click Botnet DNSChanger Malware 29.Operation Global Blackout 2012 30.Neutrino Pauli Exclusion Principle Aufbau principle Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity 31.Lukoskin Defence Institute of Bio-energy Research (DIBER) Leucoderma or Vitiligo Melanocyte 32.DNA FINGER PRINTING Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) 33.World Sparrow Day 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 46 46 47 47
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34.Bacillus thuringiensis 35.Tropical Legumes II 36.REXUS (Rocket-Borne Experiments for University Students) 37.F. Sherwood Rowland 38.Nestl India Food and Energy 39.St. Martin's Island 40. Mithilanchal belt (Purnea, Araria and Supaul Districts) 41.Jawai Bandh forests 42.Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) 43.Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) 44.Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever National Institute of Virology 47 47 48 48 49 49 52 52 53 53 54 54 55
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, BIO-TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 3 (Preliminary) - 2012

1. M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers'-Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) 9
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A new software monitoring system to improve the effectiveness of all surveillance and ante-poaching interventions in the Project Tiger Reserve areas called Monitoring system for Tigers Intensive Protection and Ecological status (M-STrIPES) has been launched in Apr 2010 by Union Ministry of Environment and Forests. This system has been developed by the Wildlife Institute of India in collaboration with the Zoological Society of London and the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
Aims of M-STrIPES
Assist in Effective Patrolling & Protection Evaluate Status & Trends of Carnivores & Ungulates at Regular Intervals Monitor Habitat Change Evaluate Human Pressures Generate Reports to Provide Quantitative Information for Management Effectiveness Assessment and Decision Making 2. Recent Milestone Initiatives Taken for Conservation of Tiger and Other Wild Animals
Financial steps
Financial and technical help is provided to the States under various Centrally Sponsored Schemes, viz. Project Tiger and Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats for enhancing the capacity and infrastructure of the States for providing effective protection to wild animals.
International Cooperation
1. India has a Memorandum of Understanding with Nepal on controlling trans-boundary illegal trade in wildlife and conservation, apart from a protocol on tiger conservation with China.
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2. A Global Tiger Forum of Tiger Range Countries has been created for addressing international issues related to tiger conservation. 3. During the 14th meeting of the Conference of Parties to CITES, which was held from 3rd to 15th June, 2007 at The Hague, India introduced a resolution along with China, Nepal and the Russian Federation, with directions to Parties with operations breeding tigers on a commercial scale, for restricting such captive populations to a level supportive only to conserving wild tigers. The resolution was adopted as a decision with minor amendments. Further, India made an intervention appealing to China to phase out tiger farming, and eliminate stockpiles of Asian big cats body parts and derivatives. The importance of continuing the ban on trade of body parts of tigers was emphasized. 4. Based on Indias strong intervention during the 58th meeting of the Standing Committee of the CITES at Geneva from 6th to 10th July, 2009, the CITES Secretariat issued notification to Parties for submitting reports relating to compliance of Decisions 14.69 and 14.65 within 90 days with effect from 20.10.2009 (Progress made on restricting captive breeding operations of tigers etc.). During the 15th meeting of the Conference of Parties, India intervened for retaining the Decision 14.69 dealing with operations breeding tigers on a commercial scale.
Reintroduction of Tigers
1. As a part of active management to rebuild Sariska and Panna Tiger Reserves where tigers have become locally extinct, reintroduction of tigers / tigresses have been done. 2. Special advisories issued for in-situ build up of prey base and tiger population through active management in tiger reserves having low population status of tiger and its prey.
Creation of Special Tiger Protection Force (STPF)
3. The policy initiatives announced by the Finance Minister in his Budget Speech of 29.2.2008, interalia, contains action points relating to tiger 11
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protection. Based on the one time grant of Rs. 50.00 crore provided to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) for raising, arming and deploying a Special Tiger Protection Force, the proposal for the said force has been approved by the competent authority for 13 tiger reserves. Rs. 93 lakhs each has been released to Corbett, Ranthambhore & Dudhwa Tiger Reserve for creation of STPF during 2008-09. Since then, the guidelines of the STPF have been revised for deploying forest personnel in place of Police as an option-II, with scope for involving local people like the Van Gujjars. 4. In collaboration with TRAFFIC-INDIA, an online tiger crime data base has been launched, and Generic Guidelines for preparation of reserve specific Security Plan has been evolved.
Recent initiatives
1. Implementing a tripartite MOU with tiger States, linked to fund flows for effective implementation of tiger conservation initiatives. 2. Rapid assessment of tiger reserves done. 3. Special crack teams sent to tiger reserves affected by left wing extremism and low population status of tiger and its prey. 4. Chief Ministers of tiger States addressed at the level of the Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Environment and Forests on urgent issues, viz. implementation of the tripartite MOU, creation of the Tiger Conservation Foundation, stepping up protection etc. 5. Chief Ministers of States having tiger reserves affected by left wing extremism and low population status of tiger and its prey addressed for taking special initiatives. 6. Steps taken for modernizing the infrastructure and field protection, besides launching M-STrIPES for effective field patrolling and monitoring. 7. Steps are being taken for involvement of Non-Governmental Experts the ongoing all India tiger estimation.
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8. Special independent team sent to Similipal for assessing the status, besides constituting State level Coordination Committee for redressing the administrative problems. 9. Issue of tiger farming and trafficking of tiger body parts discussed at the level of Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Environment and Forests with the Chinese Authorities. 10.Action taken for amending the Wildlife (Protection) Act to ensure effective conservation. 11.Initiatives taken for improving the field delivery through capacity building of field officials, apart from providing incentives. 12. Steps have taken for the independent Monitoring and Evaluation of tiger reserves. 13. Action initiated for using Information Technology to strengthen surveillance in tiger reserves. 14.Providing special assistance for mitigation of human-tiger conflicts in problematic areas. 15.As an outcome of the fourth Trans-border Consultative Group Meeting held in New Delhi, a joint resolution has been signed with Nepal for biodiversity / tiger conservation.
Cyberplasm
It is a micro-scale biohybrid robot developed using principles of synthetic biology. Cyberplasm harnesses the power of synthetic biology at the cellular level by integrating specific gene parts into bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells to carry out device like functions. The micro-robot, "Cyberplasm", would combine advanced microelectronics with latest research in biomimicry -- technology inspired by nature.
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The aim is for Cyberplasm to have an electronic nervous system, "eye" and "nose" sensors derived from mammalian cells, as well as artificial muscles that use glucose as an energy source to propel. Cyberplasm will be designed to mimic key functions of the sea lamprey, a creature found mainly in the Atlantic Ocean. It is believed this approach will enable the micro-robot to be extremely sensitive and responsive to the environment it is put into. Future uses could include the ability to swim unobtrusively through the human body to detect a whole range of diseases.
Srinivasa Ramanujan
He was an Indian mathematician, who with almost no formal training in pure mathematics, made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions. According to the English mathematician G.H. Hardy, Ramanujan was in the same league as mathematicians like Euler and Gauss in terms of natural genius. In recognition of his contribution to mathematics, the Government of India declared in Dec 2011 to celebrate Ramanujan's birthday as 'National Mathematics Day' every year on 22 December and declared 2012 as the 'National Mathematical Year'. 1729 is the natural number known as the HardyRamanujan number. It is the smallest number expressible as the sum of two cubes in two different ways." The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan is the biography of Srinivasa Ramanujan written in 1991 by Robert Kanigel.
