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Lecture Description:
This lecture presents an introduction to the principles of heat, mass and momentum transfer and their relevance in living systems.
Lecture Objective:
Learn the fundamental conservation principles and constitutive laws that govern heat, mass and momentum transport processes in fluids; The key constitutive properties
Text: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer by F. P. Incropera and D. P. Dewitt, Fifth Edition, Wiley India
Transport Phenomena:
The classical transport phenomena involves thermal transport and diffusion mass transfer in conjugation with momentum transfer (also identified as fluid flow).
Glossary : Fluid, Fluid Flow, Momentum Transfer
Examples:
Fluid Flow: Flow through a tube/ pipe/ open channel flow of river etc. Heat Transfer: Heating of a Block of Solid or a Can of Liquid or Feeling warm under the Sun. Mass Transfer: Salt Dissolving in water, distillation, absorption, adsorption, leaching etc.
Flow of Blood
Blood Cooling:
When blood flows through tissues or organs, it functions not only as a carrier of nutrients and metabolic wastes but also as a coolant to remove the heat produced by metabolism. Blood gains heat which is transferred by circulation to the skin where it is dissipated to the environment
Constitution of Blood:
Its not a simple liquid like Water. It contains variety of Cells, most notably the RBC and WBC. The interaction between these particles is critical
In order to understand the Science of Bio Transport Processes, we need to understand the Basics of Fluid Flow Basic Concepts in Fluid Flows Different types of Flow:
(1) Steady and Unsteady (2) Uniform and Non Uniform (3) Internal and external Flow (4) Compressible and incomprissible (5) Inviscid and Viscous (6) Laminar and Turbulent (7) Single phase flow vs. 2 phase flow. The Basic Governing Equations : Continuity and Conservation of Momentum Boundary Layers
Fluid : A material that flows Flow: Bounded flow (Flow through a conduit): Internal Flow Unbounded flow (free surface flow): External Flow Flow Characterization: To obtain velocity profile i.e. velocity components in x, y, z and t-coordinates/ t, r, , z co-ordinates. Temperature profile as a function of time and space. Concentration profile as a function of time and space.
Governing Equations:
Overall mass balance equation known as Equation of Continuity. (1) Momentum balance equations (in three directions). (2) Overall Energy Equation. (3) Species conservation equation/mass balance equation (4) (1) + (2) Velocity profile (u, v, w) (1) + (2) + (3) Temperature profile (1) + (2) + (4) Concentration profile Coupled PDEs which may be decoupled for some simple cases. Physical properties associated Density (), Viscosity (), Specific Heat (CP), Thermal conductivity (K), diffusivity (DAB), Surface Tension () etc
Eulerian Approach: Fixed frame of reference, it seeks the velocity and its variation at each and every location in the flow field. We deal with mostly Eulerian approach.
Types of Flow: Steady Flow Unsteady Flow However, whether a flow is steady or Not largely depends on the Frame of reference. Uniform and Non Uniform Flow. (When velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters do not change from point to point within the flow field) Compressible and Incompressible Flow. Internal and External Flow.
After time t, let the particle move to position (x + x, y + y and z + z) Corresponding velocity components are (u + u, v + v and w + w) u + u = u (x + x, y + y, z + z, t + t) v + v = v (x + x, y + y, z + z, t + t) w + w = w (x + x, y + y, z + z, t + t) x = u t y = v t z = w t
= ax
Local or Temporal Acceleration Convective Acceleration
Fluid Acceleration has two Components: Temporal Acceleration and Convective Acceleration
Multiplicity of Tube Branching The branched networks of tubes from the cardiovascular system and lungs are extremely intricate and complex. Every time Blood/ Fluid enters a narrower tube, there is some convective acceleration
Geometric description of the flow field Flow Field: An area over a liquid/ fluid flow is occurring.
Streamlines: An imaginary line in the flow field such that tangent at every point gives the direction or velocity vector. Pathline: Trajectory of a particular fluid particle in the flow field. Identity of a particle, Tracer experiment. Streakline: A streakline at any given instant of time in the locus of the temporary location of all particles who have passed through a fixed point earlier in the flow field.
