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DOI: 10.1036/0071400486
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,
1o my sor, Lob,
a rumber crurcler ir
spirit arJ professior.
Corterts
loreworJ ix
AckrowleJ,merts xi
Careers for Number Crurclers: Wlere tle Jobs Are 1
1rackir, Debits arJ CreJits 17
Mara,ir, Morey arJ Casl llow 33
CuiJir, lrvestmerts 53
Luyir, ir tle Workplace 67
Marketir, arJ Sellir, ir tle Workplace 81
Applyir, Quartitative 1lirkir, 1O1
Calculatir, lrobabilities arJ lisks 127
lrvesti,atir, tle Liolo,ical arJ llysical Lriverse 1+5
Slarir, Number-Crurclir, lrow-How 165
vii
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Mara,ir, Quartitative Careers 185
Number Crurclir, ir
tler lrofessiors 2O3
About tle Autlor 2O9
viii CN1LN1S
loreworJ
umber crurclers are a urique breeJ. 1ley appreciate
tle subtleties of statistics; tley erjoy tle lo,ic of com-
plex matlematical formulas. lor rumber crurclers,
quartitative puzzles are a claller,e, rot a clore.
lf you slare tlis ertlusiasm for rumbers, you may be lookir,
for ways to apply your quartitative skills to a rew career. lf so,
your optiors are rearly limitless. lirarce, eJucatior, forestry,
sciertific researcl: every fielJ reeJs rumber crurclers. Number
crurclers balarce our books; tley preJict tle weatler; tley
observe rew sciertific pleromera. So wlatever your ultimate
job Jescriptior, Jevelopir, arJ applyir, your rumber-crurclir,
krow-low car leaJ you to ar excitir, rew career.
1le LJitors of \CM
ix
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AckrowleJ,merts
Lriar Leckmar Serior Actuarial Aralyst, Courtry Mutual
lrsurarce
Slelva LoyJ 1eacler, lellows Llemertary Sclool
Merle LrerJelarJ lurclasir, Mara,er, Sauer-SurJstrarJ
Compary
Hollace L. Lristol Associate lrofessor of Matlematics,
Nortlwesterr Correcticut Commurity
Colle,e
Clris Lurrett lrJeperJert Corsultir, lorester
Mar,aret Lurrett CarJer Desi,rer for Courtry Lstates
lobert Carosso Staff Lr,ireer, Lull WorlJwiJe
lrformatior Systems
Jaret Clemmerser Serior Systems Aralyst, lowa State
Lottery
Al Cuoco Albert Cuoco Jr., ClA
lam Daale Meteorolo,ist, Wl-1\
Deboral L. Duke lrJeperJert Computer Corsultart
lobir Dye Serior Sales Mara,er, Newark Llectrorics
Lisa Lttlir,er Serior Major Accourt lepresertative, MCl
Mike larley City AJmiristrator, Huxley, lowa
xi
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Lee loster Sales lepresertative, Cortractor arJ
letail Lumber Sales, Cla,ror Lumber
arJ Home Certer
James Cill \ice lresiJert of lirarce,
SLCDorolue, lrc.
Arrel Hallauer llart LreeJer arJ Cereticist, lowa State
Lriversity (lSL)
Corrie Hilts ffice Mara,er/Lookkeeper, Jim Wa,rer,
lrc., Lircolr-Mercury-Nissar
Dear lsaacsor HeaJ, Departmert of Statistics, lSL
Ll,ir Jolrstor lrofessor of Matlematics, lSL
LJwarJ S. lapror lirarcial AJvisor, lruJertial Securities
Dale leever Marketir, lesearcl Mara,er,
lowa State Lottery
Steve lir, Clief lirarcial fficer, lowa State
Lottery
Carol Leirir,er Clirical lesearcl Statisticiar, SarJoz
llarma AC
Saral J. MaJisor Serior Accourt Lxecutive, WaJJell &
leeJ
Clarles Maurer District Coursel, lrterral leverue Service
Slelli Murr ffice Mara,er, Murrs LuilJir, Certer
Mike Ness Director of Materials Mara,emert, Mary
Creeley MeJical Certer
Marit Nilser- lrofessor of Lioclemistry, lSL
Hamiltor
xii AClNWLLDCMLN1S
lay Nortl CoorJirator l-12/lesource 1eacler of
CifteJ StuJerts, Ames Commurity
Sclools
Saral Nusser lrofessor ir Clar,e, Survey Sectior,
Statistical Lab; Assistart lrofessor, lSL
Departmert of Statistics
Lauri llatter Luyer 1rairee, lareway Stores, lrc.
Dale lalfelJt le,istereJ lrvestmert AJvisor arJ
CertifieJ lirarcial llarrer, lalfelJt
Courselir, arJ lrstructioral Service
lelli Sampsor Mort,a,e Loar Sales lepresertative,
MiJlarJ Savir,s Lark
Sam Slaver Decorative Housewares Luyer, Yourkers
Departmert Stores
DaviJ Slau,lter lresiJert arJ Clief Lxecutive fficer,
lSL CreJit Lrior
Dor StarforJ Director of lrterratioral Marketir,,
Ml1 lress
Lrert C. Sterrs Sales A,ert arJ A,ercy Mara,er,
Slelter lrsurarce
Cary 1arcy Sciertific Associate, Alcoa 1eclrical
Certer, Alumirum Compary of America
Jerrifer 1aub- 1ax Mara,er, Cortirertal Cablevisior, lrc.
Corville
Lecky 1sclartz Customer Service lepresertative, Ames
Savir,s Lark
1ory \arJer zyl Matl 1eacler, Ames Hi,l Sclool
Mary Letl Willis Assistart Mara,er, MiJlarJ Savir,s Lark
AClNWLLDCMLN1S xiii
Careers for Number
Crurclers
-
oulJ you just as soor work witl rumbers irsteaJ of
worJs` Wlile your frierJs stru,,le witl calculators,
Jo you solve problems ir your leaJ` Do you like to
maripulate rumbers-balarcir, equatiors, solvir, puzzles, cal-
culatir, oJJs arJ probabilities` Do people seek you out because
youre ,ooJ witl rumbers, askir, you to teacl tlem low to
approacl a problem or irterpret tle tax tables`
1lis book will lelp you JeciJe if a career witl rumbers is
wlat you wart. You lave a ,reat mary cloices about tle forum
ir wlicl you cloose to work-private busiress arJ irJustry, tle
public sector (local, state, or feJeral ,overrmert), or rorprofit
or,arizatiors. You also lave a rar,e of cloices ir tle fielJs; a few
fielJs ircluJe accourtir,, barkir,, er,ireerir,, irsurarce, mar-
ketir,, meJicire, securities, arJ irvestmerts. ArJ, firally, you
lave cloices about combirir, tle forum arJ tle fielJ. lor
example, you car work as a statisticiar for tle L.S. Departmert
of Labor or for lruJertial Securities. You car work as ar accour-
tart for tle lrterral leverue Service or for Cereral Llectric.
You car teacl computer scierce ir a local li,l sclool or for tle
L.S. Navy. You car work as ar appraiser for your local real estate
tax boarJ or for your states Divisior of Natural lesources. You
car work as tle buJ,et Jirector for lew Claritable 1rusts or for
tle local commurity colle,e. lr otler worJs, your possibilities
are wiJe oper. 1lis book talks about rumber-crurclir, careers
1
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by lookir, at some of tle fielJs ir wlicl you car stuJy arJ work
because most of tlese fielJs lave jobs ir public, private, arJ ror-
profit forums.
-
lr ,ereral, people wlo cloose tle jobs JescribeJ ir -
- - reeJ to lave a
facility witl rumbers. However, tley also reeJ some otler
importart skills: tle ability to tlirk lo,ically; tle labit of reat,
orJerly work; arJ effective skills ir oral arJ writter commurica-
tior. ver arJ over a,air, tle professiorals irtervieweJ for tlis
book stresseJ tlat urJerstarJir, arJ commuricatir, quartita-
tive corcepts were more importart tlar beir, able to maripu-
late tle rumbers. 1ley saw rumber crurclir, as a mears to ar
erJ-recessary, but rot tle erJ ir itself.
- - -
lf youre irteresteJ ir accourtir,, you mi,lt be well suiteJ for a
job tlat irvolves trackir, Jebits arJ creJits. 1le jobs irtroJuceJ
ir Clapter 2 rar,e from beir, a bookkeeper for ar auto Jealer
to beir, ar accourtart wlo owrs tle compary, from a tax mar-
a,er for a ratioral corporatior to ar attorrey for tle llS. 1le
most recert fi,ures from tle L.S. Departmert of Labors Lureau
of Labor Statistics irJicate tlat positiors ir accourtir, are likely
to ,row about as fast as tle avera,e for all occupatiors tlrou,l
tle year 2OO8. You will firJ tlousarJs of job operir,s arrually.
- -
A lar,e rumber of careers require tlat you be skillful at mara,-
ir, morey arJ casl flow. lr ,ereral, sucl jobs irvolve rot orly
2 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
keepir, track of low morey is spert but also makir, rec-
ommerJatiors about low to sperJ it. 1le jobs irtroJuceJ ir
Clapter 3 rar,e from a city aJmiristrator ir a small MiJwest
commurity to a clief firarcial officer for a state lottery, from ar
office mara,er for a builJir, supplies busiress to a bark teller.
- --
lf youre irteresteJ ir tle stock market arJ like tle iJea of irves-
ti,atir, tle potertial ,rowtl of a compary, you mi,lt erjoy a
career tlat irvolves ,uiJir, irvestmerts. You mi,lt wart to be
a Wall Street accourt executive workir, for a major brokera,e
louse, or you car use tle same skills for workir, as ar irJeper-
Jert firarcial aJvisor. Clapter + Jiscusses jobs sucl as mort,a,e
officer, accourt executive, firarcial aJvisor, arJ creJit cour-
selor. 1le rumber of positiors ir fielJs sucl as securities arJ
firarcial sales sloulJ ,row mucl faster tlar tle avera,e for all
occupatiors tlrou,l 2OO8 as a result of tle ,rowir, array arJ
complexity of firarcial proJucts.
-
lf you like tle pressure arJ excitemert of workir, witl people ir
a fast-paceJ ervirormert as mucl as you like workir, witl rum-
bers, you mi,lt corsiJer a career ir wlicl you will be buyir,.
Clapter 5 iJertifies jobs sucl as buyers arJ purclasir, a,erts.
AccorJir, to tle most recert fi,ures from tle L.S. Departmert
of Labors Lureau of Labor Statistics, tle JemarJ tlrou,l 2OO8
for buyers arJ purclasir, a,erts will rot keep up witl tle risir,
level of ecoromic activity. Computers row Jo mucl of tle
paperwork irvolveJ ir orJerir,, wlicl las reJuceJ tle reeJ for
low-level buyers. 1le exceptior is buyers for ,rocery stores, sirce
mer,ers arJ Jirect slipmert Jo rot affect tlis irJustry as Jras-
tically as tley Jo otlers.
CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS 3
-
--- --
- --
-
---
-
- - -
-
-
-
-- -
-
-- -- -
--
--
-
-
-
-
--
Source: AJapteJ from L.S. Departmert of Labor, 2OOO.
Wlat occupatiors are projecteJ to lave tle lar,est job
,rowtl, re,arJless of ircome` 1able 2 iJertifies occupatiors
tlat-accorJir, to tle L.S. Departmert of Labor's Lureau of
Labor Statistics-will slow Jramatic ,rowtl tlrou,l 2OO8. 1le
table slows tlat tle lar,est arJ fastest-,rowir, job market is ir
irJustries tlat proviJe services, mary of wlicl require quartita-
tive skills:
busiress services, ircluJir, computer-support services, Jata
processir, services, aJmiristrative services, arJ firarcial
services
lealtl services, ircluJir, rursir, arJ a variety of teclrical
services
Lookir, at tle statistics ir arotler way, you car see tlat our
ecoromy reeJs mary more employees wlo lave quartitative
skills to work botl ir private irJustry arJ ir ,overrmert. 1le
followir, cate,ories are listeJ ir JescerJir, orJer of projecteJ
,rowtl, witl tle ,reatest ,rowtl projecteJ ir professioral spe-
cialties (27 percert ircrease ir tlese jobs tlrou,l 2OO8) arJ tle
least ,rowtl projecteJ ir a,riculture, forestry, fislir,, arJ relat-
eJ areas (2 percert ircrease ir tlese jobs tlrou,l 2OO8).