National Science Day
National Science Day is celebrated in India on February 28 each year to mark the discovery of the Raman Effect by Indian physicist Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman on 28 February 1928. In 1986, the National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC) requested the Government of India to designate February 28 as National Science Day. 14
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Subsequently, the first NSD (National Science Day) on 28 February 1987, the NCSTC announced institution of the National Science Popularization awards for recognizing outstanding efforts in the area of science communication and popularization. The focal theme for 2012 National Science Day is Clean Energy Options and Nuclear Safety 3. Aakash Tablet PC The Aakash is an Android-based tablet computer produced by British company DataWind. It is manufactured by the India-based company Quad, at a new production centre in Hyderabad under a trial run of 100,000 units. The tablet was officially launched as the Aakash in New Delhi on 5 October 2011. The Aakash is a low-cost tablet computer with a 7-inch touch screen, ARM 11 processor and 256 MB RAM running under the Android 2.2 operating system. It has two universal serial bus (USB) ports and delivers high definition (HD) quality video.
National Mission on Technology (NME ICT) Education through Information and Communication
The mission was launched in Feb. 2009. It has the objective of ensuring connectivity of the learners to the World of Knowledge in cyberspace and to make them Netizens. This is to enhance their self-learning skills and develop their capabilities for on-line problem solving and to work for: creation of knowledge modules with right contents to address to the personalized needs of learners; certification of competencies of the learners, acquired through formal or non-formal means; and to develop and maintain the database having profile of human resources.
Ira and Ira Thing
They are the two tablet PCs which support 23 Indian languages. They are launched by Wishtel, a Mumbai-based company. They will operate on the Google Android ecosystem. 15
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Ira was designed as per the specifications of the Indian Institute of Technology Rajasthan, as part of the low-cost computing devices project under the National Mission of Education through the ICT and sponsored by the Ministry of Human Resources. 4. Nuclear Reactors A nuclear reactor is a system where a controllable nuclear fission chain reaction can be maintained. The principal parts of reactor are The core: is the main part containing the nuclear fuel. The solid fuel material is fabricated into various small shapes, plates, pellets, pins etc., which are usually put together and called as sub-assemblies or bundles. Fuel elements: A reactor core may contain from tens to hundreds of these fuels sub-assemblies, held in a fixed geometrical pattern. Moderator: The moderator is a material that has the ability to slow down neutrons quickly and which at the same time has little tendency to absorb neutrons. Moderator is used in thermal reactor to slow down the neutrons as the fuel has high fission cross-section for low energy neutrons. Materials used as moderators include ordinary water, heavy water, graphite, beryllium and certain organic compounds. The moderator should be well distributed within the fuel zone or core. In some reactors the fuel materials and moderator materials are intimately mixed together. Reflector: The reflector reduces the leakage of neutrons by reflecting back the neutrons escaping from the core. The same material used for moderator can be used for the reflectors in the case of thermal reactors. In the fast reactors where fast neutrons are utilized for fission, nickel, molybdenum and stainless steel reflectors are used. The Cooling System: This system removes the heat released from the reactor core. It consists of pipes through which the coolant is pumped. When passing through the reactor cores, the coolant picks up the heat, transfers the heat to another working medium through a heat exchanger and then returns to the reactor. Gases, heavy and light water, and liquid metals such as sodium, 16
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lithium, potassium etc., can serve as coolants. In a reactor, we must be able to control the amount of heat produced. The heat produced depends upon the number of fissions taking place per second in the reactor, which in turn depends upon the number of neutrons present in the reactor. The Control System: The control system is designed to control the number of neutrons, thus control the rate of the chain reaction and power level. This system includes a number of devices, sensing elements that measure the number of neutrons in the reactor, control rods containing strong neutron absorbers such as cadmium or boron, and other devices to regulate the position of the control rods. These neutron absorbing control rods when lowered into the reactor absorb the neutrons to reduce the neutron population and when raised allow the rise in number of neutrons. It is also possible to control a reactor by increasing or decreasing its size. (Increasing the size reduces the leakage of neutrons and vice versa). Hence some reactors are controlled by varying the level of moderator. In the heavy water moderated reactors like Candu, a combination of moderator level control and neutron absorber rods are used. Protective Shield: The fission reaction is accompanied by emission of radiation like , and . Exposure to these radiations is dangerous. In order to protect the persons working near the reactor from these harmful radiations the reactor is enclosed in steel and concrete which are capable of stopping these radiations. This arrangement of protection is called Radiation shielding.
Types of Reactors:
Nuclear reactor may be classified according to the velocities of the neutrons which cause fission as thermal reactors and fast reactors. Thermal Reactors: A reactor where the fission is mainly caused by the capture of thermal i.e., slow neutrons of energies up to 0.025eV is called thermal reactor. To slow down the neutrons, some moderator is used. Fast Reactors: A reactor where fission is brought about by fast neutrons with energies more than 1000eV is called a fast reactor. Since the fission is
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caused by the fast neutrons with high energy moderator is not used in fast reactors. Reactors are classified according to secondary features as the type of moderator, coolant, etc. Graphite reactors and heavy-water reactors - they use graphite and heavywater respectively as moderators. Liquid metal cooled reactor - liquid metals like sodium, potassium, lithium etc., are used as coolants. Gas Cooled Reactor - gas like CO2, Helium etc., are used as coolants. Reactor classification based on purpose: Power Reactors: The reactors used for generating electrical power. E.g. MAPS, PFBR, TAPS, RAPS etc. Research Reactors: These reactors are mainly used for research purpose. E.g. FBTR, Kamini, Apsara etc. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR): In this reactor the enriched uranium oxide is used as the fuel and light water is used as the coolant and moderator. This is a thermal reactor. The water is circulated by a pump and the water boils in the reactor vessel itself. The steam produced is fed directly to turbine. In BWR, the steam is generated in the core itself. The reactor pressure vessel has to be strong and is enclosed in concrete containment vessel to prevent hazard from the failure of the pressurised circuit. The exhaust steam from turbine is condensed and the condensate is sent back to the reactor core through a feed pump. Another pump is used for recirculating the coolant in the reactor vessel before converting to steam. In Tarapur Atomic power station two BWRs are used for power generation of 210MWe each. Pressurized water reactor (PWR):
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PWRs keep water under pressure so that it gets heat, but does not boil. Water from the reactor and the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. In this way, most of the radioactivity stays in the reactor area. KAMINI (Kalpakkam Mini Reactor) It is a research reactor at Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research in Kalpakkam, India. Its first criticality was on October 29, 1996. It produces 30 kW of thermal energy at full power. KAMINI is cooled and moderated by light water, and fueled with uranium233 metal produced by the irradiation of thorium in other reactors. KAMINI was the first reactor in the world designed specifically to use uranium-233 fuel.
Alpha Particle
A positively charged particle ejected spontaneously from the nuclei of some radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium nucleus that has a mass number of 4 and an electrostatic charge of +2. It has low penetrating power and a short range (a few centimeters in air). The most energetic alpha particle will generally fail to penetrate the dead layers of cells covering the skin, and can be easily stopped by a sheet of paper. Alpha particles are hazardous when an alpha-emitting isotope is inside the body.
