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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Mr. Sauro Mezzetti of EUTECNE for coordinating the efforts that made it possible to publish this paper. We also give thanks to Energy Alternatives India for contributing their research. For any queries related to this paper, please contact Mr. Gianpaolo Sarolli at the Chamber of Commerce Milan Innovhub (gianpaolo.sarolli@mi.camcom.it).
PREFACE
In the last decade India has witnessed the beginning of a mass motorization process. The automobile industry accounts for to 6% of the Indias GDP, and the country is becoming a major car consuming market. The continuation of this trend will pose serious challenges for any serious action against climate change. The development of new technologies for vehicles with lower emission or no-emission is therefore a top priority for the Indian economy. However, this is not enough. The growth of infrastructure is able to match the growth of the vehicles in circulation, thus creating congestion of cities and aggravating the issue. This report highlights the recent trends and actions undertaken in India to tackle these problems through technology for alternative fuels to reduce air pollution. In the field of alternative fuels there are two national missions under implementation. One is related to bio-fuel and the other to fuel cell, which has one component specifically dedicated to transport. A short overview of organizations and research agencies operating in these fields has been included. The overview presented here is not necessarily complete. India is a large country with many public and private institutions, and many local decentralized initiatives, so we did not aim to give a full presentation. Our purpose is mainly to give a broad indication to European companies, organizations, and research institutions about a field of opportunities for Transfer of Technology, and to make a small step towards widening the scope of cooperation between Europe and India.
1. THRUST AREAS FOR FUEL CELL IDENTIFIED BY THE MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
1. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION/SUPPLY
a) Tapping by-product/ spare hydrogen b) Design and development of skid-mounted small scale steam methane reformers (SMR) for distributed generation of hydrogen c) Design and development of high efficiency water electrolysers, including solid polymer electrolyte water electrolyser (SPEWE), for distributed hydrogen production d) Purification, pressurization and storage e) Design and technology of small reformers for on-site and on-board reformation f) Pilot scale generation of hydrogen by biological processes g) Pilot scale demonstration of hydrogen production from carbohydrate bioorganic waste by different processes h) Pilot plant for low temperature water splitting by biological route i) j) l) Pilot plant for production of hydrogen and synthetic fluid fuel by adopting IGCC technology for Indian coal as well as biomass R&D on high temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) Design and development of solar based water splitting processes
k) Design and development of 1 Nm3/hr HTSE and 5 Nm3/hr indigenously developed SPEWE
i. Hydrogen Storage
a) Development of inter-metallic hydrides with storage efficiency: 5 wt% & cycle life of 1,000 cycles b) Development of high pressure (~500 bar) gaseous cylinder c) Development of Nano-materials, including carbon nano-tubes/ nano- fibres d) Development of alanates, including Na and Mg alanates e) Exploration of unusual storage modes like depleted mines
2.
i. IC Engine Route
a) Design & Development of hydrogen IC engines and components for transport, portable and stationery applications
(ii) Design and development of SOFC stacks and of MCFC stacks: a) Develop various components (electrodes, electrolyte, seals) including identifying the materials to be used & processing techniques to be adopted. Design inter-connects (between adjacent cells) and overall current collectors b) Design mechanical systems (clamping / stacking arrangements, flow field design etc.) Finalize stack assembly & testing procedures. Integrate the complete system and test c) Design C&I and inverter systems and incorporate safety systems d) Design skid mounted sub-assemblies/ systems for ease of transportation to site e) Install, Commission & test the integrated system
Areas of Work:
Fuel Cell Systems PEM Fuel Cell Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Alkaline Fuel Cell (upcoming) Borohydride Fuel Cell (upcoming) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (upcoming) Microbial Fuel Cell (upcoming) Hydrogen Generation Technologies Electrolysis Chemical Hydrides Photo Electrochemical (upcoming)
Technology Transfer
Technologies for Commercialization: 1. Process know how for making bipolar plates from exfoliated graphite useful in PEM Fuel Cells 2. Process know how for making gas diffusion electrodes used for PEM Fuel Cells 3. Process know how for making catalyst coated membranes 4. Automatic load tracking flow control system for fuel cell application 5. Water cooled fuel cell stacks in the range 500-5,000 watts 6. Air cooled fuel cell stacks in the range 50-500 watts 7. Open cathode cooled fuel cell stacks in the range 50-500 watts
Contact Details:
Centre for Fuel Cell Technology IIT M Research Park, Phase-1 2nd Floor, Section B1 TS No. 2D, F Block 6 Kanagam Road, Taramani CHENNAI - 600 113, India Phone: +91-44-66632700/2701 Fax: +91-44-66632702 Email:ksdhatha@arci.res.in, info@arci.res.in Website: http://www.arci.res.in/cfct/index.html
To carry out R&D in chemical and related sciences with a view to eventually deliver a product, process, intellectual property, tacit knowledge or service that can create wealth and provide other benefits to NCLs stakeholders To build and maintain a balance portfolio of scientific activities as well as R&D programs to enable NCL to fulfill the demands of its stakeholders, present and future To create and sustain specialized Knowledge Competencies and Resource Centers within NCL which can provide support to all stakeholders of NCL
Contact Details:
Dr. K. Vijayamohanan National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune 411 008 India Email : vk.pillai@ncl.res.in Phone : +91-20-2590 2588, 2635 Fax : +91-20-2590 2636 Website: http://www.ncl-india.org/index.jsp
Contact Details:
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai - 400 085 INDIA Email : webmaster@barc.gov.in Phone : +91-22-25505050 / 25592000 Fax : +91-22-25505151 / 25519613 Website: http://www.barc.ernet.in More info - http://203.199.213.48/1097/1/B_P_Sharma.pdf
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Institutes departments in fields ranging from Biochemistry to Aerospace Engineering have served to nucleate research and development in both the public and private sectors.
Contact Details:
Jalahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka - 560012, Phone:(91)80-23600757, Fax:(91)80-23600683, 23600685, Email: regr@admin.iisc.ernet.in, Website: http://www.iisc.ernet.in,
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Contact Details:
Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur - 721302, INDIA Phone: +91-3222-2882279 Fax: +91-3222-255303 Email: hod@metal.iitkgp.ernet.in Website: http://www.iitkgp.ac.in, http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/departments/home.php?deptcode=MT More info - http://www.btc.iitkgp.ernet.in/ddas.html
Contact Details:
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, I.I.T. Post Office, Chennai - 600 036 India
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Phone: +91 (44) 2257 4241 Fax: +91 (44) 2257 0509 Email: bvnathan@iitm.ac.in Website: http://chem.iitm.ac.in/professordetails/profviswanathan/index.htm, www.iitm.ac.in
Contact Details:
CECRI Chennai Unit CSIR Complex TTTI, Taramani, Chennai - 600113 Tamil Nadu, India Phone: +91 (44) 22542818, 22542068, 22541384 Fax: +91 (44) 22542456 Email: sicmds@cecri.res.in, siccecri@csircmc.res.in Website:http://www.cecri.res.in, http://csirmadrascomplex.gov.in/Cecri.html
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Contact Details:
Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute 196 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032 (INDIA) Phone : +91-33-2473-5829 Fax : +91-33- 2473-0957 Email : director@cgcri.res.in Website: http://www.cgcri.res.in, http://www.cgcri.res.in/page.php?id=282
Computer-aided chemistry problem solutions, Coordination Chemistry and Bioinorganic Chemistry. The faculty has guided about 50 Ph.D.s and published over 500 research papers in leading International and National Journals. The Departmental research has been supported by DST, DOEnv., MHRD, CSIR, UGC and AICTE. The Department has also been able to establish major research laboratories on Electrochemical biosensors development, Water Pollution control laboratory and Centre for Tribology laboratory.