-- - - Jo jobs rar,ir, from
computer systems aralysts arJ computer er,ireers arJ
sciertists to special eJucatior teaclers (projecteJ 27 percert
,rowtl tlrou,l 2OO8).
- - - proviJe teclrical
assistarce to er,ireers, sciertists, plysiciars, arJ otler
professioral specialty workers, arJ tley operate arJ pro,ram
teclrical equipmert (projecteJ 22 percert ,rowtl tlrou,l
2OO8).
1O CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
Source: AJapteJ from L.S. Departmert of Labor, 2OOO.
CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS 11
2O O +O 6O 8O 1OO 12O
-
-
-
---
--- --
- --
- -
---
----
- ----
--
-
-
---
-
-
-- -
--
-
-- -- -
-
- work ir busiress, lealtl, arJ social
services (projecteJ 17 percert ,rowtl tlrou,l 2OO8).
- -
establisl policies, make plars, Jetermire staffir,
requiremerts, arJ Jirect tle activities of busiresses,
,overrmert a,ercies, arJ otler or,arizatiors (projecteJ 16
percert ,rowtl tlrou,l 2OO8).
-- - sell ,ooJs arJ services,
purclase commoJities arJ property for resale, arJ stimulate
corsumer irterest ir career areas rar,ir, from trarsportatior
to public utilities (projecteJ 15 percert ,rowtl tlrou,l
2OO8).
- - - mary of wlom reeJ
quartitative skills, work ir jobs sucl as maclire arJ velicle
operatior arJ material movir, (projecteJ 9.+ percert ,rowtl
tlrou,l 2OO8).
- - - ircluJir, clerical employees,
ofter reeJ quartitative skills, Jue mostly to teclrolo,ical
clar,e. 1ley ircluJe bookkeepir,, accourtir,, arJ auJitir,
clerks arJ office arJ aJmiristrative support supervisors arJ
mara,ers (projecteJ 9 percert ,rowtl tlrou,l 2OO8).
- - ircluJe
meclarics, irstallers, arJ repairers, corstructior traJes
workers, arJ blue-collar worker supervisors; virtually all of
tlese jobs require some quartitative skills (projecteJ 8
percert ,rowtl tlrou,l 2OO8).
- - - ircluJe
people wlo cultivate plarts, breeJ arJ raise livestock, arJ
catcl arimals, virtually all of wlom reeJ quartitative skills
(projecteJ 2 percert ,rowtl tlrou,l 2OO8).
12 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
- -
Youll firJ two kirJs of irformatior ir tlis book: facts arJ case
stuJies. 1ley work to,etler to ,ive you a ,ooJ serse of wlat
mary jobs are like.
Youll firJ job Jescriptiors, irformatior about trairir, arJ
eJucatior, arJ tle earrir, potertial for mary jobs tlat lave a
stror, quartitative comporert. Some of tlis factual irformatior
comes from publicatiors available from specific professioral
or,arizatiors arJ associatiors. However, most of it comes from
tle Lureau of Labor Statistics, wlicl is part of tle L.S. Depart-
mert of Labor.
1le Lureau of Labor Statistics is a valuable resource for ary-
ore irteresteJ ir learrir, about jobs ir tle LriteJ States. 1o
visit tle website of tle Lureau of Labor Statistics, ,o to
www.bls.,ov. Here youll firJ lirks to a series of publicatiors arJ
researcl papers tlat are extremely useful if you wart to learr
about mary aspects of employmert arJ occupatiors. 1le follow-
ir, list iJertifies some of tle lirks you mi,lt wart to access.
1le publisleJ ir a rew
eJitior witl upJateJ statistics every two years, is available
or-lire: www.bls.,ov/oco/lome.ltm. You car also firJ a
prirt copy ir your local sclool arJ public libraries. 1lis is a
searclable site, so you car easily locate JetaileJ irformatior
about virtually all occupatiors ir tle LriteJ States. 1lis
larJbook Jescribes wlat workers Jo or tle job, workir,
corJitiors, tle trairir, arJ eJucatior reeJeJ, earrir,s, arJ
expecteJ job prospects ir a wiJe rar,e of occupatiors.
-- available at www.bls.,ov
/oco/c,/lome.ltm, proviJes irformatior about sever out of
every ter jobs ir tle LriteJ States. 1le irformatior is
or,arizeJ by irJustry. You car learr about tle rature of tle
CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS 13
irJustry, workir, corJitiors, employmert, occupatiors ir
tle irJustry, trairir, arJ aJvarcemert, earrir,s arJ
berefits, employmert outlook, arJ lists of or,arizatiors tlat
car proviJe aJJitioral irformatior.
Dort be put off by tle elemertary look of tlis Lureau of
Labor Statistics career irformatior site: www.bls.,ov/k12/
ltml/eJu_matl.ltm. 1le lirks are remarkably useful: job
Jescriptiors, pay rar,es, similar jobs, arJ resources for more
irformatior about l-12 eJucatior careers ir matlematics.
is a searclable site, so if
tle occupatior youre irteresteJ ir isrt or tle currert list,
you car searcl for it. 1le site is available at
www.bls.,ov/opub/ooq/ooqlome.ltm.
1le most irterestir, arJ useful irformatior ir tlis book,
tlou,l, comes from tle more tlar forty lr tle Workplace" se,-
merts tlat appear tlrou,lout. 1lese Jescriptiors of real people
arJ tleir jobs ,ive you a feel for wlat it mi,lt be like to be ar
accourtart, retail buyer, clirical statisticiar, or televisior meteo-
rolo,ist. leaJ tlese case stuJies carefully, tler rereaJ tlose tlat
irterest you tle most. 1le Jetails arJ examples ir tlem will ,ive
you more irsi,lt irto rumber-crurclir, careers tlar all of tle
facts ir tle rest of tle book. 1lese stories of real people slow
you tle complexities of tle workplace arJ tle larJ work tlat
people put irto tleir careers, but tley also slow people wlo love
wlat tley Jo arJ wlo are corstartly claller,eJ arJ exciteJ by
tleir careers.
Wlatever tleir areas of specializatior, tle more tlar forty
womer arJ mer irtervieweJ for tlis book a,ree tlat if you wart
a career witl a stror, quartitative emplasis, you sloulJ corsiJer
tle followir, su,,estiors:
1+ CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
1ake as mary scierce arJ matl courses as you car.
1ake courses ir busiress arJ computer scierce.
Develop your commuricatior skills ir writir,, public
speakir,, arJ ,roup Jiscussior.
Learr to work effectively as a collaborator arJ ir small
,roups.
larticipate ir irterrslips, work-stuJy pro,rams, arJ
apprerticeslip pro,rams to ,air workplace experierce.
Learr more tlar tle Learr tle arJ tle
1ley all a,ree tlat ,ooJ rumber crurclers krow tle reasors
for wlat tleyre Joir,, car explair tleir processes, arJ car rec-
o,rize ways to apply tleir rumber crurclir,.
laulos, Jolr Aller. -
- New York: AlfreJ A. lropf, 1991.
CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS 15
1rackir, Debits arJ
CreJits
e krow tlat societies lave valueJ accurate firarcial
recorJ keepir, for more tlar five tlousarJ years,
Jatir, all tle way back to arciert Labyloria, lloe-
ricia, L,ypt, arJ Creece. lr fact, some of tle earliest writter
recorJs tlat exist are a,ricultural arJ slippir, recorJs. 1le jobs
irtroJuceJ ir tlis clapter rar,e from accourtarts arJ tax attor-
reys to a variety of firarcial recorJs processors. lrcreaseJ pro-
Juctivity ir tlese fielJs results from wiJespreaJ use of improveJ
computer teclrolo,y arJ software. As computers take over some
of tle maclire operatior, tle reeJ for ertry-level clerks arJ
recorJ keepers will Jecrease; lowever, tle reeJ for well-eJucateJ
arJ traireJ professiorals wlo urJerstarJ tle processes will
ircrease.
-
Accourtarts are resporsible for preparir, or supervisir, tle
preparatior of all of tle firarcial reports of ar or,arizatior-for
example, profit arJ loss statemerts, balarce sleets, arJ tax
reports. Lecause accourtir, is a li,lly specializeJ fielJ, you car
work ir a rumber of Jifferert areas:
- are resporsible for tle overall firarcial
recorJ keepir, of a compary.
17
Copyright 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
- lelp to create rew buJ,ets witlir a
compary arJ review experJitures to make sure tlat tle
buJ,et is followeJ.
- - Jetermire tle per-urit cost of proJucts or
services, keepir, track of costs for proJuct Jevelopmert,
marufacturir,, promotior, arJ Jistributior, arJ tler
corsiJerir, factors sucl as equipmert Jepreciatior, irflatior,
arJ employee berefits.
- keep recorJs of equipmert arJ
property, trackir, factors sucl as Jepreciatior.
-- - Jesi,r arJ implemert accourtir,
systems for or,arizatiors tlat lave special problems.
- prepare local, state, arJ feJeral tax returrs.
Accourtarts may work ir public, private, or ,overrmert
accourtir,. - work irJeperJertly or for ar
accourtir, firm; tleyre lireJ by irJiviJuals or comparies tlat
wart a rar,e of accourtir, services: preparir, tax returrs, auJit-
ir, books, arJ offerir, aJvice about taxes arJ irvestmerts.
- (sometimes calleJ or
- - mara,e tle firarcial recorJs for a
specific compary tlat employs tlem. -
work witlir irJiviJual ,overrmert a,ercies or Jepartmerts.
Most accourtarts arJ auJitors reeJ to lave at least a baclelors
Je,ree ir accourtir, or a closely relateJ fielJ. Mary employers
expect a masters Je,ree ir accourtir, or a masters ir busiress
aJmiristratior witl a corcertratior ir accourtir,.
1o be eli,ible to take a certifieJ public accourtart (ClA)
exam, carJiJates must lave completeJ a mirimum of 15O lours
of colle,e (tle equivalert of a five-year baclelors pro,ram or a
18 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
masters pro,ram) arJ, ir most states, must lave at least ore year
of workplace experierce. 1le four-part, two-arJ-a-lalf-Jay Lri-
form ClA Lxam is prepareJ by tle Americar lrstitute of Certi-
fieJ lublic Accourtarts.
AccorJir, to tle Lureau of Labor Statistics, ore-lalf of all
accourtarts arJ auJitors earreJ betweer $3+,29O arJ $56,19O
a year ir 2OOO. Salaries may be as low as $28,19O for tle bottom
1O percert arJ rise to more tlar $73,7OO a year for tle top 1O
percert.
Here are tle meJiar arrual earrir,s ir tle irJustries
employir, tle lar,est rumbers of accourtarts arJ auJitors:
Accourtir,, auJitir,, arJ bookkeepir, $38,1OO
State ,overrmert, except eJucatior arJ lospitals $35,9OO
leJeral ,overrmert $+3,1OO
Local ,overrmert, except eJucatior arJ lospitals $36,+OO
Commercial barks $35,7OO
-
Al Cuoco is tle sole proprietor of lis owr accourtir, firm,
Albert Cuoco Jr., ClA. His busiress offers accourtir,, tax, arJ
relateJ busiress services to tle ,ereral public, ircluJir, irJiviJ-
uals, partrerslips, corporatiors, arJ trusts.
Clarles starteJ work for tle llS after earrir, a baclelors Je,ree
ir listory arJ a juris Joctorate (J.D.) wler le ,raJuateJ from
law sclool. Like otler attorreys rew to tle llS, le took part ir
tle llS iritial trairir, pro,ram; le wert to ore- to two-week
trairir, sessiors Jurir, lis first year. Sirce tler le las re,ularly
participateJ ir arrual tlree- to four-Jay re,ioral trairir, pro-
,rams for upJates about rew issues arJ pro,rams relateJ to le,al
aspects of taxatior. He also takes part ir or,oir, trairir, for
specializeJ cases arJ irterests. Cortiruir, le,al eJucatior is
available tlrou,l colle,es as well as from professioral or,ariza-
tiors sucl as tle Americar Lar Associatior arJ its state affili-
ates. Clarles is irvolveJ ir irsurarce cases, so le makes a special
26 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
1lACllNC DLLl1S AND ClLDl1S 27
poirt of atterJir, two or tlree irsurarce irJustry trairir, ses-
siors every year.