Becquerel (Bq)
One of three units used to measure radioactivity, which refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released when an element (such as uranium) spontaneously emits energy as a result of the radioactive decay (or disintegration) of an unstable atom. Radioactivity is also the term used to describe the rate at which radioactive material emits radiation, or how many atoms in the material decay (or disintegrate) in a given time period. 19
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As such, 1 Bq represents a rate of radioactive decay equal to 1 disintegration per second, and 37 billion (3.7 x 1010) Bq equals 1 curie (Ci).
Beta particle
A charged particle (with a mass equal to 1/1837 that of a proton) that is emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive element during radioactive (or disintegration) of an unstable atom. A negatively charged beta particle is identical to an electron, while a positively charged beta particle is called a positron. Large amounts of beta radiation may cause skin burns, and beta emitters are harmful if they enter the body. Beta particles may be stopped by thin sheets of metal or plastic.
Curie (Ci)
One of three units used to measure the intensity of radioactivity in a sample of material. This value refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released when an element (such as uranium) spontaneously emits energy as a result of the radioactive decay (or disintegration) of an unstable atom. As such, 1 Ci is equal to 37 billion (3.7 x 1010) disintegrations per second, so 1 Ci also equals 37 billion (3.7 x 1010) Bequerels (Bq). A curie is also a quantity of anyradionuclide that decays at a rate of 37 billion disintegrations per second (1 gram of radium, for example). The curie is named for Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered radium in 1898.
Gray (Gy)
One of the two units used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, known as the "absorbed dose," which reflects the amount of energy that radioactive sources (with any type of ionizing radiation) deposit in materials (e.g., water, tissue, air) through which they pass. One gray (Gy) is the international system of units (SI) equivalent of 100 rads, which is equal to an absorbed dose of 1 Joule/kilogram. An absorbed 20
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dose of 0.01 Gy means that 1 gram of material absorbed 100 ergs of energy (a small but measurable amount) as a result of exposure to radiation. 5. Hall of Nuclear Power It is Indias first-ever permanent exhibition on nuclear power dedicated to the nation at Nehru Science Centre Mumbai. The permanent exhibition on nuclear power is a proud addition to the Nehru Science Centre in its silver jubilee year. It covers almost all the aspects of nuclear energy, which include extensive information about nuclear power generation, its basics, productions, fuel processing, transportation, safety, security, nuclear waste and its management. Also, it talks about the non-power application which includes nuclear medicines, food irradiation technology, etc.
Nehru Science Centre Mumbai
Nehru Science Centre is the largest Science Centre in India. It one of the largest science centers in Asia, is a constituent unit of National Council of Science Museums (NCSM). The centre opened its first semi-permanent exhibition `Light & Sight' in 1977 followed by the world's first ever Science Park in 1979, during the International Year of the child. It is celebrating its silver jubilee. 6. Nuclear Suppliers Group NSG is a multinational body concerned with reducing nuclear proliferation by controlling the export and re-transfer of materials that may be applicable to nuclear development and by improving safeguards and protection on existing materials. The NSG was created following the explosion in 1974 of a nuclear device by a non-nuclear-weapon State (India), which demonstrated that nuclear technology transferred for peaceful purposes could be misused. The test demonstrated that certain non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to weapons development. Nations already signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear equipment, materials or technology. 21
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Zangger Committee
The Zangger Committee was formed in the early 1970s to establish guidelines for implementing the export control provisions of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The list of controlled items developed by the Zangger Committee is known as the Trigger List because export of those items triggers International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. 7. Ice Cube: World's largest neutrino observatory completed at South Pole It is a neutrino telescope constructed at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station completed in 2010. Members of the Ice Cube Collaboration are about 40 affiliated institutions located in the U.S., Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Barbados, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Ice Cube is supported largely by the National Science Foundation and led by the University of Wisconsin-Madison. When neutrinos collide with the nuclei of oxygen atoms in the ice, they turn into energetic charged particles called muons, moving in the same direction. Because these muons (and other debris from the collision) are moving faster than light can travel through ice, they radiate a shock wave of blue Cherenkov radiation visible to Ice Cubes photo detectors.
Cherenkov radiation
It is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium at a speed greater than the phase velocity of light in that medium. The charged particles polarize the molecules of that medium, which then turn back rapidly to their ground state, emitting radiation in the process.
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The characteristic blue glow of nuclear reactors is due to Cherenkov radiation. It is named after Russian scientist Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, the 1958 Nobel Prize winner who was the first to characterize it rigorously.
International Commission for Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP)
ICNIRP is a nonprofit making body and is legally registered as such in Germany. ICNIRP is independent from industry in both membership and funding. ICNIRP seeks to provide a service of information provision or advice to all persons, whether professionally involved with non-ionizing radiation protection or with a personal interest. ICNIRP's information and advice is provided, wherever possible, at no cost to the recipient. ICNIRP's members are independent experts in the scientific disciplines necessary for non-ionizing radiation protection. In carrying out their voluntary work for the Commission they do not represent either their countries of origin or their institutes. ICNIRP works in close collaboration with many health protection related agencies both national and international, including, for example, WHO, ILO, ICOH, IRPA and EUROSKIN. 8. INSAT-2E completes 13 years of Successful Operation INSAT-2E, the last of the five satellites in the INSAT-2 series, is a multi purpose satellite for telecommunication, television broadcasting and meteorological services. INSAT-2E was built with a planned mission life of 12 years and continued to function beyond its mission life. Launched on April 3, 1999 by the European Ariane-5 launcher, INSAT-2E was positioned at 83 deg East longitude in the geostationary orbit. It was controlled from Master Control Facility at Hassan. 11 communication transponders of 36 MHz bandwidth onboard INSAT-2E satellite were leased to International Telecommunication Satellite Organisation (INTELSAT), the first such lease from an Indian satellite. 23
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Indian National Satellite System (INSAT)
The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) systems which are placed in Geostationary orbits are one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in Indias communications sector and sustained the same later. INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of which 10 are in service (INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4CR, GSAT-8 and GSAT-12). The system with a total of 187 transponders in the C, Extended C and Kubands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.
GSAT-12
It is the latest communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. It was launched from Sriharihota by the PSLV- C17. GSAT-12 is configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for transponders in a short turn-around-time. The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Teleeducation, Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).
Radar Imaging Satellite-1 (RISAT - 1)
RISAT-1 is a microwave remote sensing satellite carrying a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The satellite weighing around 1850 kg is slated for launch by PSLV-C19 (XL) during 2012 into a 536 km orbit with 25 days repetitivity with an added advantage of 12 days inner cycle for Coarse Resolution ScanSAR mode. The satellite would be used for disaster prediction and agriculture forestry, and the high resolution pictures and microwave imaging could also be used for defence purposes. This satellite can see through clouds and fog, day and night. 9. Google
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It is an American multinational Internet and software corporation specialized in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were both attending Stanford University.
Android (Operating Systems)
Android is a Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google.
Google Play
It is a digital content service from Google which includes an online store for music, movies, books, and Android apps and games, as well as a cloud media player. The service is accessible from the web, mobile app Play Store on Android, and Google TV. Purchased content is available across all of these platforms/devices. Google Play was introduced in March 2012 when Google rebranded its predecessor Android Market and Google Music services.