Stream function As such the flow or the particles that move along the streamlines. u = /y v = /x as follows from a consideration of = constant and take the differential d = 0. Analytically, the stream function is a mathematical device to satisfy the continuity equation identically (note that ux + vy = 0 automatically)
Strain
u and vx same
Similarly,
y = x z 2 z x
1 v y vx z = 2 x y
1 v
Rotation
1 r r Vector: = v 2 r
i r r r v = Curl of v = x vx
j y vy
k z vz
When components of rotation vector of each point of flow field is equal to zero, flow is termed as Irrotational flow. So, for irrotational flow.
r =0
r r r r = 2 = v
Let a fluid enters face ABCD with velocity vx and density . Fluid leaves face EFGH, with velocity
vx + vx dx and density + dx x x
vx dydz
Equation of Continuity
Equation of Continuity
= ( vz ) dxdydz x = dxdydz t
z dy B dz C dx D G A F y H x E
Now for a system with infinitesimal mass dm, Newtons Second Law can be written as For a fluid we know that gets replaced with
Plate 1
The layer of the Liquid right adjacent to the solid surface attains the velocity of the surface itself. And, a stagnant layer tries to oppose the flow of the next adjacent layer. This resistance to flow is an intrinsic property of the fluid, which in Simple Terms is Known as viscosity. A fluid which has No viscosity is Known as an Inviscid Fluid.
A velocity gradient results in Shear Stress, which is imparted by the layer of liquid on the next adjacent layer.
yx = Fx/Ay
Rate of Angular Deformation = d/dt The Angular Deformation is caused due because of the applied force, which results in the shear stress
Now tan d = dl/dy For small d , tan d = d Further: dl = du. dt d = du. dt / dy or (d /dt) = (du/dy)
yx
yx (du/dy) yx = (du/dy)
Newtonian Fluid
yx (d/dt)
Rheology of Blood
For a biological System like blood the assumption of a Newtonian Fluid is HARDLY valid.
Typical boundary conditions for fluid flow: 5 types of boundary conditions for may appear in fluid flow (based on the Physical condition) They are: 1. A solid surface (may be porous) 2. A free liquid surface 3. A vapor-liquid interface 4. A liquid-liquid interface 5. An inlet/outlet section
Condition at solid surface: If it is a stationary/impervious wall then, vx = v y = vz = 0 If it is a moving surface with velocity u0 in x-direction which
is known as NO-slip boundary condition,
vx = u0, v y = vz = 0
T k = q0 = constant y
T T = 0 or = 0 at the wall y y
at the wall,
v y = vnormal 0
2.
At Liquid-vapor interface:
v1 = v2 ; T1 = T2 ; 1 = 2
dv2 =0 dy
3. 4.
Mathematical Types of the Boundary Conditions: 1. Dirichlet B.C.: Constant valued B.C. 2. Neumann B.C.: Derivative of dependent variable is specified.
k T = q0 = constant y
3. Robin-mixed B.C.: Dependent variable & its derivative are specified through an algebraic equation.
k
T = h (T Tc ) at the wall y
Non-dimensional Numbers
Re=Reynolds number= Inertial forces/viscous forces=
ud
Pr=Prandtl number=momentum diffusivity/thermal diffusivity= Sc=Schmidt number=momentum diffusivity/mass diffusivity= Heat transfer coefficient: h Q=Heat flow rate=h*A*
cp / k
/ D
Mass transfer coefficient: k M= mass flow rate=kA c Nusselt number = convective to conductive heat transfer = hL/k Sherwood number = convective to diffusive mass transfer = kmL/D
where
Now for a system with infinitesimal mass dm, Newtons Second Law can be written as For a fluid we know that gets replaced with
2 vx 2 vx 2 vx p + vx + vy + vz = x + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y z t
Y-Component:
v y v y v y 2v y 2v y 2v y v y p + vx + vy + vz = y + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 x y z t
Z-Component:
vz 2 vz 2 vz 2 vz vz vz vz p + vy + vz = + 2 + 2 + 2 + vx t x y z z y z x
At successive sections, effects of solid wall is felt further into the flow. A boundary layer develops from both sides of the wall After a certain length, boundary layers from both surfaces meet at the center and the flow becomes fully viscous. This length is Entrance length. For laminar flow:
L = 0.06 Re D
here, Re=
vD
Beyond entrance length, velocity profile does not change in shape and flow is termed as Fully developed flow. If flow is fully developed in x-direction, mathematically it is described as,
vx =0 x
For laminar flow, typically entrance length (L) is about a few cm.