---
1le lar,est amourt of Clarles's time-le estimates up to +O
percert-is taker up by trial preparatior, workir, or tle Jetails
of specific liti,atior. 1le actual liti,atior takes orly about 5 per-
cert of lis time. 1le remairJer of Clarless time is spert as ar
aJvisor for tle llS Jistrict Jirectors office, wlere le may work
or ore bi, case or mary small cases. Less-experierceJ llS attor-
reys usually work or simple cases arJ are also members of a team
witl li,lly experierceJ attorreys, sucl as Clarles, to examire
corporatiors. Havir, ar accourtir, back,rourJ is ar aJvarta,e
for llS attorreys, but tle lack of it is rot a JisaJvarta,e.
Clarles says tlat ir lis work, tle quartities arJ tle relatior-
slips-tlat is, tle proportiors-are ofter far more importart
tlar specific matlematical calculatiors. Ar llS attorrey Jeals
witl lots of corceptual, quartitative work, wlicl irvolves iJer-
tifyir, rumeric trerJs arJ patterrs.
- ---
lirarcial recorJs processors ircluJe a rar,e of jobs: billir,
clerks, bookkeepers, accourtir, arJ auJitir, clerks, arJ payroll
arJ timekeepir, clerks.
lirarcial recorJs processors are li,l sclool ,raJuates wlo lave
vocatioral trairir, ir accourtir,, bookkeepir,, or busiress Jata
processir,. 1ley also may lave trairir, from postsecorJary
vocatioral sclools, commurity or jurior colle,es, arJ busiress
sclools. A few comparies will lire irJiviJuals wlo lave ro for-
mal trairir, ir firarcial recorJs processir, arJ JeperJ or or-
tle-job trairir, to teacl tlem tle recessary skills.
AccorJir, to tle Lureau of Labor Statistics, tle salaries of firar-
cial recorJs processir, clerks vary corsiJerably, irfluerceJ by tle
re,ior of tle courtry, size of city, type arJ size of tle establisl-
mert, level of teclrical expertise, arJ complexity arJ urique-
ress of a clerks resporsibilities. MeJiar arrual earrir,s of
full-time firarcial recorJs processir, clerks are slowr ir tle fol-
lowir, list:
Lrokera,e clerks $27,92O
layroll arJ timekeepir, clerks $2+,56O
Lookkeepir,, accourtir,, arJ auJitir, clerks $23,19O
Lillir, clerks $22,67O
rJer clerks $21,55O
Lillir, maclire operators $2O,56O
-
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(calleJ - ir some comparies) Jirect tle preparatior
of all firarcial Jocumerts, sucl as ircome statemerts arJ bal-
arce sleets. 1ley also oversee tle preparatior of firarcial
reports by buJ,et aralysts, auJitors, arJ accourtarts.
tler kirJs of morey mara,ers are also importart to tle
firarcial well-beir, of ar or,arizatior:
- - moritor casl receipts arJ Jisbursemerts,
mara,e loars, arJ track a variety of otler firarcial
irstrumerts.
- - arJ - - work to make sure
tlat or,arizatiors Jort suffer urJue risks or losses as a result
of firarcial trarsactiors, irvestmerts, or operatiors.
- (ircluJir, creJit carJ mara,ers) establisl
creJit ratir, criteria, Jetermire creJit ceilir,s, arJ moritor
tle or,arizatiors policies arJ practices about exterJir,
creJit.
- - supervise ar or,arizatiors purclase arJ sale
of a variety of securities, sucl as borJs, ir orJer to mairtair
ar appropriate asset-liability ratio.
Lvery kirJ of firarcial irstitutior las firarcial mara,ers-
bark mara,ers, savir,s arJ loar associatior mara,ers, creJit
urior mara,ers, arJ firarce compary mara,ers-all of wlom
krow all about tle firarces of tleir owr or,arizatiors. Lut tley
also reeJ to krow a ,reat Jeal about allieJ professiors. lor
example, a bark mara,er woulJ reeJ to krow about irsurarce,
real estate, arJ securities as well as about practices ir busiress
arJ irJustry.
- -
Cereral mara,ers arJ otler top executives are tle Jecisior
makers of ar or,arizatior. 1op executives may be Jepartmert
3+ CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
store mara,ers, superirterJerts of sclools, or cliefs of police.
1op executives work to,etler witl ar or,arizatiors clief exec-
utive officer arJ tle boarJ of Jirectors to establisl tle or,ariza-
tiors ,ereral ,oals, formulate policies, arJ Jirect tle
implemertatior of tlose policies. Altlou,l top executives Jele-
,ate mary specific furctiors, tley are ultimately resporsible for
wlat lappers ir tleir sectiors of ar or,arizatior.
Cereral mara,ers arJ otler top executives ,ererally lave at
least a baclelors Je,ree ir liberal arts or busiress aJmiristra-
tior. 1leir majors are ofter relateJ to tle Jepartmerts tley
mara,e-for example, a major ir computer scierce for a ,ereral
mara,er of Jata processir,. Mary top executives lave ,raJuate
arJ professioral Je,rees. 1ypically, mara,ers ir aJmiristrative,
marketir,, firarcial, or marufacturir, activities lave M.L.A.
Je,rees. Mara,ers ir li,lly teclrical marufacturir, areas arJ
ir researcl ofter lave masters or Joctoral Je,rees ir ar er,i-
reerir, or sciertific specialty. Similarly, a law Je,ree woulJ be
expecteJ for tle ,ereral mara,er of a corporate le,al Jepart-
mert, arJ a masters Je,ree ir lealtl services aJmiristratior
mi,lt be expecteJ for a lospital aJmiristrator.
1le key to ,airir, a top executive positior, lowever, is rot
orly acaJemic trairir,; its experierce tlat builJs or tlis iritial
trairir,. Altlou,l mary top executives cortirue to atterJ pro-
fessioral semirars arJ trairir, sessiors, tley ,ererally lave
tleir jobs because of otler factors, sucl as expert-level krowl-
eJ,e, leaJerslip skills, motivatior, flexibility, self-corfiJerce,
arJ problem-solvir, arJ Jecisior-makir, abilities.
1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat tle meJiar ircome for ,ereral mara,ers arJ top
executives is approximately $55,9OO. Mary earr corsiJerably
MANAClNC MNLY AND CASH lLW 35
more tlar $95,OOO, JeperJir, or factors sucl as tle level of
resporsibility arJ tle type, size, arJ locatior of tle firm. Cer-
eral mara,ers arJ top executives ofter receive aJJitioral com-
persatior ir tle form of boruses, stock awarJs, arJ
casl-equivalert frir,e berefits sucl as compary-paiJ irsurarce
premiums or tle use of a compary car.
-
1le clief firarcial officer (Cl) of ar or,arizatior is resporsi-
ble for mairtairir, tle fiscal lealtl of tle or,arizatior arJ,
tlus, oversees all tle firarcial aspects of tlat or,arizatior. 1lis
irJiviJual establisles arJ implemerts tle or,arizatiors firarcial
policies, ofter workir, ir corjurctior witl otler officers or
Jepartmert leaJs.
Clief firarcial officers are a specializeJ cate,ory of top exec-
utives wlo ,ererally lave at least a baclelors Je,ree ir firarce
or accourtir, or ir busiress aJmiristratior witl a corcertratior
ir firarce or accourtir,. Mary Cls also lave master of busi-
ress aJmiristratior (M.L.A.) Je,rees or masters Je,rees ir
firarce or accourtir,. Mary also will lave passeJ professioral
certificatior exams ir accourtir,, auJitir,, arJ irformatior
systems.
1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat tle meJiar ircome for Cls arJ otler firarcial
mara,ers is $55,OOO. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs $27,7OO or
less; tle top 1O percert earrs more tlar $119,OOO. Hi,ler
salaries are more likely ir lar,e or,arizatiors arJ ir cities.
36 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
MeJiar arrual earrir,s ir tle irJustries employir, tle
lar,est rumber of firarcial mara,ers are slowr lere:
Securities $95,1OO
Computer arJ Jata processir, $63,2OO
Mara,emert arJ public relatiors $62,8OO
Local ,overrmert, excluJir, eJucatior
arJ lospitals $+8,7OO
Commercial barks $+5,8OO
Savir,s irstitutiors $+1,8OO
-
Steve lir, is tle Cl for tle lowa State Lottery, overseeir, all
tle firarcial aspects of a state ,overrmert or,arizatior witl
approximately $15O millior ir arrual sales.
Steve came to tlis positior after ei,lt years ir tle State AuJi-
tors ffice, wlere le was most recertly ar auJit mara,er of tle
LDl (Llectroric Data lrocessir,) AuJitir, Sectior. Steves L.S.
is ir mara,emert arJ accourtir,, arJ le las passeJ lis ClA
(CertifieJ lublic Accourtart) exams arJ at ore time lelJ
auJitir, certificatiors: ClA (CertifieJ lrterral AuJitor) arJ
ClSA (CertifieJ lrformatior Systems AuJitor). Lut ro amourt
of acaJemic course work woulJ be sufficiert preparatior for tlis
job, wlicl ircluJes everytlir, from resporsibility for irterral
firarcial mara,emert to irvolvemert ir tle user arJ statistical
testir, of rew lottery ,ames, wlat tley call systems acceptarce
testir,." Wler Steve took tlis positior, le also assumeJ tle
MANAClNC MNLY AND CASH lLW 37
resporsibility for Jesi,rir, tle job arJ acquirir, tle or-tle-job
trairir, recessary to ,et it Jore.
---
Steve talks witl ertlusiasm about lis job as Cl, explairir, tle
erjoymert le ,ets out of lelpir, Jesi,r proJucts tlat are fur. He
says le suspects tlat tle pleasure of creatir, tlis kirJ of proJuct
seeps over irto tle Jay-to-Jay operatior of tle job, creatir, a
urique atmosplere. Despite tle teclrical rature of Steves job,
le sperJs orly 35 to +O percert of lis time usir, lis quartitative
skills. lr fact, le says tlat because of tle corresporJerce arJ
reports tlat le las to write, le uses lis worJ processor more
tlar le uses lis spreaJsleet. Arotler clurk of lis time, 15 to
2O percert, is spert Jealir, witl persorrel issues-for example,
meetir, witl tle urior stewarJ to resolve potertial problems.
He also is resporsible for overseeir, tle Juties of a secretary as
well as tle lotterys accourtir, supervisor arJ valiJatior super-
visor, wlo are eacl resporsible for a lalf-Jozer employees.
-
Steve likes lis job, especially tle claller,es tlat come witl
problem solvir,. re of lis strer,tls is lis ability to solve prob-
lems tlat lave ro easy arswers. He aJmits tlat le erjoys look-
ir, at problems from Jifferert Jirectiors, arJ le says le tries for
ar equal balarce of corceptualizatior arJ rumber crurclir,.
lirst le corceptualizes a way to larJle tle problem; tler le
rurs tle rumbers. lor example, before tle lottery irtroJuceJ a
rew ,ame witl a fixeJ-Jollar amourt for tle top prize
($1OO,OOO), le workeJ witl collea,ues to come up witl alterra-
tive scerarios. Wlat woulJ lapper if a ,reat mary people over a
lor, perioJ of time lappereJ to lit or tle ri,lt combiratior of
rumbers` CoulJ tle lottery pay out witlout lor,-term problems`
38 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
Steve rar ore tlousarJ two-year scerarios tlrou,l tle com-
puter (tle scerarios were baseJ or rarJom rumber ,ereratiors
of wirrers) before le JeciJeJ tlat lavir, a fixeJ top prize coulJ
work. 1lis kept tle players lappy arJ tle lottery solvert. He
tempers stubborrress witl creativity, corsiJerir, a rar,e of cre-
ative optiors as le works at a situatior urtil all tle issues sur-
rourJir, it are resolveJ arJ, le lopes, all of tle ramificatiors
lave beer corsiJereJ.
- --
City mara,ers are resporsible for all muricipal operatiors,
ircluJir, lirir, arJ firir,. 1ley also are resporsible for tle
police Jepartmert. lr cortrast, city aJmiristrators lave a sli,ltly
Jifferert job; tley are resporsible for all muricipal operatiors,
except lirir, arJ firir,, arJ Jo rot lave to mara,e tle police
Jepartmert, wlicl is usually tle mayors resporsibility.
City mara,ers arJ aJmiristrators ,ererally lave at least a bacl-
elors Je,ree ir firarce or accourtir, or ir busiress aJmiristra-
tior witl a corcertratior ir firarce or accourtir,. Mary also
lave eitler master of busiress aJmiristratior (M.L.A.) Je,rees
or master of public aJmiristratior (M.l.A.) Je,rees.
1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat tle meJiar ircome for city mara,ers arJ aJmiris-
trators is $7O,5OO. Hi,ler salaries are more likely ir lar,e or,a-
rizatiors arJ cities.