Facebook
Facebook is a social networking service and website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook Inc. Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates and fellow students Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes. Facebook filed for an initial public offering on February 1, 2012.
Yahoo
It is an American multinational internet corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo! Inc. was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. On January 4, 2012, Scott Thompson, former President of PayPal, was named the new chief executive officer. 25
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Amazon.com
It is an American multinational electronic commerce company with headquarters in Seattle. It is the world's largest online retailer. Jeff Bezos created Amazon.com, Inc. in 1994, and the site went online in 1995. It is named after the Amazon River, one of the largest rivers in the world. Using high-tech sonar, an expedition spearheaded by Mr. Bezos has discovered what he claimed were discarded engines of Apollo 11, the moon mission of Neel Armstrong. 10.Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) GPON technology indigenously designed and developed by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT). GPON technology is the pivotal component required for broadband connectivity over optical fiber. It can be used to provide triple play (voice, video and data). It consists of a central office equipment OLT (Optical Line Termination) and customer premises equipment called ONT (Optical Network Termination). The information from central office to the customer premises and back, flows through optical fiber cable, which is essentially a light pipe. Light energy flows through this pipe and carries large amounts of data. The information carrying capacity of an optical fiber is practically limitless. The present GPON standards specify 2.5 Gbps (Gigabit per Second) downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream data capability to customer premise.
Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)
C-DOT is the Telecom Technology development centre of the Government of India. It was established in August 1984 as an autonomous body. It was vested with full authority and total flexibility to develop state-of-theart telecommunication technology to meet the needs of the Indian
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telecommunication network. The key objective was to build a centre for excellence in the area of telecom technology. 11.AGNI IV Agni-IV is the fourth in the Agni series of missiles which was earlier known as Agni II prime. Agni-IV was tested on November 15, 2011. It has a range of 2,500-3,500 km. It is a two-stage missile powered by solid propellant. The Agni series is one of five missiles being developed by the DRDO under an Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme launched in 1983.
Tessy Thomas
She is the project director of the 3,500-km new-generation Agni-IV missile. She was the first to become the project director of an Agni system in 2008.
Agni-V
It is the most-ambitious strategic missile of India with the range of 5,000km. India has begun final preparations for the first test of Agni-V. The Agni-V is a three stage solid fueled missile with composite motor casing in the third stage. The Agni-V will bring the whole of Asia, 70% of Europe and other regions under its strike envelope. Once the three-stage missile becomes operational by 2014-2015 after "four to five repeatable tests", India will break into the exclusive ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile) club that counts just US, Russia, China, France and UK as its members.
MIRV (Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry Vehicles)
MIRV warhead is a collection of nuclear weapons carried on a single intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) or a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). 27
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Using a MIRV warhead, a single launched missile can strike several targets individually, or fewer targets redundantly. By contrast a unitary warhead is a single warhead on a single missile. This is to be developed and used in the Agni V system.
AKASH MISSILE
Name Agni-I Agni-II Agni-III Agni-IV Agni-V Type MRBM IRBM IRBM IRBM ICBM Range 700 1,200 km 2,000 2,500 km 3,000 5,000 km 3,200 3,700 km 5,000-6,000 km (under development). Fuel Single stage soli propelled Two stage solid propellant engine Two stage solid propellant engine Two stage solid propellant engine Three stage solid
The Akash Weapon System (AWS) was indigenously developed by DRDO as part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) and is an all-weather, medium-range, Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) system. It provides multi-directional and multi-target area defence. The Akash missile can be launched from static or mobile platforms providing flexible deployment. The system can handle multiple targets and destroy maneuvering targets such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), fighter aircraft, cruise missiles and missiles launched from helicopters. It can operate autonomously, and engage and neutralize different aerial targets simultaneously. The Weapon System is considered as the Indian "Patriot". It has certain unique characteristics like high mobility, all-the-way powered flight till target interception, multiple target handling, digitally-coded command guidance and fully automatic operation. The AWS consists of a Launcher, a missile with a 25 km range, control centre, multifunction fire control radar and supporting ground equipment. It can fly at a speed of up to Mach 2.5 and climb up to an altitude of 18 km. 28
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A versatile and wholly indigenous weapon system being built by the Defence PSU Bharat Dynamics Ltd (BDL), the Akash SAM systems will be the mainstay for Air Defence of the Country up to the 2030s & beyond. 12.TAL TORPEDO The Light Weight Torpedo has been indigenously developed by the National Science and Technology Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam. The Light Weight Torpedo (TAL) is an electrically propelled, self- homing Torpedo which can be launched both from ships and helicopters. It can hunt submarines with a speed of 33 knots with endurance of six minutes in shallow and deep waters. The Torpedo weighs around 220 kgs. BDL is manufacturing these Torpedoes at its Visakhapatnam Unit.
Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam
It was established on August 20, 1969 to undertake research and development of complete major naval systems (Underwater Mines, Torpedoes, Fire Control Systems, Weapon Launchers, Targets, Decoys, etc) for the Indian Navy to make it self-reliant. NSTL was established to work towards design and development of underwater weapons and associated systems and structural design of naval platforms. The present director of NSTL is Shri. S. V. Rangarajan.
13.International symposium on vaccines The Ministry of Science and Technology conducted the International symposium on vaccines at Surajkund. This is the first of its kind symposium in India under its new initiative called 'Vaccine Grand Challenge Program'. The title of the symposium is Vaccines from Discovery to Translation.
Vaccine Grand Challenge Programme (VGCP)
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The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) initiated this programme to develop vaccines through National Jai Vigyan Mission Programme on S&T for generation of new vaccines. VGCP is based on an enterprise model for R&D, globally recommended in contrast to the traditional scientific project funding as vaccine development is a long, multi stage process where critical actions must be taken in synergy and not sequentially. The key steps in the process are (i) Develop specific candidates, create a pipeline as one does not always know which one will work (ii) Create a stable formulation under GMP (iii) Conduct toxicological tests in animals (iv) Ensure human safety (v) Prove efficacy in humans (vi) Establish reproducible manufacturing under GMP (vii) Obtain regulatory approvals (viii) Conduct post market monitoring for rare but serious side effects. 14.Chemical Weapons Convention It is an arms control agreement which outlaws the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons. It is the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The agreement is administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is an independent organization based in The Hague, Netherlands. On September 3, 1992 the Conference on Disarmament submitted to the U.N. General Assembly its annual report, which contained the text of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The General Assembly approved the Convention on November 30, 1992, and The U.N. Secretary-General then opened the Convention for signature in Paris on January 13, 1993. The CWC remained open for signature until its entry into force on April 29, 1997, 180 days after the deposit of the 65th instrument of ratification (by Hungary).
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The convention augments the Geneva Protocol of 1925 for chemical weapons and includes extensive verification measures such as on-site inspections. It does not, however, cover biological weapons.
