Rr311804 Metallurgical Thermo Dynamics

Code No: RR311804 Set No.
1
III B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, November 2007
METALLURGICAL THERMO DYNAMICS
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Explain under what conditions can Fick’s first law be used to solve diffusion
problem. [8]
(b) In a diffusion anneal, to what level should the initial temperature of 900o C be
increased to double the depth of penetration?
Do = 0.4m2 /sec and ε = 100 KJ/mol. [8]
2. (a) Compute the rate at which a vacancy jumps in copper at 20o C. The activation
barrier for the jump is 100 kJ/mol. (Assume missing data) [6]
(b) Find the grain size of a poly crystalline solid for the same amount of material
to be transported through
i. the grain and
ii. the grain boundary at 500o C.
Assume that the grains are cube shaped and the grain boundaries are 5o A
thick
For lattice diffusion: Do = 0.7 × 10−4 m2 /sec.
Q = 188 KJ/mol.
For grain boundary diffusion: Do = 0.09 × 10−4 m2 /sec.
Q = 90 KJ/mol. [10]
3. (a) What is the importance of Ellingham diagram & its limitation? [8]
(b) Explain the interpretation of two or more free energy change vs temperature
lines of oxide reactions. [8]
4. (a) Discuss the meaning of partial molal heat capacity at constant pressure. Ex-
plain the equations which relate this quantity to [10]
i. the heat capacity Cp and
ii. the enthalpy H of the solution.
(b) A glass rod and a steel rod of equal lengths at 273 k, differ in length by 1.2
mm at 373 k. If the coefficients of linear expansion of glass rod and the steel
are 8 × 10−6 /0o C and 12 × 10−6 /0o C respectively, calculate the lengths of the
rods at 0o C. [6]
5. (a) State and explain Raoult’s law and Henry’s laws. [6]
(b) What is a solution. Compare and contrast ideal solutions and regular solu-
tions. [6]
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Code No: RR311804 Set No. 1
(c) Explain the conversion of composition for weight percentage and to atomic
percentage. [4]
6. (a) Explain the difference of crystal imperfect as on the stability of crystal disor-
ders. [8]
(b) What is the importance of Gibbs Duhem equation on Metallurgical processes?
[8]
7. (a) What is the significance of phase rule? Discuss its applications and limitations.
(b) Explain the differences between a liquidus line and solidus line. Explain how
the liquidus line is obtained for an eutectic system. [8+8]
8. (a) How thermodynamics is useful to electrochemical cells? [6]

(b) Discuss in detail about the following: [5+5=10]
i. Concentration cells
ii. Galvanic cells.
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1. Define and explain the following: [4X4=16]
(a) Diffusion
(b) Solid state diffusion
(c) Self diffusion
(d) Hetero diffusion.
2. (a) Compare interstecial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. [8]
(b) Cite 2 reasons why interstecial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy
diffusion. [8]
3. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

N iO + H2 = N i + H2 Oat750o C [8]
from the following data:
Ni + 1/2 O2 = NiO ∆Go = −58, 450 + 2355T cal
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2 O ∆Go = −58900 + 13.1T cal
(b) Calculate the CO/CO2 ratio in equilibrium with Carbon at 727o C assuming
that the total pressure to be 2 atm. 2C + O2 = 2CO ∆ Go 1000 = -95.3
kcal
C + O2 = CO2 ∆ Go 1000 = -94.0 kcal [8]
4. (a) Discuss how the phenomenon of thermal expansion is explained in terms of

the lattice vibrations in crystals. [8]
(b) What are the different types of thermal conductivity in materials? How does
each vary with temperature? [8]
5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [10]
6. (a) Explain the difference of crystal imperfect as on the stability of crystal disor-
ders. [8]
(b) What is the importance of Gibbs Duhem equation on Metallurgical processes?
[8]
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8. (a) Explain about the Galvanic cell & its sign convention & representation. [8]
(b) What are the reversible and irreversible cells, Explain any one cell. [8]
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1. (a) Explain how intrinsic diffusivity is determined? [8]