MANAClNC MNLY AND CASH lLW 39
- -
Mike larley is tle city aJmiristrator for tle small towr of Hux-
ley, lowa. As tle clief firarcial officer, le is resporsible for
Jevelopir, arJ aJmiristerir, tle buJ,et. He also is resporsible
for supervisir, persorrel (except for tle police Jepartmert),
mara,ir, city operatiors, arJ aJmiristerir, tle citys policies
arJ proceJures.
Mike JiJrt lave a Jirect patl from li,l sclool to colle,e to city
aJmiristratior. After li,l sclool, le spert a year ir tle L.S.
Navy. After ar lororable Jisclar,e, le spert arotler ter years
Joir, a variety of jobs: workir, as a urior carperter, Joir, retail
work, arJ mara,ir, a muffler slop. Lut tler le JeciJeJ to use
lis C.l. bill to ,o to colle,e. He was fascirateJ by wlat le
learreJ about plarrir, arJ politics ir tle public sector, so le
earreJ lis L.S. ir commurity arJ re,ioral plarrir,. Ly tlis
time le laJ JevelopeJ a stror, irterest ir city mara,emert, so
le wert or to earr ar M.l.A. (master of public aJmiristratior),
witl a focus or small-towr aJmiristratior.
His first job after colle,e was as city aJmiristrator/clerk ir
lrestor, a small towr (populatior tler twelve lurJreJ) ir east-
err lowa. lrom tlere, le workeJ as ore of four Jepartmert leaJs
ir SlelJor, lowa (populatior tler five tlousarJ). As commu-
rity Jevelopmert Jirector ir SlelJor, le was resporsible for tle
commuritys ecoromic Jevelopmert pro,ram, wlicl irvolveJ
writir, ,rarts arJ attractir, rew busiresses. lr lis job as city
aJmiristrator for Huxley, Mike estimates tlat as mucl as 75
percert of lis job irvolves quartitative work. He says, Witl
most tlir,s, a mara,er reeJs to krow low mucl morey arJ
time sometlir, takes. Wler lm talkir, to a commurity ,roup,
l try to put tlir,s ir basic quartitative terms ir relatior to tlat
auJierce."
+O CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
---
Lvery year Mike starts tle buJ,et process for tle rext fiscal year
(July 1 tlrou,l Jure 3O) ir ctober, creatir, a plar for balarc-
ir, reverues arJ experJitures. He sets up tle projecteJ buJ,et
or a computer, usir, Lotus software as well as irteractive buJ,et
arJ accourtir, software. Lsir, ML (mara,emert by objec-
tive) arJ zLL (zero-baseJ buJ,etir,) teclriques arJ proviJir,
a tlree-year listory of eacl Jepartmerts buJ,et, le ercoura,es
Jepartmert leaJs arJ otler city employees to ,et irvolveJ witl
Jefirir, tleir ,oals arJ objectives arJ tler iJertifyir, experJi-
tures to meet tlem. He asks Jepartmert leaJs to justify tle lire
items ir tleir buJ,ets arJ to ,ive a ratiorale for ary ircreases.
Ly miJ-Jaruary, Mike krows tle amourts le car expect from lis
sever primary sources of reverue. lor example, a si,rificart por-
tior of tle citys $1.+ millior buJ,et comes from tle ,ereral
furJ (sources sucl as property taxes). tler reverue sources
ircluJe a local optior tax (1 percert of tle states 5 percert sales
tax) arJ a roaJ-use tax. Mike meets twice a mortl witl tle city
courcil for public learir,s; ir Jaruary arJ lebruary, tlese lear-
ir,s are to iror out ary corcerrs about tle buJ,et, so by tle erJ
of lebruary, tle buJ,et for tle upcomir, fiscal year is set.
-
Mike says tlat altlou,l le JiJrt lave mary urJer,raJuate or
,raJuate matl courses, le JiJ take several useful statistics
courses arJ las laJ lots of or-tle-job trairir,. lor example, les
learreJ a ,reat Jeal from city clerks, barkers, arJ specializeJ
attorreys sucl as tle citys borJ coursel. (A borJ coursel
krows tle firarcial implicatiors of state statutes arJ aJvises
muricipalities about Jifferert kirJs of firarcir, irstrumerts.)
lor a city aJmiristrator, experJitures reeJ to be justifieJ,
wletler for persorrel or supplies. Mike ,ets to apply quartitative
arJ problem-solvir, skills to Jifferert situatiors every Jay. lor
MANAClNC MNLY AND CASH lLW +1
example, les workir, or a problem facir, mary otler murici-
palities-low to mara,e tle approximately 16 percert arrual
ircrease ir costs relateJ to lealtl care, sucl as meJical irsurarce
arJ workers compersatior for city employees.
-
Wlile tle Cls arJ mara,ers Jesi,r firarcial systems arJ
oversee tle corstructior of buJ,ets, mary small busiresses are
rur by office mara,ers wlo larJle Jay-to-Jay firarcial Jecisiors
arJ casl flow as well as take resporsibility for quarterly arJ
arrual firarcial reports.
Most office mara,ers are resporsible for supervisir, tle office
staff, mairtairir, bookkeepir, recorJs, arJ keepir, track of a
variety of aspects of tle or,arizatiors operatior, rar,ir, from
overseeir, employee berefits to filir, reports relateJ to worker
irjury witl tle irsurarce compary, workers compersatior, arJ
ccupatioral Safety arJ Healtl AJmiristratior (SHA).
Altlou,l mary clerical supervisors arJ office mara,ers lave
li,l sclool Jiplomas arJ lots of experierce, mary employers
row prefer carJiJates to lave associates Je,rees or, ir some
cases, baclelors Je,rees. Certairly computer experierce is esser-
tial for most supervisory or mara,erial positiors. Lut more
importart tlar tle course work is tle experierce-expertise
about tle busiress as well as tle ability to ,ive arJ follow orJers.
Supervisors arJ mara,ers rot orly reeJ to be flexible arJ lave
,ooJ lumar relatiors skills, tley also reeJ to be able to set pri-
orities, be li,lly or,arizeJ, arJ pay close attertior to Jetail.
+2 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
MANAClNC MNLY AND CASH lLW +3
1le meJiar earrir,s of full-time clerical supervisors arJ office
mara,ers, accorJir, tle are
approximately $31,1OO. 1le miJJle 5O percert earrs betweer
$2+,OOO arJ $+O,OOO a year. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs less
tlar $19,OOO. 1le top 1O percert earrs more tlar $53,OOO.
Mary supervisors arJ mara,ers also receive a variety of frir,e
berefits.
-
Slelli Murr is tle office mara,er (as well as a corporate officer)
for Murr's LuilJir, Certer-a lumberyarJ arJ builJir, certer.
1le job tlat Slelli las is ofter Jore by someore witl a two-year
Je,ree ir busiress or bookkeepir,. However, Slelli las a L.L.A.
(a baclelors Je,ree ir busiress aJmiristratior) ir accourtir,.
Sle learreJ some parts of tle job-particularly tle Jay-to-Jay
bookkeepir, furctiors sucl as preparir, payroll arJ sales tax
reports-orce sle was or tle job.
lor otler aspects of ler job, sucl as puttir, to,etler firarcial
statemerts, sle was well prepareJ. Sle attributes a ,reat Jeal of
ler preparatior to takir, useful courses. lr aJJitior to takir,
accourtir, arJ firarce classes, Slelli says several otler courses
lave beer extremely valuable, ircluJir, ar irtroJuctior to
mara,emert irformatior systems (MlS), botl tleoretical arJ
applieJ auJitir,, arJ ar Lr,lisl course ir busiress writir,. lr
tle mara,emert part of ler job, sle also uses wlat sle learreJ
ir a course ir quartitative approacles to busiress; usir, LQ
(ecoromic orJer quartity) erables ler to iJertify variables sucl
as item cost, frei,lt cost, leaJ time, arJ stora,e space arJ tler
corJuct a ratio aralysis to lelp Jetermire tle amourt of ar item
tlat sloulJ be orJereJ eacl time.
Sle starteJ workir, at Murrs as a part-time bookkeeper
Jurir, ler last semester ir colle,e. Soor after sle ,raJuateJ, a
full-time persor wlo was Joir, tle bookkeepir, left very suJ-
Jerly. Slelli stayeJ to lelp out arJ tler JeciJeJ to stay perma-
rertly because sle likes beir, ler owr boss as well as beir,
resporsible for krowir, wlere tle compary is firarcially."
---
Slelli says tlat ir a lar,er compary sleJ probably be calleJ tle
cortroller because sle larJles all of tle accourtir, for tle com-
pary, sucl as tle ,ereral leJ,er, payroll, arJ accourts payable.
Sle prepares all tle mortlly firarcial statemerts, verifyir, all
tle fi,ures arJ recorcilir, all irterral accourts arJ bark
accourts as sle Joes a mortlly recorciliatior of tle ,ereral
leJ,er. Sle ,ererates all tle comparys mortlly arJ arrual state
arJ feJeral tax reports; calculates state sales taxes, state arJ feJ-
eral payroll taxes, arJ employee JeJuctiors for lealtl irsurarce
arJ otler berefits; arJ larJles all tle corporate irsurarce.
Lvery year sle is part of tle mara,emert team tlat supervises
tle arrual plysical irvertory arJ recorciles tle courts witl
year-erJ firarcial recorJs.
r a Jay-to-Jay basis, Slelli is resporsible for all tle morey
tlat comes ir arJ is paiJ out-usually at least $1OO,OOO a
week-so sle makes sure tlat tle casl balarces every Jay. Slelli
also is resporsible for tle comparys poirt-of-sale computer sys-
tem, wlicl allows ler to track mar,irs, sales, arJ profits or a
Jaily basis. Sle supervises ore full-time employee wlo Joes tle
accourts receivable, Jata processir, of irvertory, arJ filir,.
-
re of tle most claller,ir, aspects of Slellis job is mara,ir,
tle casl flow-JeciJir, wlicl bills to pay immeJiately arJ
++ CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
wlicl ores to pay a little later. Sle says mara,ir, tle firarces
of a compary is always a balarcir, act." Wlile tle matl skills
sle uses are fairly basic, aryore Joir, a job like tlis reeJs to be
,ooJ at workir, witl rumbers arJ reeJs to be willir, to ,ive a
,reat Jeal of attertior to Jetail. Slelli is emplatic wler sle says
tlere's lots of room for error if you're rot accurate." Sle likes
workir, witl rumbers all Jay; ir fact, Slelli says rumbers make
up at least 8O percert of ler job.
-
Altlou,l mary barkir, proceJures arJ trarsactiors are com-
puterizeJ (electroric trarsfers are commor, arJ A1Ms-auto-
mateJ teller maclires-are everywlere), bark tellers are still
essertial, arJ, ir reality, mary people prefer Jealir, witl a
frierJly arJ krowleJ,eable professioral ratler tlar a maclire.
Lark tellers lave more cortact witl tle public tlar ary
otler bark employees. Wlile mary barks lave all-purpose
tellers," lar,er barks ofter assi,r tellers to specializeJ furctiors:
sellir, savir,s borJs
acceptir, utility bill paymerts
receivir, Clristmas Club Jeposits
mara,ir, access to safe Jeposit boxes
recorJir, arJ completir, paperwork for customer loars
sellir, travelers clecks
larJlir, arJ exclar,ir, forei,r currercy
processir, certificates of Jeposit
processir, morey market accourts
computir, irterest or savir,s accourts
MANAClNC MNLY AND CASH lLW +5
lr orJer to larJle tleir resporsibilities, tellers reeJ to learr
tle barks computer system arJ be familiar witl security proce-
Jures. 1ley reeJ to erjoy workir, witl tle public. Altlou,l
tellers reeJ to be comfortable workir, irJeperJertly, tley also
reeJ to realize tlat tleir work is closely superviseJ.
1ellers reeJ botl rumerical skills arJ ,ooJ clerical skills. \irtu-
ally all tellers lave a li,l sclool eJucatior, arJ some also lave
aJJitioral vocatioral or colle,e trairir,. Mary barks proviJe
or-tle-job trairir, as well as formal semirars to lelp rew tellers
,air familiarity witl specializeJ equipmert arJ tle proceJures
useJ ir tlat particular bark.
1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat tle meJiar earrir,s of full-time bark tellers are
$17,2OO. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs about $13,OOO; tle top 1O
percert earrs approximately $23,OOO. Mary bark tellers as well
as supervisors receive a variety of frir,e berefits.
