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Automated Manufacturing!
History of NC machining
1947 U.S. Air Force has great need for automated machining of freeform surfaces. late 1940s John Parson devises method involving drilling holes at locations specified on punch cards. 1951 Servo-mechanisms Lab at MIT subcontracted to refine system. 1952 Lab demonstrates modified milling machine (First NC machine).
MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods
History of NC machining
NC Punched Tape (Figure 11.2 from Text):
History of NC machining
1970 Computer controller developed (called Computer Numerical Control - CNC). 1970s Direct Numerical Control developed.
History of NC machining
1980s Distributed Numerical Control (DNC) developed.
Creating an NC Program
1. Establish coordinate systems tool path
coordinate system must match machine tool coordinate system. z direction: same as tool spindle rotation or workpiece rotation axis. tool moves away from workpiece. +ve x direction: first feed direction (tool movement with respect to workpiece). +ve tool moves away from workpiece. y direction: chosen to give right-hand coordinate system.
Creating an NC program
2. Specifying Commands
A common format is the Word address format:
N_ G_ X_ Y_ Z_ I_ J_ K_ F_ S_ T_ M_
where:
the letter denotes a type of instruction or instruction parameter, _ is a number that gives the instruction number or parameter value letter and number pairs (words) can be omitted if they have not changed from the last command.
MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods
Creating an NC program
E.g. N040 G00 X0 Y0 Z300 - means move the tool to the coordinates (0,0,300) N is the sequence number G is the preparatory command (move instruction) X, Y, and Z are relative or absolute coordinates of the cutter
MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods
Creating an NC program
I, J and K are the center coordinates for tracing arcs F is the feed rate S is the spindle speed T is the tool number M is miscellaneous commands
Preparatory Commands
Miscellaneous Commands
Example
Part to be programmed:
Example
NC code:
N001 G91 // put in incremental mode N002 G71 // use metric units N003 G00 X0.0 Y0.0 Z40.0 T01 M06 // move to (0,0,40), change to tool 01 N004 G01 X65.0 Y0.0 Z-40.0 F950 S717 M03 // relative, 2-axis move to (65,0,-40), start // spindle rotation
MEEM4403 Computer-Aided Design Methods
Example
N005 G01 X10.0 F350 M08 // relative move to (10,0,0); start coolant N006 G01 X110.0 // straight moves N007 G01 Y70.0 N008 G01 X-40.86
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Example
N009 G02 X-28.28 Y0.0 I14.14 J5.0 // move clockwise to (-28.28,0,0) along arc // centered at (14.14, 5.0, 0) N010 G01 X-40.86 N011 G01 Y-70.0 // last cut N012 G01 X-75.0 Y0.0 Z40.0 F950 M30 // return to start, turn off spindle and coolant
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