Contact Details:
Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005 Phone : +91 542 2307024/25 Fax : +91 542 2368428 Email : pcpandey@bhu.ac.in Website: www.bhu.ac.in, http://www.itbhu.ac.in/apc/
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1. COMPANIES AND RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE INDIAN BIOFUELS SECTOR A) Biofuels i. Bharat Renewable Energy Ltd (BREL)
Main Line of activity: Jatropha and Pongamia cultivation Location: Lucknow, India Company Profile/Overview:
Bharat Renewable Energy Limited is a company promoted by Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Nandan Biomatrix Limited & Shapoorji & Pallonji Corporation Limited. BREL has been mandated by the government of Uttar Pradesh to carry out biofuel/jatropha plantation in 10 lakh acres of unused land in 5 years. Bharat Renewable Energy Limited (BREL) with the help of Bio Energy Mission cell (under Planning Department, Government of Uttar Pradesh) is setting up a bio diesel value chain in Uttar Pradesh.
Coordinates:
Address: Praj House, Bavdhan, Pune 411 021. INDIA Phone: Phone: +91-20-22951511 / 22952214 E-mail : info@praj.net Website: http://www.praj.net/
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Coordinat.es:
Address: Phone: Email: Website: Maa Gouri Complex, 2nd floor, Plot no. 191 Lewis Road, Bhubaneswar, 751014, Orissa, India 91 674 2436744 mbipl@missionnewenergy.com http://missionnewenergy.com/
Partnership: Sigma Bio-fuel, Avani Vermi Compost & Bio-fuel, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Jatropha Plantation Location: Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh Highlights: IKFGFL is cultivating Jatropha on more than 10,000 ha under contract farming in different states. Coordinates:
Address: Phone: E-Mail: Website: A-56, Sector-16,Noida-201301. (UP) India +91-120-4633000 amarjyoti@ikfgreenfuel.in http://ikfgreenfuel.in/
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v. AE Biofuels
Location: Kakinada, India Main Line of activity: Cellulosic Ethanol Profile/Overview:
Technology: AE Biofuels utilizes an Integrated Plant Approach that allows for the use of cellulose, corn and sugar feed stocks, increasing efficiencies. It also facilitates the upgrading of existing corn ethanol plants to use both corn and cellulosic feedstock and enables sugar cane ethanol plants to convert bagasse into fuel.
Coordinates:
Address: Phone: Website: Somaiya Bhavan 45-47, Mahatma Gandhi Road, Post Box No.384, Fort, Mumbai 400 001. INDIA 91+22-22858430/40/50 www.somaiya.com
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Coordinates:
Address: Phone: E mail: Website: Phaltan-Lonand Road, Tambmal, P.O.Box 44, Phaltan - 415523, Maharashtra,India 91-2166-220945, 91-2166-222396 nariphaltan@gmail.com http://www.nariphaltan.org/nari/index.php
Collaboration:
Vivekananda Institute of Algology (VIAT), Phycospectrum Consultants Pvt Ltd
Highlights:
KIA was started to decipher and exploit the potential of microalgae which are of great economic importance Collecting and evaluating marine algal vegetation are one of their main areas of expertise
Coordinates:
Address: E-mail: Phone: Website: 52, A, AK Block, 7th Main Road, Anna Nagar, Chennai 600 040, India krishalg@yahoo.com 91 - 44 26201132 http://kiachennai.com/
ix. Centre for Conservation & Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Indian institute of Agricultural research (IARI), Delhi
Main line of activity:
National Centre for conservation and Utilization of Blue-Green Algae is a national research centre under Indian institute of Agricultural research (IARI), Delhi. The Centre functions as a service as well as depository centre in the country for algal isolates. It also acts as a National germplasm centre for blue-green algae (BGA).
Area of Expertise:
Expertise in conducting basic and applied research on blue-green algae Provides services for unialgal culture isolation Protocol development and Mass production of BGA biofertilizer Strain selection for nitrogen fixing potential and value added products like biopolymers, natural colours, proteins, biofuels etc and to study on bioremediation potential of blue green algae Morphology, physiology and ecology of algae
Highlights:
Isolation, purification and maintenance of blue algal strains from various agro ecological regions of India
Highlights:
Cultivating marine microalgae for biodiesel and biobutanol production
Website: http://www.bisr.res.in
Technology employed:
Potential of deep ocean water for algal culture
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Highlights:
Culturing of algae from oceans, development of photobioreactors for certain strains isolated from the ocean.