-
Lecky 1sclartz (prorourceJ slots") is a customer service rep-
resertative at Ames Savir,s Lark.
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1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat firarcial mara,ers receive a meJiar arrual salary of
$55,1OO. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs $28,OOO or less, wlile tle
top 1O percert earrs more tlar $119,OOO. 1le salary level
JeperJs or tle size arJ locatior of tle or,arizatior; its likely to
be li,ler ir cities.
More specifically, tle meJiar arrual salary of loar officers
arJ courselors-$35,3+O-is usually lower tlar tle meJiar
ircome for firarcial mar,ers. 1le miJJle 5O percert of loar
officers arJ courselors earrs betweer $26,38O arJ $5O,2+O. 1le
lowest 1O percert earrs less tlar $2O,99O, wlile tle top 1O per-
cert earrs more tlar $82,27O. MeJiar arrual earrir,s ir tle
irJustries employir, tle lar,est rumber of loar officers arJ
courselors are listeJ lere:
Commercial barks $36,+OO
Mort,a,e barks arJ brokera,es $3+,7OO
Savir,s irstitutiors $3+,7OO
lersoral creJit irstitutiors $26,8OO
CreJit uriors $25,3OO
-
- -
lelli Sampsor is tle mort,a,e loar sales represertative for a
brarcl office of MiJlarJ Savir,s Lark. As tle mara,er of tle
mort,a,e Jepartmert, sle las four people workir, for ler:
a mort,a,e loar processor, a mort,a,e loar closer, arJ two
assistarts.
5+ CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
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1le route to becomir, a buyer varies from compary to compary.
Some firms promote qualifieJ employees to assistart buyer posi-
tiors; otlers recruit arJ trair colle,e ,raJuates arJ otler appli-
carts. Most stores prefer applicarts wlo lave completeJ
associates or baclelors Je,ree pro,rams ir fielJs sucl as market-
ir, or purclasir,. Most buyers be,ir as trairees before tley are
promoteJ to assistart buyers arJ, evertually, to buyers. 1rairee
pro,rams usually combire classroom irstructior ir merclarJis-
ir, arJ purclasir, witl slort job rotatiors ir areas sucl as sales,
accourts receivable, arJ tle stockroom. Lver after becomir, a
buyer, professiorals ir tle fielJ ofter take courses ir merclar-
Jisir, teclriques, atterJ traJe slows arJ corfererces, arJ reaJ
irJustry publicatiors.
1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat tle meJiar ircome for buyers is $31,6OO. Most buy-
ers earr betweer $23,5OO arJ $+3,OOO a year. 1le lowest 1O per-
cert avera,es less tlar $18,OOO; tle top 1O percert earrs more
tlar $66,5OO. Hi,ler salaries are more likely ir lar,e or,ariza-
tiors arJ vary somewlat accorJir, to factors sucl as tle amourt
arJ type of proJuct purclaseJ arJ tle employers sales volume.
Luyers for lar,e wlolesale Jistributors arJ for mass merclarJis-
ers sucl as lar,e Jiscourt or clair Jepartmert stores are amor,
tle most li,lly paiJ.
-
Sam Slaver is tle Jecorative lousewares buyer for Yourkers
Departmert Stores, a twerty-ei,lt-store corporatior tlrou,lout
tle MiJwest witl leaJquarters ir lowa. Yourkers is part of tle
Saks Departmert Store Croup, wlicl ircluJes 2++ specialty arJ
Jepartmert stores. Sam travels overseas for wlat le corsiJers tle
most excitir, part of lis job-re,otiatir, witl overseas verJors
68 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
for tle Jesi,r, marufacture, arJ slipmert of Jecorative louse-
wares, wlicl ircluJe Jirrerware, ,lassware, acrylics, wooJ, arJ
ceramics. As part of tlese re,otiatiors, Sam must reacl a,ree-
merts witl tle verJors about tlir,s sucl as tle Jesi,rs tley will
urJertake; tle mirimum quartities tleyre willir, to marufac-
ture; tle Jesi,r, quartity, arJ price of boxir,; arJ Jelivery
Jates. 1lis travel usually mears ,oir, to 1aiwar, but it some-
times mears tle llilippires or Hor, lor,.
Lauri says tlat wler sle starteJ sleJ alreaJy learreJ about
lareways computer system, wlicl tracks virtually all warelouse
irformatior for all items-price, special Jeals arJ price breaks,
layers arJ quartity per pallet, cases per pallet, locatior of pallets,
size arJ wei,lt, weekly arJ quarterly sales, pa,e listir, ir store
catalo,, arJ buyer. Wlat sle reeJeJ to learr was low to work
witl tle promotiors tlat were offereJ so tlat sle coulJ come up
witl tle best price to pass or to customers.
1o Jo ler job, Lauri says a persor reeJs a ,ooJ attituJe arJ
,ooJ matl ability." You also lave to be comfortable witl com-
puters arJ be able to be effective ir ore-or-ore work witl a
,reat mary people. Lauri says tlat sle las receiveJ lots of lelp"
from Lob Carper arJ tle rest of tle buyers. 1lere's always
someore to arswer a questior."
- -
lurclasir, a,erts (purclasir, mara,ers, cortract mara,ers,
procuremert officers, irJustrial buyers) are resporsible for
obtairir, tle ,ooJs, materials, supplies, arJ services for tleir
7+ CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
or,arizatiors. 1ley cleck tle quality as well as tle quartity arJ
re,otiate tle price arJ tle Jelivery Jate. Makir, sure tle rec-
essary materials are available is critical for ary proJuctior
process.
- - are usually resporsible for routire
purclases for ar or,arizatior arJ ofter specialize ir a ,roup
of relateJ commoJities, sucl as electroric comporerts,
lumber, or livestock.
- - are usually resporsible for more
complex purclasir, tasks arJ may supervise a ,roup of
a,erts larJlir, a rumber of relateJ ,ooJs arJ services.
Most comparies like ertry-level purclasir, a,erts to lave colle,e
Je,rees or a combiratior of colle,e courses arJ work experierce.
Some comparies will lire people witlout colle,e Je,rees arJ
start tlem as clerk-buyers wlo tler move up to buyer positiors.
However, aJvarcemert almost always requires a baclelors Je,ree
arJ ofter a masters Je,ree ir busiress. Comparies tlat Jeal witl
li,lly specializeJ or teclrical proJucts sucl as clemicals or
maclire tools expect purclasir, a,erts to lave a teclrical back-
,rourJ. Lecause so mucl work is Jore or tle computer, familiar-
ity witl computers is very importart. Le,irrir, purclasir,
a,erts ofter be,ir ir a trairir, pro,ram ir orJer to learr tle
comparys operatiors arJ purclasir, proceJures; tler tley work
witl experierceJ purclasir, a,erts to learr about commoJities,
prices, suppliers, arJ re,otiatir, teclriques.
1le reco,rizeJ mark of experierce arJ professioral compe-
terce is tle Jesi,ratior CertifieJ lurclasir, Mara,er (ClM),
corferreJ by tle Natioral Associatior of lurclasir, Mara,e-
mert (NAlM). lr orJer to receive tlis Jesi,ratior, carJiJates
must pass four exams arJ meet eJucatioral arJ experierce
requiremerts. tler Jesi,ratiors of professioral competerce are
LLYlNC lN 1HL WlllLACL 75
also possible. State arJ local ,overrmert employees wlo meet
experierce requiremerts car pass exams to earr tle Jesi,ratior
of lrofessioral lublic Luyer (llL) or CertifieJ lublic lurclas-
ir, fficer (Cll). A,erts specializir, ir cortractual aspects
of purclasir, wlo meet eJucatioral arJ experierce require-
merts car complete aJvarceJ course work arJ pass exams to
earr tle Jesi,ratior of CertifieJ Associate Cortract Mara,er
(CACM) or CertifieJ lrofessioral Cortract Mara,er (ClCM).
1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat tle meJiar ircome for purclasir, a,erts is approx-
imately $31,6OO. 1le miJJle 5O percert of purclasir, a,erts
earrs betweer $23,5OO arJ $+3,OOO a year. 1le lowest 1O per-
cert avera,es less tlar $18,OOO; tle top 1O percert earrs more
tlar $66,5OO.
- -
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-- plar pro,rams to raise morey for clarities or
otler causes sucl as tle Special lympics.
- - -- for temporary lelp a,ercies car
locate arJ acquire clierts wlo will use tle comparys
services.
-- - -- cortact arJ visit
commercial customers to review tleir commuricatior
systems, aralyze tleir commuricatior reeJs, arJ recommerJ
appropriate equipmert arJ services to meet tlose reeJs.
Despite tle Jiversity of tle services, all sales service repre-
sertatives slare a rumber of claracteristics. 1ley all must urJer-
starJ arJ be able to explair tle comparys services. 1le
proceJures tley follow are similar ir tlat tley Jevelop lists of
prospective clierts to cortact. 1ley select from a variety of
metloJs-Jiscussiors, Jemorstratiors, auJiovisual preserta-
tiors, reaJir, material, questior-arJ-arswer sessiors-to try to
persuaJe tle potertial customer to purclase tle service. lf tle
potertial customer buys tle service, tle sales service represerta-
tive re,ularly follows up to make sure tlat tle service is meetir,
tle customers reeJs.
Most sales service represertatives lave colle,e Je,rees. Lmploy-
ers wlo lave a complex or teclrical service may require tlat
tleir sales service represertatives lave specializeJ Je,rees ir
marketir,, computer scierce, or er,ireerir,. Mary comparies
lave tleir owr trairir, pro,rams tlat irtroJuce tle comparys
operatiors arJ services as well as review various sales teclriques,
sucl as prospectir, for customers, probir, customer reeJs, irter-
viewir,, makir, sales presertatiors, arJ closir, a sale. Some
comparies also proviJe motivatioral arJ sersitivity trairir,.
82 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
AccorJir, to tle most recert
tle meJiar arrual earrir,s for specializeJ sales service repre-
sertatives are $35,OOO. Larrir,s of sales service represertatives
are corsiJerably li,ler for tlose wlo sell teclrical services,
sucl as computer or commuricatior services. Some sales service
represertatives car earr more tlar $1OO,OOO a year.
-
- -
Lisa Lttlir,er is a serior major accourt represertative for MCl,
a telecommuricatiors compary. Wler Lisa starteJ at MCl, tle
compary laJ +5O employees; row it is a telecommuricatiors
,iart, wlicl mears tlat its tlousarJs of employees rot orly
lave lots of opporturities, but tley also reeJ to be flexible arJ
aJapt to tle mary clar,es tlat are part of a rapiJly ,rowir,
compary.
-
Lisas owr professioral success las paralleleJ tle success of MCl.
Sle starteJ out ir telemarketir, arJ tler was promoteJ to
accourt executive ir ,ereral busiress sales. After tlat sle moveJ
up to a positior as serior accourt executive arJ tler to accourt
executive. Arotler promotior brou,lt ler to serior accourt
executive arJ arotler ore to ler currert positior as serior
major accourt represertative. Lisas commitmert to ler job at
MCl is rewarJeJ. Sle works or a salary plus commissior basis,
witl approximately 5O percert of ler ircome comir, from eacl.
lor people ir ler positior, tle base salary rar,es betweer
$3O,OOO to $5O,OOO, witl ro ceilir, or commissiors.
lr orJer to be corsiJereJ as a major accourt by MCl, a com-
pary reeJs to lave lor,-Jistarce teleplore experses rar,ir,
MAllL1lNC AND SLLLlNC lN 1HL WlllLACL 83
from approximately $5O,OOO per mortl to $+OO,OOO per mortl.
(Above tlat amourt, tle accourts are larJleJ by a ratioral
accourt represertative.) 1ypically, Lisa mara,es a Jozer major
accourts, courtir, amor, ler clierts well-krowr firms ir
firarce, retail busiress, computer software, meJicire, arJ ploto
ima,ir,. Sle says tlis variety is ore of tle best parts of ler job.
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l am able to work or several Jifferert projects at tle same
time.
l car work well witl various kirJs of people.
lf you, too, a,ree witl tlese statemerts, a career ir computer sci-
erce or er,ireerir, mi,lt be ri,lt for you.
---
1le computer irJustry offers a wiJe rar,e of career possibilities
tlat ircluJe pro,rammir,, systems aralysis, teclrical support,
Jatabase mara,emert, marketir, arJ sales, electroric Jata pro-
cessir, (LDl), arJ irformatior Jesi,r, as well as irstallatior
arJ repair.