By Considering the Energy Balance about the Control Volume, it becomes Possible to obtain the Energy Conservation Equation
A similar species about the Control Volume, one obtains the Species Transport Equation
u u y x (x) u(x,y)
For an open Channel Flow itself, you can cancel several terms and you are eventually left with:
Continuity equation:
If we regard order of u Then comparing the two terms in the continuity equation
u(x,y)
Look at the order of the Terms in the Eqn. of motion LHS 1: O(u). O(u)/O(L) ---- > O(u2/L) LHS 2: O(v). O(u)/O() ---- > O(u/L). O(u)/O() ------ > O(u2/L)
RHS 1: O(u) / O(L). O(L) ---- > O(u/L2) RHS 2: O(u) / O(). O() ---- > O(u/ 2)
Turbulent flow
Characterization of turbulent flow:
Irregular motion Random fluctuation Fluctuations due to disturbances, e.g., roughness of solid surface Fluctuations may be damped by viscous forces / may grow by drawing energy from free stream
Re = DV/
Turbulence results in better mixing of fluid and produces additional diffusive effects Eddy diffusivity. Velocity Profile:
Plug flow
Here in RHS the first term is time averaged component second term is time dependent fluctuations.
Reynolds Decomposition of Turbulence
Intensity of Turbulence
Isotropic Turbulence
v v v + + =0 x y z
x y z
Laminar Flow
X-component EOM:
The last three terms are the additional terms known as Reynolds stress terms. Enhanced Momentum diffusivity: molecular leve transport is favored Where Semi empirical expressions for Reynolds stresses: Boussinesqs eddy viscosity: ( t ) ( t ) d vx
yx =
dy
2.
Prandtls mixing length: Assuming eddies move around like gas molecules, analogous to mean free path of gas in kinetic theory:
(t yx) = l 2
d vx d vx dy dy
K is von Karman Constant
where,
l = ky;
(t )
d vx = eddy viscosity = l dy
Thermal Convection
Thermal Convection can be of two types: 1. Forced Convection: The flow is triggered by an external pressure or other driving force, in course of the flow it takes away heat. 2. Natural convection, where a change in temperature leads to variation in density and that in turn triggers a flow.
Thermal Boundary Layer: If entry temperature, the convection of heat occurs. Wall condition: CWT = constant wall temperature TS = constant CHT = constant Heat flux qS = constant
If Pr > 1: xt > xh hydrodynamic BL grows earlier than thermal BL If Pr < 1: xt < xh thermal BL grows faster.
Pr =
cp / k
Free Convection:
No forced fluid velocity. Ex: Heat transfer from pipes/ steam radiators/ coil of refrigerator to surrounding air Consider, two plates at different temperatures, T1 & T2 and T2 > T1 2 < 1 means Density decreases in the direction of gravity (Buyoant force)
If Buyoant force overcomes the viscous forces, instability occurs and fluid particles start moving from bottom to top. Gravitational force on upper layer exceeds that at the lower one and fluid starts circulating. Heavier fluid comes down from top, warms up and becomes lighter and moves up. In the case, T1 > T2;
dT <0 dx
&
d >0 dx
Density no longer decreases in the direction of gravity and there is no bulk motion of fluid.
Boundary layer development on a heated vertical plate: Fluid close to the plate is heated and becomes less dense. Buoyant force induces a free convection BL in which heated fluid rises at vertically entraining the fluids from surroundings Velocity is zero at the wall and y = .
Grashof Number:
g (Ts T ) L u0 L Grashof number = u02 = g (Ts T ) L3
2
Expected:
GrL 1 2 Re L
GrL < 1 free convection is small, Nu L = Nu L ( Re, Pr ) 2 Re L GrL > 1 forced convection is small, Nu L = Nu L ( GrL , Pr ) 2 Re L
Non-dimensional Numbers
Re=Reynolds number= Inertial forces/viscous forces=
ud
Pr=Prandtl number=momentum diffusivity/thermal diffusivity= Sc=Schmidt number=momentum diffusivity/mass diffusivity= Heat transfer coefficient: h Q=Heat flow rate=h*A*
cp / k
/ D
Mass transfer coefficient: k M= mass flow rate=kA c Nusselt number = convective to conductive heat transfer = hL/k Sherwood number = convective to diffusive mass transfer = kmL/D
Mass Transfer