Key points of the Convention
Prohibition of production and use of chemical weapons Destruction (or monitored conversion to other functions) of chemical weapons production facilities Destruction of all chemical weapons (including chemical weapons abandoned outside the state parties territory) Assistance between State Parties and the OPCW in the case of use of chemical weapons An OPCW inspection regime for the production of chemicals which might be converted to chemical weapons International cooperation in the peaceful use of chemistry in relevant areas
National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC)
The National Authority for Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) has been set up as an office of the Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India to fulfill, on behalf of the Government of India, the obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention and to act as the national focal point for effective liaison with the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and other State Parties on matters relating to the Convention. The CWC came into force with effect from April 29, 1997 and the NA CWC was first constituted by a resolution and then established under Section 6 of the CWC Act, 2000 The primary task of the NA CWC is to fulfill, on behalf of the Government of India, the obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention. The NA CWC also acts as the national focal point for effective liaison with the OPCW and other State Parties on matters relating to the CWC.
Agent Orange
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Agent Orange is the code name for one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. A 50:50 mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, it was manufactured for the U.S. Department of Defenseprimarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow Chemical. Vietnam in June 2011 kicked off the first phase of a joint plan with former enemy the United States to clean up environmental damage leftover from the chemical defoliant Agent Orange, a lasting legacy from the Vietnam War. The project concentrates on a former U.S. military base in central Vietnam where the herbicide was stored during the war, which ended more than three decades ago. It marks the first time the two sides will work together on the ground to clean up contamination. Vietnam's Ministry of Defence will begin sweeping areas around the Danang airport for unexploded ordnance. It will then work with the U.S. Agency for International Development to remove dioxin from soil and sediment at the site, which is expected to begin early next year. 15.Perfomax A composite herbal formulation named Perfomax that has been developed by DRDO and has been found to improve physical and mental performance in High Altitude and Hypoxic Conditions at a function held in Leh, Ladakh today. The formulation is rich in antioxidants and other bioactive compounds that improve performance of brain, heart, kidney and lungs and improves blood circulation.
Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR)
Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (erstwhile Field Research Laboratory) is only one of its kind situated in Leh at an altitude of 3500 m above MSL, having core competence in cold arid agro-animal technology in the world.
Information Security Education and Awareness (ISEA) Project
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ISEA Project was launched by the Department of Information Technology, in March 2005 with the following broad aims:(a) Introduce Information Security Curriculum at M.Tech & B.Tech level and Research Activity/PhD (b) Train System Administrators/Professionals (c) Training of Government Officers- Central and State, on Information Security issues i.e. computer networking, cyber hygiene, data security etc. (d) Bring Information Security Awareness in the country (e) Education Exchange Programme
Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
CERT In is spreading awareness among users on the spread of computer virus and safeguarding from such attacks through issuance of advisories and guidelines. A web portal Secure your PC has also been provided to general users by CERT-In for dissemination of information on securing their computer system from cyber attacks. 16.2G "2G" means second-generation wireless telephone technology. 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that Phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
Advantages
The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as
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Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that
more "cloned" handsets that had the same phone number.
digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping.
Disadvantages
In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.
Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be
both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts (momentary loss of signal). As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.
While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy
compression ("lossy" compression is a data encoding method that compresses data by discarding (losing) some of it) used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. You will hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking on a digital cellphone, but you will hear it more clearly.
3G (Third Generation of Mobile Telephony)
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3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.
17.Mobile Number Portability (MNP) It is a service using which a mobile phone subscriber can migrate from one operator to another without having to change his/her mobile number. 18.Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution 35
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Also known as Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates. It is a faster version of GSM. EDGE is a high-speed 3G technology that was built upon the GSM standard. EDGE networks are designed to deliver multimedia applications such as streaming television, audio and video to mobile phones at speeds up to 384 Kbps. Such speeds still pale in comparison, though, to standard DSL and high-speed cable access today. EDGE delivers a boost of more than three times the capacity and performance over GSM. 19.Malware, Viruses and Spyware "Malware" is short for malicious software and is typically used as a catch-all term to refer to any software designed to cause damage to a single computer, server, or computer network, whether it's a virus, spyware, et al. A virus is a program or programming code that replicates by being copied or initiating its copying to another program, computer boot sector or document. Viruses can be transmitted as attachments to an e-mail note or in a downloaded file, or be present on a diskette or CD. A Trojan horse, or Trojan, is a standalone malicious program which may give full control of infected PC to another PC. It may also perform typical computer virus activities. Trojan horses may make copies of them, steal information, or harm their host computer systems. A Trojan may give a hacker remote access to a targeted computer system. Once a Trojan has been installed on a targeted computer system, hackers may be given remote access to the computer allowing them to perform all kinds of operations. Spyware is a type of malware (malicious software) installed on computers that collects information about users without their knowledge. The presence of spyware is typically hidden from the user and can be difficult to detect. Spyware is often secretly installed on a user's personal computer without 36
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their knowledge. However, some spyware such as key loggers may be installed by the owner of a shared, corporate, or public computer on purpose in order to intentionally monitor users. 20.Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) ICANN is a nonprofit private organization that was created in 1988 to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government by other organizations, notably the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), which ICANN now operates. ICANN is responsible for the coordination of the global Internet's systems of unique identifiers and, in particular, ensuring its stable and secure operation. This work includes coordination of the Internet Protocol address spaces (IPv4 and IPv6) and assignment of address blocks to regional Internet registries. 21.Lakshya-1 It is an Indian remotely piloted high speed target Aircraft system developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE) of DRDO. The drone, remote piloted by a ground control station provides realistic towed aerial sub-targets for live fire training. The drone is ground or ship launched from a zero length launcher and recovery is by a two stage parachute system. The advanced version of pilotless target aircraft (PTA) Lakshya-II was again successfully flight- tested at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) on 27th January, 2012. 22.DRDO AEW&CS The Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AWACS) is a project of India's Defence Research & Development Organization to develop an AWACS system for the Indian Air Force. Primary responsibility for the project was with DRDO's Bangalorebased Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS), which led the design, system integration and testing of the system.
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LRDE was responsible for the design of the radar array. Defence Electronics Application Laboratory, based in Dehradun, was responsible for the Data Link and Communication Systems for AEW&CS. The DRDO AEWACS program aims to deliver three radar-equipped surveillance aircraft to the Indian Air Force. The aircraft platform selected was the Embraer ERJ 145. Three ERJ 145 were procured from Embraer at a cost of US $ 300 Million, including the contracted modifications to the airframe. The project goal was to deploy these AEW&C aircraft by 2013. 23.Rafale edges out Euro fighter India selected the French Fighter Rafale over the Euro fighter Typhoon for the supply of 126 Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA). This is India's largest defence deal to date. Cassidian the defence and security division of the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company, which manufactures the Typhoon EADS is financed by a four-nation consortium that includes Britain, Germany, Spain and Italy) The two aircraft were chosen from a list of Maximum speed: Mach 0.7 six, including U.S. Boeing (F/A18) and Lockheed Range: 150 km Martin (F-16), Russian MiG-35 and Swedish Saab Service ceiling: 9000 m (Gripen). Though the Eurofighter was a more (5000 m with towed subadvanced, younger and more modern aircraft, the target) fact that France has a permanent UN Security Rate of climb: 25 m/s () Council seat tipped the balance in favour of Rafale.