Computer scierce is a ,rowir, career area. 1le L.S. Lureau of
Labor Statistics preJicts tlat most computer jobs will cortirue
to slow a si,rificart ircrease. lor example, tle ,rowtl is Jue
ir part to tle move towarJ Ji,ital teleplore retworks, wlicl
mears more software will be reeJeJ to rur tle systems. Arotler
factor is tle proliferatior of less expersive arJ more versatile
computers, wlicl mears tlat more systems aralysts will be
reeJeJ to irte,rate various comporerts irto colerert systems.
Havir, more computers mears, of course, tlat more Jata pro-
cessir, equipmert repairers will be reeJeJ.
lrofessiorals ir computer scierce ,ererally reeJ a two- or four-
year colle,e Je,ree, arJ for some complex jobs a ,raJuate Je,ree
is preferreJ. 1ley reeJ to be familiar witl pro,rammir, lar-
,ua,es arJ computer systems. Lqually importart, tley reeJ to be
able to tlirk lo,ically, like workir, witl botl people arJ iJeas,
arJ be able to mara,e a rumber of tasks simultareously. 1ley
1O2 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
reeJ to pay close attertior to Jetail, be able to work botl irJe-
perJertly arJ or teams, arJ lave stror, commuricatior skills,
botl ir speakir, arJ writir,.
1le most recert eJitior of tle
reports tlat tle meJiar ircome for computer pro,rammers is
$+7,5OO. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs $27,7OO or less; tle top 1O
percert earrs more tlar $88,7OO.
MeJiar arrual earrir,s ir tle irJustries employir, tle
lar,est rumbers of computer pro,rammers are slowr lere:
lersorrel supply services $53,7OO
Computer arJ Jata processir, services $+8,9OO
1eleplore commuricatiors $+8,8OO
lrofessioral arJ commercial equipmert $+7,7OO
Mara,emert arJ public relatiors $+6,+OO
lelateJ computer careers slow similarly li,l earrir,s.
AccorJir, to tle tlese are
tle meJiar earrir,s of computer-relateJ occupatiors:
Computer er,ireers $61,91O
Database aJmiristrators $+9,OOO
Computer sciertists $+6,5OO
Computer support specialists $37,12O
Startir, salaries for computer sciertists or computer er,ireers
witl baclelors Je,rees car be si,rificartly li,ler tlar startir,
salaries of baclelors Je,ree ,raJuates ir mary otler fielJs.
ffers for tlose witl baclelors Je,rees vary by specialty:
AllLYlNC QLAN1l1A1l\L 1HlNllNC 1O3
HarJware Jesi,r arJ Jevelopmert $+5,9OO
Software Jesi,r arJ Jevelopmert $+5,6OO
lrformatior systems $+1,6OO
Systems aralysis arJ Jesi,r $+1,1OO
-
lobert Carosso is currertly a staff er,ireer witl Lull WorlJwiJe
lrformatior Systems, a lrercl compary witl Americar offices
arJ marufacturir, facilities. Lob starteJ as ar associate pro-
,rammer arJ tler was promoteJ to associate er,ireer, er,ireer,
serior er,ireer, prircipal er,ireer, arJ corsultir, er,ireer.
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actuaries specialize ir persior plars. Altlou,l a few actuaries
work for feJeral or state ,overrmert a,ercies, most work for
irsurarce comparies locateJ ir major cities.
Actuaries be,ir witl a baclelors Je,ree, ofter ir matlematics
or statistics. A few are lucky erou,l to lave a Je,ree ir actuar-
ial scierce. Actually, mary comparies will lire applicarts from
mary majors-ecoromics, busiress, er,ireerir,-as lor, as tle
applicart las a stror, back,rourJ ir matlematics, ircluJir,
calculus, probability, arJ statistics.
Actuaries lave a series of ter exams tley must pass; complet-
ir, tle ertire series of exams usually takes from five to ter years.
Mary be,irrir, actuaries pass tle first exam or two wlile
tleyre still ir colle,e; otlers be,ir tle exam-takir, process after
tleyve beer lireJ. \irtually all employers proviJe or-tle-job
time (arJ sometimes trairir,) to lelp actuaries pass tlese
exams, wlicl are ,iver twice a year. 1le Society of Actuaries
,ives exams for life arJ lealtl irsurarce as well as persiors; tle
Casualty Actuarial Society ,ives exams for property arJ liability
irsurarce; arJ tle Americar Society of lersior Actuaries ,ives
exams coverir, persiors. 1le first tlree exams by eacl society
cover similar irformatior, so stuJerts Jort reeJ to specialize
urtil after tleyve passeJ tlese. Ar actuary wlo passes five
exams earrs tle title of associate"; tlose wlo pass all ter exams
earr tle title of fellow."
1le most recert irformatior publisleJ by tle Society of Actu-
aries arJ tle Casualty Actuarial Society reports tlat salaries
vary JeperJir, or ,eo,raplic locatior arJ experierce.
AccorJir, to tle most recert eJitior of tle
ertry-level actuaries witl top comparies
128 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
earr about $+1,5OO. 1le meJiar arrual earrir,s of actuaries
are $65,66O. 1le miJJle 5O percert earrs betweer $+5,66O arJ
$89,9OO. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs less tlar $36,OOO, wlile
tle top 1O percert earrs more tlar $123,81O. 1le avera,e
salary for actuaries employeJ by tle feJeral ,overrmert is
$72,8OO. lrsurarce comparies arJ corsultir, firms ofter ,ive
merit ircreases to actuaries as tley ,air experierce arJ pass
examiratiors. Some comparies also offer casl boruses for eacl
professioral Jesi,ratior aclieveJ. Associate-level actuaries ir
top comparies wlo are irvolveJ ir Jesi,rir,, pricir,, arJ
implemertir, Jecisiors about irsurarce proJucts earr about
$88,OOO. 1le most teclrically proficiert actuaries witlout mar-
a,erial resporsibilities earr more tlar $1O1,OOO.
1wo professioral actuarial societies-tle Society of Actuaries
arJ tle Casualty Actuarial Society-lave JevelopeJ a list of
questiors you car ask yourself to lelp you JeciJe wletler you
sloulJ corsiJer a career as ar actuary.
Are your ,raJes above avera,e` Are you ar excellert matl
stuJert`
Are you irquisitive` Do you like to solve complicateJ
problems`
Do you like writir,` Do you like talkir, witl people`
Are you irteresteJ ir a rar,e of issues: listorical, social,
le,islative, arJ political`
Are you self-motivateJ` Do you ,et results`
lf your arswers are yes," you mi,lt seriously corsiJer becom-
ir, ar actuary.
CALCLLA1lNC llLALlLl1lLS AND llSlS 129
-
-
Lriar Leckmar is a serior actuarial aralyst for Courtry Mutual
lrsurarce, a compary tlat sells property arJ casualty irsurarce.
He las passeJ five of lis ter levels of casualty actuarial exams.
Lecause part of lis job Jescriptior irvolves makir, pro,ress or
lis exams, tle compary ,ives lim (arJ otler actuaries wlo are
still workir, or tleir exams) ore lurJreJ lours of office time
for eacl of tle two exam perioJs eacl year. Lriar estimates tlat
le sperJs at least two lurJreJ aJJitioral lours stuJyir, for
eacl exam. Lver after Lriar completes all ter of tle casualty
actuarial exams, le will be expecteJ to keep stuJyir,. All actu-
aries are requireJ to pursue cortiruir, eJucatior after tleir
exams are completeJ. lor example, tley mi,lt atterJ rate-
makir, semirars or loss-reservir, semirars.
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-- stuJy plarts arJ tleir ervirormerts. re critical
specializatior is plart ,eretics.
-- irvesti,ate tle ,rowtl arJ claracteristics of
microscopic or,arisms sucl as bacteria, viruses, arJ fur,i.
--- stuJy life furctiors of plarts arJ arimals, botl
ir tle wlole or,arism arJ at tle cellular or molecular level
arJ urJer rormal arJ abrormal circumstarces.
-- stuJy tle ori,ir, belavior, Jiseases, arJ life
processes of arimals.
A Joctorate is requireJ for colle,e teaclir,, irJeperJert
researcl, arJ aJvarcemert to aJmiristrative positiors. A mas-
ters Je,ree is sufficiert for some jobs ir applieJ researcl or for
jobs ir mara,emert, irspectior, sales, arJ service. Some ,raJu-
ates witl baclelors Je,rees start as biolo,ical sciertists ir testir,
arJ irspectior or ,et jobs relateJ to biolo,ical scierce, sucl as
teclrical sales or service represertatives. tlers become biolo,-
ical teclriciars, meJical laboratory teclriciars, or li,l sclool
biolo,y teaclers. Mary people witl baclelors Je,rees erter
sclools ir meJicire, Jertistry, veterirary scierce, or otler lealtl
professiors.
AccorJir, to tle most recert eJitior of tle
meJiar arrual earrir,s of biolo,ical sciertists
are $+6,2OO. AccorJir, to tle Natioral Associatior of Colle,es
arJ Lmployers, be,irrir, salary offers avera,e $29,OOO for bacl-
elors Je,ree recipierts ir biolo,ical scierces, about $3+,5OO for
masters Je,ree recipierts, arJ about $+5,7OO for Joctoral Je,ree
recipierts. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs less tlar $27,9OO. 1le
1+6 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
miJJle 5O percert earrs betweer $35,2OO arJ $67,8OO. 1le
li,lest 1O percert earrs more tlar $86,OOO.
1lese are tle meJiar arrual earrir,s ir tle irJustries
employir, tle lar,est rumbers of biolo,ical sciertists:
leJeral ,overrmert $+8,6OO
llarmaceuticals $+6,3OO
lesearcl arJ testir, services $+O,8OO
State ,overrmert, except
eJucatior arJ lospitals $38,OOO
lr ,ereral, biolo,ists specializir, ir meJical scierce earr more,
re,arJless of tle irJustry.
- -
Marit Nilser-Hamiltor Jescribes lerself as a bioclemist-cell
biolo,ist-molecular biolo,ist, wlicl emplasizes tle irterJiscipli-
rary rature of scierce-a useful view tlat, sle says, sloulJ be
ercoura,eJ.
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equal ore rickel, takir, ore-lalf of a cookie), mary otlers Jort
ever krow tlis mucl. Llemertary teaclers ,et tle opporturity
rot orly to teacl tlese corcepts, but also to irstill urJerstarJir,
of tle ways ir wlicl rumeracy is part of everyJay life. lr mary
elemertary sclools, teaclers work as part of a team, witl ore
teacler resporsible for teaclir, quartitative skills to stuJerts.
Llemertary teaclers ir public sclools arJ certifieJ private
sclools reeJ to lave baclelors Je,rees, usually ir elemertary
eJucatior, arJ complete ar approveJ teacler eJucatior pro-
,ram. All states arJ tle District of Columbia require tlat teacl-
ers be licerseJ arJ/or certifieJ by takir, a specific series of
colle,e courses as well as participatir, ir stuJert teaclir,. Lsu-
ally teaclers car be certifieJ ir early clilJlooJ eJucatior (rurs-
ery sclool tlrou,l ,raJe tlree), elemertary ,raJes (typically
,raJes ore tlrou,l six or ei,lt), or ir a special subject sucl as
reaJir,, music, bilir,ual eJucatior, speecl, or special eJucatior.
lequiremerts for certificatior vary by state; lowever, tley
typically ircluJe at least a baclelors Je,ree from ar accreJiteJ
four-year pro,ram arJ tle completior of ar approveJ teacler
eJucatior pro,ram, wlicl ircluJes stuJert teaclir,.
lr some states, rew teaclers reeJ to lave completeJ a five-
year pro,ram ir wlicl tley earr a baclelors Je,ree arJ a mas-
ters Je,ree. lreservice teaclers take courses ir tle subject areas
tleyre plarrir, to teacl (matl, scierce, social stuJies,
literature, compositior, music, art) as well as ir professioral eJu-
catior courses (plilosoply of eJucatior, psyclolo,y of learrir,,
teaclir, metloJs). Mary states lave ,raJe-poirt-avera,e
requiremerts.
Mary states row also require teaclers to pass ratioral, state,
arJ sometimes local teacler tests for competercy ir basic skills,
teaclir, skills, arJ subject matter. Nearly all states require aJJi-
tioral eJucatior (a masters Je,ree) for rerewal of certificatior.
166 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
Lmploymert for elemertary sclool teaclers is expecteJ to
,row about as fast as tle avera,e for all occupatiors as erroll-
merts ircrease.