(b) Explain how activation energy varies for various mechanism of diffusion. [8]
2. (a) Compare interstecial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. [8]
(b) Cite 2 reasons why interstecial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy
diffusion. [8]

N iO + H2 = N i + H2 Oat750o C [8]
Ni + 1/2 O2 = NiO ∆Go = −58, 450 + 2355T cal
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2 O ∆Go = −58900 + 13.1T cal
kcal
C + O2 = CO2 ∆ Go 1000 = -94.0 kcal [8]
4. (a) Discuss the meaning of partial molal heat capacity at constant pressure. Ex-
plain the equations which relate this quantity to [10]
i. the heat capacity Cp and
ii. the enthalpy H of the solution.
(b) A glass rod and a steel rod of equal lengths at 273 k, differ in length by 1.2
mm at 373 k. If the coefficients of linear expansion of glass rod and the steel
are 8 × 10−6 /0o C and 12 × 10−6 /0o C respectively, calculate the lengths of the
rods at 0o C. [6]
5. (a) State and explain Raoult’s law and Henry’s laws. [6]
(b) What is a solution. Compare and contrast ideal solutions and regular solu-
tions. [6]
(c) Explain the conversion of composition for weight percentage and to atomic
percentage. [4]
6. (a) What are the properties of solution that can be studied with the help of Gibbs
Duhem equation? Explain them in detail. [8]
(b) Write a short notes on Sievert’s law [8]
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ii. Galvanic cells.
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1. (a) Derive Darken’s equations used in diffusion process. [8]

(b) Explain what is uphill diffusion. [8]
2. (a) Explain ‘Carburizing’ and ‘decarburizing’ processes with special reference to

diffusion. Give their concentration profile. [8]
(b) Assume that the surface concentration to be constant having 1.2% carbon.
Calculate the time required to carburize a steel component having original
composition of 0.4% carbon to 0.9% carbon at a depth of 0.15mm at 1000o C.
[8]

N iO + H2 = N i + H2 Oat750o C [8]
Ni + 1/2 O2 = NiO ∆Go = −58, 450 + 2355T cal
H2 + 1/2O2 = H2 O ∆Go = −58900 + 13.1T cal
kcal
C + O2 = CO2 ∆ Go 1000 = -94.0 kcal [8]
4. (a) Discuss the classical; Einstein and Debye’s models of specific heats of solids.
[8]
(b) The measured specific heat of pure Nickle as a function of temperature is given
below. Find the electronic specific heat coefficient γ and the lattice specific
heat coefficient β from the above data. Plot Cv (electronic) and Cv (lattice)
against T and compare the two calculated specific heat curve. Find the value
of QD for Ni. [8]
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T(k) Cv in10−4 Calculate.mol−1 deg −1
1.776 30.99
1.843 32.23
1.894 33.24
1.993 35.29
2.057 36.56
2.139 38.15
2.235 39.81
2.346 41.95
2.438 43.86
2.508 45.48
2.603 47.18
2.728 49.34
2.889 52.51
3.201 59.20
3.436 64.03
3.752 71.12
3.990 76.00
4.114 79.62
5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

(b) Define activity of a substance. Indicate the relationship between activity and
mole fraction for an ideal solution. [10]
6. (a) What are the properties of solution that can be studied with the help of Gibbs
Duhem equation? Explain them in detail. [8]
(b) Write a short notes on Sievert’s law [8]

ii. Galvanic cells.
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Code No: RR311804 Set No.

8. (a) How thermodynamics is useful to electrochemical cells? [6]

1. Define and explain the following: [4X4=16]

3. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

4. (a) Discuss how the phenomenon of thermal expansion is explained in terms of

5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

1. (a) Explain how intrinsic diffusivity is determined? [8]

3. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

8. (a) How thermodynamics is useful to electrochemical cells? [6]

1. (a) Derive Darken’s equations used in diffusion process. [8]

2. (a) Explain ‘Carburizing’ and ‘decarburizing’ processes with special reference to

3. (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction

5. (a) State and explain Sievert’s law. [6]

8. (a) How thermodynamics is useful to electrochemical cells? [6]

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