24.Pralay The IAFs Eastern Air Command commenced Exercise codenamed Pralay on 29th February 2012 in the Brahmaputra and rest of the Eastern region of India. 38
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The exercise involves joint Army Air operations by the IAFs Eastern Air Command and Eastern Command of the Indian Army. This is an annual exercise aimed at testing the combat potential of the Air Force in various roles such as Air Defence, Ground Support operations, Counter Air Operations, Electronic Warfare, Joint Operations with the Army including special operations by day and night. 25.Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS) An e-governance initiative of the Union Health and Family Welfare Ministry. It is an innovative initiative launched by the Department of Health and Family Welfare in January last year, is aimed at tracking pregnant women throughout their pregnancy period and providing medical services to them as per the guidelines of the World Health Organisation. It also tracks children until they get full immunization. The MCTS is designed to collate information of all pregnant women and infants so as to ensure delivery of maternal and child health services from conception till 42 days after delivery in the case of pregnant women and up to five years of age in the case of children so as to ensure that all pregnant women and all new born receive full maternal and immunization services. "MCTS marks a paradigm shift in the approach towards monitoring health and family welfare programmes as it is aimed at ensuring complete delivery of maternal and child health services to all pregnant women and new born in an effort to reduce maternal, infant and child mortality in the country". Through MCTS, the Central government is making efforts to institutionalize the beneficiary based approach of monitoring health and family welfare services' delivery.
26.Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants It is an international environmental treaty, signed in 2001 and effective from May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of 39
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persistent organic pollutants (POPs). As of April, 2011, there are 173 parties to the Convention. The fifth Conference of the Parties to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was held in Geneva in April 2011.
Persistent Organic Pollutant (POPs)
POPs are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment. Some of the chemical characteristics of POPs include low water solubility, high lipid solubility, semi-volatility, and high molecular masses. POPs are frequently halogenated, usually with chlorine. The more chlorine groups the POPs have, the more resistant it is to being broken down over time. One important factor of their chemical properties such as lipid solubility results in the ability to pass through biological phospholipid membranes and bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms.
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
After seven years of negotiations, the FAO Conference adopted the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, in November 2001. The Treaty came into force on 29 June 2004, ninety days after forty governments had ratified it. This legally-binding Treaty covers all plant genetic resources relevant for food and agriculture. It is in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Treaty is vital in ensuring the continued availability of the plant genetic resources that countries will need to feed their people. We must conserve for future generations the genetic diversity that is essential for food and agriculture. Its objectives are the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits 40
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derived from their use, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, for sustainable agriculture and food security.
All benefit, in many ways:
Farmers and their communities, through Farmers' Rights; Consumers, because of a greater variety of foods, and of agriculture products, as well as increased food security; The scientific community, through access to the plant genetic resources crucial for research and plant breeding; International Agricultural Research Centres, whose collections the Treaty puts on a safe and long-term legal footing; Both the public and private sectors, which are assured access to a wide range of genetic diversity for agricultural development; and The environment, and future generations, because the Treaty will help conserve the genetic diversity necessary to face unpredictable environmental changes, and future human needs. 27.Cloud Computing It is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use applications without installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth.
28.Operation Ghost Click It is a two-year investigation of a criminal gang based in Estonia. The longliving botnet of more than 4,000,000 bots was taken down by the FBI and Estonian police in cooperation with a cohort of international partners.
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The botnet spread over 100 countries, affected some 4 to 5 million victims, and generated $14 million. The gang of six Estonians - and a Russian who remains at large - are accused of running a botnet of more than four million virus-infected computers in 100 countries. They allegedly used their control of the machines to redirect users from websites such as Apple's iTunes Store and Amazon to ones that would serve up advertising, for which the gang would receive a referral fee.
Botnet
A botnet is a collection of compromised computers, each of which is known as a 'bot', connected to the Internet. When a computer is compromised by an attacker, there is often code within the malware that commands it to become part of a botnet. The "botmaster" or "bot herder" controls these compromised computers via standards-based network protocols such as IRC and http.
DNSChanger Malware
DNS (Domain Name System) is an Internet service that converts userfriendly domain names into the numerical Internet protocol (IP) addresses that computers use to talk to each other. When you enter a domain name, such as www.fbi.gov, in your web browser address bar, your computer contacts DNS servers to determine the IP address for the website. Your computer then uses this IP address to locate and connect to the website. DNS servers are operated by your Internet service provider (ISP) and are included in your computers network configuration. DNS and DNS Servers are a critical component of your computers operating environmentwithout them, you would not be able to access websites, send e-mail, or use any other Internet services. Criminals have learned that if they can control a users DNS servers, they can control what sites the user connects to on the Internet. By controlling DNS, a 42
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criminal can get an unsuspecting user to connect to a fraudulent website or to interfere with that users online web browsing. One way criminals do this is by infecting computers with a class of malicious software (malware) called DNSChanger. In this scenario, the criminal uses the malware to change the users DNS server settings to replace the ISPs good DNS servers with bad DNS servers operated by the criminal. A bad DNS server operated by a criminal is referred to as a rogue DNS server. 29.Operation Global Blackout 2012 Rallied by Anonymous supporters worldwide, to attack the Domain Name System, which converts human-friendly domain names like google.com into numeric addresses that are more useful for computers. It declared when the attack would be carried out: March 31. And it detailed exactly how: by bombarding the Domain Name System with junk traffic in an effort to overwhelm it altogether. It was to be an attempt to shut down the Internet for a whole day tomorrow (Saturday) by disabling its core DNS servers, making websites inaccessible. 30.Neutrino It is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle with half-integer spin. The neutrino (meaning "small neutral one" in Italian) is denoted by the Greek letter (nu). All evidence suggests that neutrinos have mass but that their mass is tiny even by the standards of subatomic particles. Their mass has never been measured accurately. Neutrinos do not carry electric charge, which means that they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces that act on charged particles such as electrons and protons. Neutrinos are affected only by the weak sub-atomic force, of much shorter range than electromagnetism, and gravity, which is relatively weak on the 43
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subatomic scale. They are therefore able to travel great distances through matter without being affected by it. Neutrinos are created as a result of certain types of radioactive decay, or nuclear reactions such as those that take place in the Sun, in nuclear reactors, or when cosmic rays hit atoms.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
It is an assertion that no two electrons in an atom can be at the same time in the same state or configuration. It was proposed (1925) by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli to account for the observed patterns of light emission from atoms. The exclusion principle subsequently has been generalized to include a whole class of particles of which the electron is only one member.
Aufbau principle
It is the principle for the rationalization of the distribution of electrons among energy levels in the ground (most stable) states of atoms. The principle was formulated by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr about 1920. According to the principle, electrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest available (possible) energy states before filling higher states.
Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
It is an observational rule which states that a greater total spin state usually makes the resulting atom more stable. Accordingly, it can be taken that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs. The rule, discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1925, is of important use in atomic chemistry,spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry. 31.Lukoskin A herbal product for Leucoderma developed by DRDO was launched. The product will be a boon for the patients of Leucoderma and is backed by extensive 44
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R&D work by the scientists of Defence Institute of Bio-energy Research (DIBER) (formerly Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory), Haldwani. The ingredients for the medicine included Ammi majus' which is crucial for melanin synthesis; Psoralea corylifolia (Bakuchi), which works as a photo sensitizer for the initiation of erythema on the spots of leucoderma; Mucuna pruriens (Kaunch); Calotropis sps. (Arka); Aloe vera (Kumari); and Centella asiatica (mandooparni). The lukoskin drug regulates metabolism and improves the functioning of the hepatocytes, thereby gradually improving the auto-immune system. A hepatocyte is a cell of the main tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the liver's cytoplasmic mass. These cells are involved in: Protein synthesis, Protein storage, Transformation of carbohydrates, Synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, Detoxification, modification, and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances. The hepatocyte also initiates formation and secretion of bile.