AccorJir, to tle Americar leJeratior of 1eaclers, be,irrir,
teaclers witl baclelors Je,rees earr ar avera,e of $25,7OO for
tle sclool year. 1le estimateJ avera,e salary of all public ele-
mertary sclool teaclers is $39,3OO. lrivate sclool teaclers ,er-
erally earr less tlar public sclool teaclers. AccorJir, to tle
most recert meJiar arrual
earrir,s of kirJer,arter arJ elemertary sclool teaclers rar,e
from $33,6OO to $37,9OO. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs $19,7OO
to $2+,+OO; tle top 1O percert earrs $53,7OO to $7O,1OO.
More tlar lalf of all public sclool teaclers belor, to
uriors-primarily tle Americar leJeratior of 1eaclers arJ tle
Natioral LJucatior Associatior-tlat bar,air witl sclool sys-
tems over wa,es, lours, arJ tle terms arJ corJitiors of employ-
mert. Some teaclers earr extra ircome Jurir, tle summer
workir, ir tle sclool system or ir otler jobs.
-
1eclrolo,y also las causeJ a bi, clar,e, but usir, tle tecl-
rolo,y (calculators arJ computers) las to be balarceJ witl
urJerstarJir, tle corcepts. StuJerts row car use ,raplir, cal-
culators (wlicl are really miricomputers) tlat ,rapl arJ solve
equatiors. lor example, ima,ire stuJerts are solvir, a secorJ-
Je,ree equatior. 1ley coulJ firJ tle two solutiors first by fac-
torir, or by usir, a quaJratic formula, arJ tler tley coulJ ,rapl
tle furctior or tleir ,raplir, calculator, wlicl lelps tlem
visualize tle problem. 1le ,raplir, calculator exparJs tle
rar,e of problems tlat car be solveJ sirce factorir, works ir less
tlar 1 percert of tle equatiors tle stuJerts will ercourter.
-
lr aJJitior to lis Ames Hi,l Sclool resporsibilities, 1ory las
preserteJ sessiors at tle state matl corfererce arJ writter
jourral articles about botl teaclir, arJ researcl. 1wo of lis
researcl projects lave irvolveJ examirir, ,erJer bias ir accel-
erateJ matl classes arJ assessir, matl arxiety ir li,l sclool
pro,rams arJ reJucir, it witl auJiotapeJ treatmert.
- -
Colle,e arJ uriversity faculty teacl arJ aJvise more tlar twelve
millior full-time arJ part-time colle,e stuJerts arJ perform a
17+ CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
SHAllNC NLMLLl-ClLNCHlNC lNW-HW 175
si,rificart part of tle researcl tlat is corJucteJ ir our courtry.
Despite tleir commitmert to aJvarcir, tle krowleJ,e ir tle
Jisciplire tlrou,l researcl arJ publicatior, mary faculty mem-
bers see teaclir, stuJerts as tle primary obli,atior.
Most full-time colle,e arJ uriversity professors are ir ore of four
acaJemic rarks: professor, associate professor, assistart professor,
or irstructor. Some two-year colle,es arJ commurity colle,es
Jo rot lave rarks. Most full-time faculty at four-year sclools
lave Joctoral Je,rees. At two-year colle,es arJ commurity
colle,es, some full-time faculty may lave masters Je,rees. 1em-
porary or part-time faculty ir botl two-year arJ four-year col-
le,es may lolJ masters Je,rees or be Joctoral carJiJates. A
persor witl orly a baclelors Je,ree is urlikely to teacl ir most
colle,es.
Doctoral pro,rams usually take four to sever years of full-time
stuJy beyorJ a baclelors Je,ree. CarJiJates usually specialize
ir a subfielJ of a Jisciplire but also take courses coverir, tle
wlole Jisciplire. 1le work ircluJes a Jissertatior, wlicl is a
report or ori,iral researcl to arswer some si,rificart questior
ir tle fielJ.
AJvarcemert tlrou,l acaJemic rarks at four-year uriversi-
ties (sclools witl ,raJuate pro,rams arJ faculty members wlo
corJuct researcl) requires excellerce ir teaclir,, researcl,
publicatior, arJ/or service to tle irstitutior. 1le wei,lt ,iver
to eacl cate,ory Jiffers accorJir, to tle type of irstitutior.
Newly lireJ faculty serve a temporary or probatiorary perioJ
(usually sever years). lf tle review ir eacl of tle cate,ories is
favorable accorJir, to tlat irstitutiors starJarJs, tle persor is
,rarteJ terure (wlicl mears tle persor carrot be fireJ witl-
out just cause arJ Jue process). Similar starJarJs are useJ for
promotior to eacl rark. lr some two-year colle,es, commurity
colle,es, arJ urJer,raJuate four-year colle,es, promotior arJ
terure are baseJ far more or teaclir, arJ service tlar or
researcl arJ publicatior.
AccorJir, to tle most recert eJitior of tle
tle meJiar arrual earrir,s of colle,e arJ uri-
versity faculty are about $+6,6OO. 1le lowest 1O percert earrs
less tlar $23,1OO. 1le miJJle 5O percert earrs betweer $33,+OO
arJ $71,+OO. 1le li,lest 1O percert earrs about $9O,+OO. Larr-
ir,s vary accorJir, to faculty rark arJ type of irstitutior, ,eo-
,raplic area, arJ fielJ. laculty ir four-year irstitutiors earr
li,ler salaries, or tle avera,e, tlar tlose ir two-year sclools.
lr fielJs witl li,l-payir, roracaJemic alterratives-rotably
meJicire arJ law but also er,ireerir, arJ busiress, amor, otl-
ers-earrir,s exceeJ tlese avera,es.
-
--
Hollace L. (Holly) Lristol is ar associate professor of matlemat-
ics at Nortlwesterr Correcticut Commurity Colle,e, wlicl is
ore of twelve commurity/teclrical colle,es ir Correcticut. 1le
more tlar tlirty full-time faculty at tlis two-tlousarJ-stuJert
commuter campus are uriorizeJ; tley sperJ twelve lours per
week teaclir, arJ ar equal time ir class preparatior, at least
tlree lours per week meetir, witl stuJerts Jurir, office lours,
arJ a mirimum of rire lours per week ir service work" (for
example, curriculum Jevelopmert, project committees, arJ
Jepartmertal arJ colle,e committees).
Holly las a baclelors Je,ree ir sociolo,y (alor, tle way, sle was
ar er,ireerir, major arJ a matl major) arJ a masters Je,ree ir
176 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
secorJary eJucatior. Sle also spert a year at tle Cestalt lrsti-
tute learrir, about tlerapeutic practices arJ ,roup process.
Holly starteJ teaclir, at Nortlwesterr Correcticut Commu-
rity Colle,e part-time for tle first tlree years arJ tler full-time
ever sirce. Lefore tlat sle workeJ ir a Correcticut YMCA out-
reacl pro,ram for JisaJvarta,eJ youtls for two years. Sle spert
arotler year workir, witl trairable" aJults ir a private resi-
Jertial facility ir Califorria.
lor tle past year, sle also las coorJirateJ tle 1eaclir, lart-
rers lroject, a project workir, witl twerty full-time faculty from
tle severteer postsecorJary vocatioral sclools arJ commurity
colle,es tlrou,lout tle state. A pair of teaclers from tle same
sclool work to,etler to observe eacl otlers teaclir,, keep
jourrals about tleir observatiors, arJ irterview eacl otlers
stuJerts. 1le purpose is to ircrease awareress of tleir owr
strate,ies arJ teaclir, styles ir ar effort to improve tlem. Holly
saiJ tle project was successful. larticiparts saw tlir,s tley
warteJ to clar,e, arJ it maJe a Jiffererce ir tleir teaclir,.
lr aJJitior to ler teaclir, at NCCC, sle ofter acts as a
corsultart for elemertary matl teaclers wlo wart to krow more
about usir, maripulatives-larJs-or Jevices to lelp ,air a
corcrete serse of matlematical relatiorslips arJ operatiors-
arJ problem-solvir, teclriques. Sle ,ives or-campus workslops
arJ also visits area sclool systems to lelp matl teaclers imple-
mert tle starJarJs aJvocateJ by tle Natioral Courcil of 1eacl-
ers of Matlematics. Sle says tlat colle,e teaclers reeJ to pay
attertior to wlat's lapperir, ir l-12 matl classes; tle Jiscus-
siors across levels rot orly will lelp Jeal witl tle isolatior tlat
some colle,e teaclers experierce, but it also will erricl tle
teaclir, metloJolo,ies available to most colle,e teaclers.
Holly says sle really likes tle wiJe rar,e of a,e arJ corcerrs of
tle stuJerts" because sle is able to Jraw or tleir experierces
SHAllNC NLMLLl-ClLNCHlNC lNW-HW 177
Jurir, class. AccorJir, to Hollys plilosoply of teaclir,, ore of
tle key tlir,s tlat makes a course a success for tle stuJerts is
tleir irteractiors. Sle sees ore part of ler job as rurturir, class
colesiveress, wlicl ofter lappers ir resporse to ler operress
arJ ler willir,ress to ackrowleJ,e tlat stuJerts may lave a
li,l Je,ree of matl arxiety. Sle Jeals Jirectly witl tlese arxi-
eties-sle teacles relaxatior exercises, las stuJerts keep jour-
rals ir wlicl tley write about previous matl experierces, arJ
ercoura,es awareress exercises to replace olJ, re,ative experi-
erces witl rew, more positive ores.
Holly says it's importart to treat a class as a social or,arism,"
wlicl Joesrt lapper if sle just starJs ir frort of tle class arJ
lectures. As a result, sle ercoura,es cooperative learrir, arJ
lots of small ,roup problem solvir," witl Jifferert people
tlrou,lout tle semester. Sle must be Joir, sometlir, ri,lt;
tlese teclriques si,rificartly reJuce witlJrawal rates.
Sometlir, tlat lappers re,ularly ir Hollys classes is tlat ler
stuJerts use maripulatives. lor example, ler stuJerts work witl
Cuiseraire roJs to see corcrete examples of fractiors arJ equa-
tiors, arJ tley use ,eoboarJs to ,air a better urJerstarJir, of
fractior problems as well as area arJ perimeter problems.
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AccorJir, to tle ,ereral
mara,ers arJ top executives are amor, tle li,lest-paiJ work-
ers; lowever, salaries vary wiJely JeperJir, or tle level of
resporsibility, ler,tl of service, arJ type, size, arJ locatior of
tle firm. 1op executives ir very lar,e corporatiors ,ererally earr
si,rificartly more tlar tleir courterparts ir smaller or,ariza-
tiors. 1le meJiar salary for clief executive officers (CLs) of
public comparies is approximately $8OO,OOO. However, tlree-
quarters of CLs ir tle rorprofit sector make less tlar
$1OO,OOO. lr aJJitior to salaries, total compersatior for CLs
ofter ircluJes stock optiors, JiviJerJs, performarce boruses,
experse allowarces, arJ compary-paiJ irsurarce premiums.
1le meJiar arrual earrir,s of ,ereral mara,ers are $55,89O.
1le miJJle 5O percert earrs betweer $35,OOO arJ $9+,6OO.
Lecause tle specific resporsibilities of ,ereral mara,ers vary si,-
rificartly witlir irJustries, earrir,s also terJ to vary corsiJer-
ably. 1lis list preserts tle meJiar arrual earrir,s ir tle
irJustries employir, tle lar,est rumbers of ,ereral mara,ers
arJ top executives:
Mara,emert arJ public relatiors $91,+OO
Computer arJ Jata processir, services $9O,6OO
Wlolesale traJe maclirery,
equipmert, supplies $65,9OO
Casolire service statiors $36,8OO
Latir, arJ Jrirkir, places $33,OOO
-
As presiJert arJ CL of tle lowa State Lriversity CreJit
Lrior, DaviJ Slau,lter mara,es a creJit urior for all uriversity
186 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
employees tlat arrually irvests more tlar $6O millior for its
members. Civer tle state of tle ratioral ecoromy, DaviJ is
pleaseJ witl tle steaJy irterest rates tlat creJit urior members
usually earr or tleir irvestmerts. Lefore acceptir, lis currert
positior, le laJ a rumber of jobs, ircluJir, Jirector of accourt-
ir, for a lar,e public lospital ir 1exas. Lefore tlat le was vice
presiJert of accourtir, arJ tler presiJert of a creJit urior ir
Dallas.