Website: http//www.niot.res.in
Highlights:
Genetic modifications and optimizations of various micro algal strains for the bio-energy, pharmaceuticals, neutraceuticals, medical diagnostics, food & beverages, cosmetics.
Website: http://www.hashbiotech.com/hashbiotech/default.aspx
xiii. The DBT-ICT Centre of Energy Biosciences, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai
Main line of activity:
The Centre is focused primarily at developing biotechnologies for deriving energy from renewable resources and cut down greenhouse gas emissions.
Highlights:
Engineering algal strains to produce biomass and natural products, algal biohydrogen production, protocol to produce high amounts of fermentable sugars in the single-cells of algae.
Website: http://ictmumbai.edu.in
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Technology employed:
EBTIs business is the delivery of end to end solutions for bio energy, designed to support all segments of the supply chain associated with the production of biodiesel, bio ethanol, bio energy, bio lubricants, bio pesticides, bio fertilizers and other high value commodities derived from the processing of various biomass resources with a big focus on algae.
Future Plans:
They are planning to produce non-fuel products first while producing fuel products; for example: they are working on producing high-value end products such as omega-3 fatty acid while producing biodiesel so as to make the process economically viable.
Highlights:
The company is focused in biofuel production using non edible sources of feed stock like Jatropha and algae They have isolated 86 algae cultures from Indian laboratories and U.S. laboratories and have maintained it in their laboratory
Website: http://www.ebtiplc.com
Collaboration:
Biodiversity and Sustainable Development (IBSD) Assam Agricultural University (AAU) Mizoram University (MU)
Highlights:
Pilot Scale Demonstration of algal oil Production has been carried out by isolating around 20 native algae strains with high lipid content.
Website: http://www.teriin.org/index.php
Technology employed:
They have developed a unique genetically modified algal strain and medium for algae which can grow under varied conditions They have successfully demonstrated their technology in MIT campus, USA and seeking funds for joint ventures for commercialization
Highlights:
Innovated and developed a scalable photobioreactor capable of sequestering carbon-dioxide emissions from smoke stacks and furnaces.
Website: http://www.trainternational.com
Technology employed:
Developed an open trough bioreactor system which avoids the demerits of both closed photo bioreactor and open ponds Their algae harvesting system HYDROPHOBIC CELL ESCALATION is a milking process. There will be 3-5 harvests per day depending upon the cell density They are using an in built harvesting mechanism which can be fully automated. Biomass production achieved up to 40gm/sq m/day. The harvested algae biomass is sun dried to a moisture content of <10%
Highlights:
Expertise in growing algae for aquaculture; expert in cultivating marine algae strains in open-circular ponds by employing automated harvesting methods, sun-drying for producing biodiesel and bio-butanol
Website: http://www.energymicrolgae.com/index1.html
Technology employed:
Phycospectrum provides consultancy to establish micro algal farms Several marine micro algae isolated from sea were screened for growth, productivity, pigments and biochemical constituents like protein, carbohydrate and lipids A low cast harvesting technology has been developed by combining auto flocculation and chemical flocculation. Trials are on to optimize physical and chemical parameters to achieve higher productivity and utilize flu gas
Highlights:
Phycospectrum provides consultancy to establish micro algal farms Optimization of critical parameters for sustained algal productivity and development of efficient and less expensive harvesting technology have been achieved through laboratory and field level research by combining auto flocculation and chemical flocculation
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By combining both phototrophic and heterotrophic modes of cultivation techniques very high productivity has been achieved Micro algal cultivation using open raceway pond and have optimized parameters for nutrient input and regular harvesting
Website: http://phycospectrum.com/
Highlights:
SBHCPL have an advance technology for production of 25 kilograms of oil per day per 1,000 square meter pond.
Website: http://www.shirkebiofuels.com/algae.htm
Technology employed:
Using a modular system of Light Dependent phase of Photosynthesis in a low cost PBR with indigenous material and a Photosynthesis light Independent phase vessel to increase its efficiency.
Highlights:
Developed a medium called Chandigarh Medium for mass culture of a selected strain of Microalgae.
Website: http://www.beckons.org/
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