Defence Institute of Bio-energy Research (DIBER)
DIBER, a DRDO laboratory has carried out extensive work in the area of medicinal plant and is also engaged in R&D in generating bio-energy solutions for energy security. The herbal product will be available in the form of ointment and oral liquid.
Leucoderma or Vitiligo
Leucoderma or Vitiligo is an idiopathic acquired disorder of skin. Patients with Vitiligo develop white spots in the skin with varying size and location. It is a condition that causes depigmentation of sections of skin. It occurs when melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are unable to function. It is not a disease, neither it is hereditary nor contagious. The cause of vitiligo is unknown, but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune, genetic, oxidative stress, neural, or viral causes. 45
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The world wide incidence of leucoderma has been reported 1-2%. In India, its incidence is around 4-5% in some parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat it is very high more than 5-8%. This skin disorder is considered as social stigma in our country and people confuse it with leprosy.
Melanocyte
They are melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye, the inner ear, meninges, bones and heart. Melanin is a pigment that is responsible primarily for the color of skin. 32.DNA FINGER PRINTING It is also known, as genetic Finger Printing is the technique used for identifying the components of DNA that is unique to individuals. The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. Full genome sequencing is a laboratory process that determines the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organisms chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Unlike full genome sequencing, DNA profiling only determines the likelihood that genetic material came from a particular individual or group; it does not contain additional information on genetic relationships, origin or susceptibility to specific diseases It is used as a forensic technique in crime investigation especially in cases of rape. It also helps to investigate the family relationship in animal population to increase the extent to inbreeding by looking at the degree of variability in the DNA profile comparing DNA patterns of parents and off spring. This helps in preserving the endangered species. 46
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Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD)
The Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD) is an autonomous organization funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India. It is in Hyderabad. 33.World Sparrow Day The World Sparrow Day (WSD) is being celebrated on 20th March across the globe to raise public awareness about the decline of the house sparrow and throw light on the problems faced by the species in its daily fight for survival. The World Sparrow Day also celebrates the common biodiversity around us. The first World Sparrow Day was celebrated on March 20, 2010 across the globe to celebrate the beauty of the house sparrow. 34.Bacillus thuringiensis It is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, commonly used as a biological pesticide. During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins called endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes. The Bt brinjal is a suite of transgenic brinjals created by inserting a crystal protein gene (Cry1Ac) from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis into the genome of various brinjal cultivars. The insertion of the gene, along with other genetic elements like promoters, terminators and an antibiotic resistance marker gene into the brinjal plant is accomplished using mediated genetic transformation. The Bt brinjal has been developed to give resistance against lepidopteron insects, in particular the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis). 35.Tropical Legumes II Tropical Legumes-II is a joint initiative of three international agricultural research centres, viz. ICRISAT, IITA, and CIAT (International Centre for Tropical 47
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Agriculture) that aims to increase productivity and production of legumes and the income of poor farmers in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The project is expected to help small farmers overcome productivity constraints such as drought, pest and disease problems, and unavailability and lack of access to quality seed of improved legume varieties. The projects strategy is to fast track testing and adoption of existing varieties and advanced breeding lines for use by famers; generate new farmerand market-preferred varieties and hybrids with desirable traits (high yields, tolerance to moisture stress, and resistance to pests and diseases); and establish decentralized, pro-poor seed production and delivery systems. 36.REXUS (Rocket-Borne Experiments for University Students) REXUS is part of the EU student experiment program. The rocket has been developed and built by students from universities spread all across Europe. The REXUS program is a joint student project between the Swedish Space Corporation, Esrange Space Center and the Mobile Rocket Base (Moraba) of the German Aerospace Center. The basic idea behind REXUS is to provide an experimental space platform for students in the field of aerospace technology. 37.F. Sherwood Rowland He was an American Nobel laureate and a professor of chemistry at the University of California. His best-known work was the discovery that chlorofluorocarbons contribute to ozone depletion. He died. In 1974, F Sherwood "Sherry" Rowland and his co-author Mario Molina, found chlorofluorocarbons already in wide and growing usage around the world could cause pronounced thinning of the Earth's natural ozone layer, thus subjecting life on the planet's surface to larger doses of harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. 48
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A common subclass is the hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which contain hydrogen, as well. They are also commonly known by the DuPont trade name Freon. The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050. 38.Nestl India Nestl India is a subsidiary of Nestl S.A. of Switzerland. The Company was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestl in Vevey, Switzerland, where our headquarters are still located today. Nestl is the world's leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company. Nestle began trading as The Nestl Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (Export) Limited, importing and selling finished products in the Indian market. After India's independence in 1947, the economic policies of the Indian Government emphasised the need for local production. Nestl responded to India's aspirations by forming a company in India and set up its first factory in 1961 at Moga, Punjab.
Food and Energy
Cereals: Cereals form the staple diet in India, e.g., rice, wheat, maize. Cereals are the main source of energy, contributing 60-70% of daily energy needs. Cereals are a source of protein, calcium, iron and B-complex vitamins. Wholegrains (grains with the intact outer layer like in brown rice, corn) are a good source of fibre and B-complex vitamins and should be included in daily diet. 49
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Pulses (legumes): Pulses are a rich source of proteins (up to 22%) and meet the protein requirement of the vegetarians. They are also rich in B complex vitamins. Germination (sprouting) of pulses increases the vitamin C and B group vitamins and also improves the digestibility. Milk and Milk Products: This category includes liquid and powdered milk, paneer, curd, buttermilk etc. They are not only a good source of quality protein but also calcium and riboflavin. These should be a part of everydays diet and especially essential for children as they support healthy growth. Fruits and Vegetables: these include Roots and Tubers: these are rich in carbohydrates and are good sources of energy and calcium. Root vegetables like carrots are a good source of vitamin A.
Vegetables and Green Leafy Vegetables (GLVs): vegetables add both color
and variety to the diet. They provide minerals, vitamins and fiber (which add bulk to the diet). GLVs are a rich source of calcium iron, vitamin A (carotene), vitamin C, folic acid.