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- -
Mar,aret Lurrett owrs a ,arJer Jesi,r busiress tlat specializes ir
creatir, arJ mairtairir, courtry estate ,arJers tlat lave beer
featureJ ir - arJ Most of ler
customers are ir rortlwesterr Correcticut, rear wlere sle lives ir
Norfolk. Mar,aret las ar associates Je,ree ir fire arts, a baclelors
Je,ree witl lorors ir liberal arts arJ lumarities, arJ a masters
Je,ree ir social work, rore of wlicl ,ave ler mucl back,rourJ ir
matl. However, ir ler busiress, sle uses a variety of quartitative
skills: Jesi,rir, ,arJers, preppir, ,arJers, orJerir, plarts, billir,
customers, arJ mara,ir, quarterly arJ arrual tax recorJs.
As a ,arJer Jesi,rer for courtry estates, Mar,aret is iritially
corcerreJ witl tle Jesi,r layout of a ,arJer. Sle corsiJers a
variety of factors ir creatir, a Jesi,r: spacir, betweer plarts
arJ slrubs; bloom time (time, Juratior) arJ Jormarcy; plart
lei,lt, color, arJ texture; arJ plart frierJliress" (tlat is, a
plart's sersual qualities-ls it prickly` ls it fra,rart`). Lut sle
also las to corsiJer more quartitative factors. lor example,
mary Jesi,rers work witl tle broaJ ,uiJelire of ei,lt plarts per
ore lurJreJ square feet of ,arJer; lowever, Mar,aret aJjusts
tlis ,uiJelire accorJir, to a variety of factors, sucl as tle type
arJ size of tle plart or slrub, tle exposure, arJ tle type of soil.
Wler Mar,aret preps a ,arJer, sle cuts tle slape arJ lays out
tle lire of tle ,arJer, JesoJs arJ tler tills tle area, tests tle
soil, arJ aJJs amerJmerts" (soil corJitiorers sucl as marure,
peat, sarJ, or,aric matter, compost, lime, mulcl, superplos-
plate or or,aric plosplate, clemicals, or ratural fertilizers-
bore meal, asl). 1le rates of applicatior for soil corJitiorers are
JetermireJ by formulas tlat vary witl factors sucl as tle rature
of tle soil, tle type of corJitiorer, arJ tle type of applicatior
(two applicatior optiors are pourJs per square foot or area or
pourJs per slrub or tree Jiameter). lor example, bark mulcl is
spreaJ two to tlree ircles tlick arJ left to lie or top of tle soil;
compost also is spreaJ two to tlree ircles tlick, but it is workeJ
irto tle top layer of tle soil.
2O+ CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
Mary otler aspects of ,arJer Jesi,r are a combiratior of
artistic sersitivities balarceJ witl ar expert krowleJ,e of lorti-
culture arJ ,uiJeJ by a variety of quartitative ,uiJelires arJ
rules of tlumb, ircluJir, tlese corsiJeratiors:
maripulative prurir, (for example, to create espalliers)
specialty prurir, (for example, to rejuverate, to ercoura,e
flowerir, or folia,e, or to improve si,lt lires)
selectior of ,arJer type (sucl as slaJe or sur, wet or Jry,
folia,e or blooms)
estate ,arJer mairterarce (wlicl ircluJes prurir,,
weeJir,, eJ,ir,, fertilizir,, cultivatir,, arJ ,roomir,)
Arotler area of Mar,arets work is commor to every owrer of
a small busiress. Sle las to pay a variety of experses beyorJ ler
materials for lerself arJ ler seasoral employees: workers com-
persatior, uremploymert, social security, sales tax (6 percert
labor arJ materials), estimateJ taxes, busiress liability irsur-
arce, arJ state licersir, fees. lr tle summer, sle sometimes
mairtairs as mucl as $2,OOO ir plart stock, reaJy for customers
,arJers. Sle las to calculate tle price for tlis stock, corsiJerir,
ler cost, wlicl ircluJes factors sucl as tle wlolesale or Jis-
courteJ price sle paiJ, tle Jifficulty of obtairir, tle plart, tle
special care tle plart may lave taker, arJ tle ,arJer Jesi,r ir
wlicl tle plart will be useJ.
Mar,aret las to purclase arJ mairtair equipmert for ler
work-rot orly a truck, but smaller pieces sucl as a rototiller,
leJ,e trimmer, leaf blower, leaf sucker, strir, trimmer, arJ weeJ
wacker. Sle also las to pay memberslip Jues for professioral
or,arizatiors, subscriptiors for jourrals arJ traJe ma,azires,
arJ books for professioral refererce. Sle re,ularly atterJs
professioral Jesi,r semirars sporsoreJ tlrou,l or,arizatiors
sucl as tle New York Lotarical CarJer arJ ArrolJ Arboretum.
Wlile beir, a ,arJer Jesi,rer is rot primarily a quartitative
NLMLLl ClLNCHlNC lN 1HLl lllLSSlNS 2O5
professior, Mar,aret reeJs to keep recorJs-work sleets arJ
materials lists-so tle bookkeeper car Jo tle billir, arJ so tle
accourtart car prepare tle quarterly arJ arrual tax forms.
-
Look publislers-especially uriversity presses-like to tlirk
tlat part of wlat tleyre Joir, is makir, irterestir, arJ ever
valuable iJeas available to a broaJ auJierce.
-
-
Dor StarforJ is tle Jirector of irterratioral marketir, at Ml1
lress ir CambriJ,e, Massaclusetts. Lver tlou,l le las a ll.D.
ir political scierce arJ las Jore some colle,e teaclir,, le las
spert tle majority of lis professioral life workir, ir publislir,.
Most of Dors job Jeals witl creatir,, mairtairir,, arJ moJ-
ifyir, sales arJ promotior pro,rams. His formal trairir, ir matl
is limiteJ to al,ebra ir li,l sclool arJ tri,orometry arJ calcu-
lus ir colle,e. lr ,raJuate sclool, le JiJ stuJy statistics arJ com-
puter pro,rammir, (sucl as ll1lAN) as part of lis work or
survey metloJolo,y. Altlou,l le lasrt taker a lar,e rumber of
matl courses, le las ar importart claracteristic typical of peo-
ple wlo use quartitative approacles ir tleir careers: le believes
tlat rumeracy is importart arJ tlat everyore sloulJ lave basic
matl arJ computer skills tlat will lelp tlem be more effective
at tleir jobs.
Mary aspects of lis job require simple matl-for example,
projectir, low mary Ml1 lress books will be solJ ir various
courtries Jurir, tle comir, year arJ corstructir, lis arrual
buJ,et. Sometimes, lowever, le ercourters more Jifficult prob-
lems tlat require rumeracy. lecertly, le reeJeJ to create a Jata-
base table tlat woulJ automatically proviJe two Jifferert prices
2O6 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
for eacl of tle more tlar two lurJreJ rew books per year tlat
Ml1 lress aJJs to its list: a Jollar price for L.S. sales arJ ar
export price markeJ up by some uriform percerta,e over tle
L.S. Jollar price. Lrforturately, usir, a starJarJ markup ofter
results ir oJJ fi,ures; for example, if tle L.S. price of $9.95 was
ircreaseJ by a starJarJ 12 percert markup, tle rew price woulJ
be $11.1+. Dor warteJ tle certs" part of tle price to be star-
JarJ-25, 5O, 75, 95-so le reeJeJ tle computer pro,ram to
automatically rourJ tle price to tle rearest 25 certs, urless tle
price was closer to a Jollar, ir wlicl case tle pro,ram reeJeJ to
move tle price to tle Jollar mirus 5 certs. 1le computer mar-
ual JiJrt lave ar easy arJ obvious solutior, arJ ro ore else ir
tle office krew immeJiately low to solve tle problem. Dor useJ
tle existir, computer furctiors ir rew ways, applyir, wlat le
krew to solve tlis quartitative problem.
-
Sclool aJmiristrators are primarily resporsible for implemertir,
tle policies of tle sclool boarJ arJ assurir, tle smootl Jay-to-
Jay operatior of tle sclool. Leir, a sclool aJmiristrator is pri-
marily a job ir or,arizatioral mara,emert, Jealir, witl lots of
people ir a variety of situatiors.
-
lay Nortl is tle CoorJirator l-12/lesource 1eacler of CifteJ
StuJerts for Ames Commurity Sclools LxterJeJ Learrir,
lro,ram, wlicl is tle sclool Jistricts pro,ram for talerteJ arJ
,ifteJ (1AC) stuJerts. lay really isrt a rumber crurcler,
but two importart parts of ler job make rumber crurclir, a
NLMLLl ClLNCHlNC lN 1HLl lllLSSlNS 2O7
recessity. re importart resporsibility is collectir,, aralyzir,,
arJ irterpretir, quartitative arJ qualitative aralyses of Jata to
iJertify wlicl clilJrer car be aJmitteJ to tle pro,ram to
ercoura,e acaJemic arJ creative ,ifteJress. 1le Jata ircluJe
belavioral ratir, sleets completeJ by parerts arJ teaclers of all
tlirJ ,raJers, lowa 1est of Lasic Skills scores, arJ rarrative com-
merts from teaclers to be aralyzeJ arJ rark orJereJ. Aralyses
of tle Jata ,ive lay some irsi,lt about stuJerts tlirkir, arJ
creative abilities arJ erable ler to presert tlese Jata ir a spreaJ-
sleet summary. 1le qualitative Jata Jeal witl tlree cate,ories:
learrir, ability, motivatior, arJ creativity. 1le quartitative Jata
are baseJ or starJarJizeJ test scores. 1le firal selectior of tle
top 15 percert of stuJerts for tle Jistricts LxterJeJ Learrir,
lro,ram is maJe by a team of teaclers for 1AC stuJerts.
Arotler rumber-crurclir, aspect of lays job irvolves creat-
ir, tle approximately $19O,OOO arrual buJ,et for tle pro,ram.
1lis buJ,et ircluJes lire items sucl as salaries arJ berefits,
irstructioral supplies, services, arJ travel. About 75 percert of
tlis buJ,et comes from MoJifieJ Allowable Crowtl, a state tax
useJ by more tlar 8O percert of tle Jistricts ir tle state to furJ
,ifteJ eJucatioral pro,rams. 1le remairir, 25 percert of tle
buJ,et is ,uararteeJ by tle local sclool Jistrict.
lays back,rourJ ir clilJ Jevelopmert arJ elemertary eJuca-
tior-botl a L.S. arJ ar M.S.-arJ ler years as a sixtl ,raJe
teacler JiJrt emplasize tle skills ir quartitative aralysis arJ
buJ,etir, tlat are ar essertial part of ler currert job. However,
sle says, l lave always beer irtri,ueJ by matl arJ scierce,
partly as a result of my work ir ervirormertal eJucatior. ArJ l
laJ a mertor, a prircipal, wlo ercoura,eJ me to learr about
buJ,etir,." lay poirts out tlat ler work requires rumber
crurclir, witl a lumar eJ,e" so tlat Jecisiors are rever maJe
solely or tle basis of rumbers; tle people arJ tle situatiors tlat
createJ tle rumbers are always corsiJereJ.
2O8 CAlLLlS ll NLMLLl ClLNCHLlS
2O9
About tle Autlor
ebecca L. Lurrett is a professor of rletoric arJ profes-
sioral commuricatior at lowa State Lriversity, wlere sle
teacles ,raJuate arJ urJer,raJuate courses ir teclrical
commuricatior arJ rletorical aralysis. Sle also las mary years
of experierce as a li,l sclool teacler arJ as a writer. Her pri-
mary researcl irvolves examirir, irJiviJual arJ social factors
tlat affect coautlors collaborative plarrir, of Jocumerts.
Sle frequertly corsults ir irJustry arJ corJucts semirars
for busiress. Sle also serves as ar eJucatior corsultart; most
recertly tlese projects lave focuseJ or commuricatior across
tle curriculum.
Sle is eitler autlor or coautlor of four texts ir literature,
compositior, arJ teclrical commuricatior, ircluJir, ler fiftl
eJitior of . Lurrett las ar M.A. arJ a
ll.D. from Carre,ie Mellor Lriversity, ar M.LJ. from tle Lri-
versity of Massaclusetts at Lowell, arJ a L.A. from tle Lriver-
sity of Massaclusetts at Amlerst.
Wler sles rot Joir, researcl, teaclir,, corsultir,, or writ-
ir,, sle tries to firJ time to work ir ler pererrial ,arJers, plo-
to,rapl irterestir, people arJ places, atterJ plays arJ corcerts,
reaJ books, cook, arJ lir,er over worJerful meals witl frierJs
erjoyir, leisurely corversatiors.
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