Fruits: these provide vitamins and fiber. Green, Yellow and Orange fruits
are a rich source of beta carotene. Citrus fruits, amla, and guava are rich in vitamin C. dried fruits like dates supply iron. Seasonal fruits should be encouraged. Fruits also contain pectins which provide bulk to the diet and helps bowel movement. Animal Foods: This category includes eggs, chicken, meat, fish etc. They are a good source of high quality protein and other important nutrients. Fish is rich in omega-3 PUFA which is protective against cardiovascular diseases and calcium as well. A special feature in flesh foods is the presence of vitamin B12, which is absent in plant foods. Fats, Nuts and Oils: These are calorie-rich foods, and are useful for increasing the energy density of foods. Fats can be the visible fats (ghee, butter, oil) or the invisible fats (present inherently in each food). They are required in 50
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moderate quantities in the daily diet as they provide essential fatty acids and promote absorption of fat soluble vitamins along with improving the palatability of the food. However, the total calories from fat should not exceed 10-15%. Sugars: This group includes table sugar, jaggery, honey, syrups etc which are energy concentrates. They are the sweetening agents which should be consumed in moderation as they provide calories but not much in the way of nutrition. Also excessive sugar consumption has been linked to weight gain. Protein: Human body needs three vital macronutrients to survive. These are carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It also needs micronutrients like vitamins and minerals, but these are required in lesser amounts. For optimal health, intake of carbohydrates, proteins and fats should be balanced. Protein is the body's nutritional powerhouse, a critical need for both adults and children at every stage. Proteins are the building blocks of muscles, bones, hormones, skin cells and tissues. It is responsible for the regeneration of body cells. That's why it's so important for growing children and lactating women. In adults, it helps heal wounds and recover more rapidly from injury, prevents hair loss and weakness. Protein helps re-build the muscle tissue. More muscle in the body helps burn more calories and this also gives the strength and energy to work out more vigorously. This is why weight loss is so much faster when there is adequate protein in the diet. High protein diets are also considered better for better diabetic control and dyslipidemia. But protein should never be taken when you're starving or very hungry. This is because the body, in starvation mode, tends to convert protein into carbohydrates, thus defeating the purpose.
Protein Content in Common Foods

Foods 1 Egg White 35 gm (2-3 pieces) of lean meat like skinless chicken & fish 200 ml of skimmed milk
CA 4 CSP 2 01 2 A nna Nagar/ C hrom pe t
Protein Value 6 gm 7 8 gm 6-7 gm 51
9 84 02 4 11 1 8 / 99 40 2 44 5 76
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35 gm (half cup) of Paneer (Cottage Cheese) 35 gm of Tofu 100 gm of Cheese Yoghurt (100 gm) Almonds (7-8 pieces) Peanuts (2 tsps) 6-7 gm 8 gm 30.9 gm 4.5 gm 8 gm 8 gm
39.St. Martin's Island It is a small island in the northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, about 9 km south of the tip of the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf peninsula, and forming the southernmost part of Bangladesh. It is about 8 km west of the northwest coast of Myanmar, at the mouth of the Naf River. It is the only coral island in Bangladesh. St. Martin's Island near Bangladesh is threatened by environmental collapse. 40. Mithilanchal belt (Purnea, Araria and Supaul Districts) The fertile and chronically flood-lacerated swathe of the Mithilanchal belt in north Bihar witnessed a watershed moment in its urban ecosystem when Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar inaugurated the Kosi Maha Sethu' a railcum-road bridge in Supaul district. The bridge was destroyed in the 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake, dividing Mithilanchal into two halves and reducing the entire townships to rubble and killing tens of thousands of people. The loss of this bridge, known as the Lifeline of Mithilanchal,' had hampered traffic and commerce for several decades. Kosi River, also Saptakoshi for its seven Himalayan tributariesis a transboundary river flowing through Nepal and India. Some of the rivers of the Koshi system, such as the Arun, the Sun Kosi and the Bhote Koshi, originate in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It is one of the largest tributaries of the Ganges.
There are two national parks in the Koshi river basin: 52

A nna Nagar/ C hrom pe t 9 84 02 4 11 1 8 / 99 40 2 44 5 76
CA 4 CSP 2 01 2
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the Sagarmatha National Park, located in eastern Nepal, containing parts of the Himalayas and the southern half of Mount Everest; the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve situated on the floodplains of the Sapta-Koshi River in eastern Nepal.
41.Jawai Bandh forests Rajasthan accords the bio-diversity rich Jawai Bandh forests in Pali district the status of a conservation reserve. The rich forests and the water bodies along the Jawai dam in Sumerpur tehsil have a large presence of crocodiles. The wildlife census in 2011 had put their number at 288. The reserve is fifth in the category in the State. It is in the Luni river basin close proximity of Kumbalgarh Sanctuary. 42.Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) The Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is designed and developed by the Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI), Durgapur a constituent establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). The AUV-150' was developed by a team of scientists of the Robotics and Automation division of CSIR-CMERI under the leadership of S.N. Shome. The AUV-150,' as the prototype is named is built to operate 150 metres under the sea. It was developed in technical collaboration with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur. The performance parameters of the lab-scale model, developed by the IIT, acted as a precursor to the prototype developed by CSIR-CMERI. The project is sponsored by the Ministry of Earth Sciences. The cylindrical AUV is capable of independently carrying out a plethora of underwater operations, including ocean floor-mapping, surveillance activities and oceanographic studies, based on data gathered using its onboard sensors. It has an onboard computer that can be pre-programmed to carry out specific tasks, which makes it a smart vehicle endowed with the ability to devise 53
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its own stratagems to execute a mission. The payload and the configuration are determined by the nature of the mission it is tasked with. The AUV has hybrid communication channels. It uses radio frequency while on surface, but switches to acoustic communication when submerged. The AUV has its own power, propulsion, navigation and control systems. For movement underwater, it locates own geographical position using navigational sensors, while its forward-looking sonar facilitates obstacle evasion and safe passage. For effective operation, it is equipped with navigational sensors like the inertial navigation system, depth sonar, altimeter etc., and payload sensors like camera, side scan sonar and the like. It has extra roll stability, a cruising speed of up to four knots, and weighs about 490 kg. Sea trials of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle are scheduled for January-end. 43.Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) CMERI is the apex R&D institute for mechanical engineering under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Being the only national level research institute in this field, CMERIs mandate is to serve industry and develop mechanical engineering technology so that Indias dependence on foreign collaboration is substantially reduced in strategic and economy sectors. Besides, the institute is facilitating innovations and inventions for establishing the claims of Indian talent in international fields where Indian products shall ultimately compete. Prof. (Dr.) Gautam Biswas, is the Director of CMERI-Durgapur 44.Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is caused by infection with a tickborne virus (Nairovirus) in the family Bunyaviridae. The disease was first characterized in the Crimea in 1944 and given the name Crimean hemorrhagic fever. It was then later recognized in 1969 as the cause of illness in the Congo, thus resulting in the current name of the disease. 54
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Ixodid (hard) ticks, especially those of the genus, Hyalomma, are both a reservoir and a vector for the CCHF virus. Numerous wild and domestic animals, such as cattle, goats, sheep and hares, serve as amplifying hosts for the virus. Transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected animal blood or ticks. CCHF can be transmitted from one infected human to another by contact with infectious blood or body fluids. The first case of human infection caused by CrimeanCongo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) virus in Ahmedabad was confirmed by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
National Institute of Virology
The National Institute of Virology is one of the major Institutes of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It was established at Pune, Maharashtra State in 1952 as Virus Research Centre (VRC) under the auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), USA. It was an outcome of the global programme of the RF for investigating the Arthropod Borne viruses. On the recommendation of the Scientific Advisory Committee (SAC), the VRC acquired its status of national importance and was renamed as National Institute of Virology (NIV) in 1978.
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Ganeshs ias

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, BIO-TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 3 (Preliminary) - 2012

Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT)

MIRV (Multiple Independently targetable Re-entry Vehicles)

The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.

SMS and email. 33

more "cloned" handsets that had the same phone number.

Protein Content in Common Foods

Protein Value 6 gm 7 8 gm 6-7 gm 51

There are two national parks in the Koshi river basin: 52

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