!!"#$$%&'!()*&+,#$!-.//! 2!

APPLY A FIELD MODEL TO MAGNETIC PHENOMENA INCLUDING SHAPES AND

DIRECTIONS OF FIELDS PRODUCED BY BAR MAGNETS, AND BY CURRENT-CARRYING
WIRES, COILS AND SOLENOIDS
MAGNETS
! These can line up in areas called domains
! Under application of an external magnetic field, the
domains align, aligning the unpaired electrons
! Hence summation of each atoms net magnetic field
! Magnets have aligned domains
9
Source: http://abstrusegoose.com/281
APPLY A FIELD MODEL TO MAGNETIC PHENOMENA INCLUDING SHAPES AND
DIRECTIONS OF FIELDS PRODUCED BY BAR MAGNETS, AND BY CURRENT-CARRYING
WIRES, COILS AND SOLENOIDS
FIELDS
! A field is an agent for a force
! Examples: gravitational, electric, magnetic
! Magnetic field is a result of moving charged
particles
! Magnetic domains
! Electric current
10
!!"#$$%&'!()*&+,#$!-.//! 5!
APPLY A FIELD MODEL TO MAGNETIC PHENOMENA INCLUDING SHAPES AND
DIRECTIONS OF FIELDS PRODUCED BY BAR MAGNETS, AND BY CURRENT-CARRYING
WIRES, COILS AND SOLENOIDS
SOLENOIDS
! Draw field lines both inside and out
! Closed loops on the outside
! Right hand grip rule for solenoids: fingers are in the
direction of the wires, thumb indicates North
! Made stronger by inserting a bar of magnetic
material inside the wires
15
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg

N S
CALCULATE MAGNITUDES, INCLUDING DETERMINING THE DIRECTIONS OF, AND
MAGNETIC FORCES ON, CURRENT CARRYING WIRES, USING F = NILB WHERE THE
DIRECTIONS OF I AND B ARE EITHER PERPENDICULAR OR PARALLEL TO EACH
OTHER;
CURRENT-CARRYING WIRES
! F = nIlBsin
! F = force, n = number of wires, I = current, l =
length of wire, B = magnetic field acting on wire,
= angle between wire and magnetic field
! If the wire is parallel to the magnetic field, the force
on the wire is zero
! Right hand slap rule: thumb = current, fingers =
direction of magnetic field, palm = direction of
force
16
!!"#$$%&'!()*&+,#$!-.//! //!
INVESTIGATE AND ANALYSE THE GENERATION OF EMF, INCLUDING AC VOLTAGE
AND CALCULATIONS USING INDUCED EMF, = -N/T, IN TERMS OF
THE RATE OF CHANGE OF MAGNETIC FLUX (FARADAYS LAW)
INDUCED EMF FARADAYS LAW
! Faradays Law of Induction applies to closed
circuits
!
! = induced EMF, n = number of coils
! Since = BA, changing field strength or area
generates electrical potential
21
INVESTIGATE AND ANALYSE THE GENERATION OF EMF, INCLUDING AC VOLTAGE
AND CALCULATIONS USING INDUCED EMF, = -N/T, IN TERMS OF
THE DIRECTION OF THE INDUCED CURRENT (LENZS LAW)
INDUCED EMF LENZS LAW
! Why is potential induced?
! Conservation of energy: induced EMF
generates a flux which opposes the change in
flux
! Negative sign in front of Faradays Law
!
22
!!"#$$%&'!()*&+,#$!-.//! -2!
YOUNGS DOUBLE-SLIT EXPERIMENT
49
EXPLAIN THE RESULTS OF YOUNGS DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT IN TERMS OF
EVIDENCE FOR THE WAVE-LIKE NATURE OF LIGHT
CONSTRUCTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE OF COHERENT WAVES IN TERMS OF PATH DIFFERENCES,
PD = N , PD = (N !) RESPECTIVELY
QUALITATIVE EFFECT OF WAVELENGTH, DISTANCE OF SCREEN AND SLIT SEPARATION ON INTERFERENCE
PATTERNS
! Directly between the two slits is a bright band, with
alternating dark bands and bright bands every half-
wavelength
! When path difference is a multiple of the wavelength,
constructive interference
! p.d = n
! When path difference is half a wavelength off a multiple of
wavelength, destructive interference
! p.d = (n ")
! Distance between nodes is proportional to L/d
! L = distance of screen from slits, d = distance between slits
AMOUNT OF DIFFRACTION
50
EXPLAIN THE EFFECTS OF VARYING THE WIDTH OF GAP OR DIAMETER OF AN OBSTACLE
ON THE DIFFRACTION PATTERN
PRODUCED BY LIGHT OF APPROPRIATE WAVELENGTH IN TERMS OF THE RATIO /W
(QUALITATIVE);
! Where w = width of slit:
! Extensive diffraction when > w
! Low-level diffraction when < w
Source: http://esfscience.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/diffraction-wave-spreading-around-an-edge/
!!"#$$%&'!()*&+,#$!-.//! -4!
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
53
ANALYSE THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN TERMS OF
EVIDENCE FOR THE PARTICLE-LIKE NATURE OF LIGHT
EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN THE FORM OF GRAPHS OF PHOTOCURRENT VERSUS ELECTRODE POTENTIAL, AND
OF
KINETIC ENERGY OF ELECTRONS VERSUS FREQUENCY
KINETIC ENERGY OF EMITTED PHOTOELECTRONS, EKMAX = HF W, USING ENERGY UNITS OF JOULE AND
ELECTRON-VOLT
EFFECTS OF INTENSITY OF INCIDENT IRRADIATION ON THE EMISSION OF PHOTOELECTRONS
! Problem with waves: need a medium to travel through, space is a vacuum
! Current flows when electrons have sufficient energy to overcome the binding
force to metal atoms
! Different predictions based on if light is a wave or particle
! Relationship between photocurrent and frequency/wavelength and
intensity
! Wave model predicts any frequency producing current, energy is
most proportional to frequency
! Wave model predicts a time delay between light incidence and
photocurrent production, no time delay observed
! Particle model predicts intensity having a greater effect on current
! Particle model theorises discrete packets of energy called quanta
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
54
ANALYSE THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN TERMS OF
EVIDENCE FOR THE PARTICLE-LIKE NATURE OF LIGHT
EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN THE FORM OF GRAPHS OF PHOTOCURRENT VERSUS ELECTRODE POTENTIAL, AND
OF
KINETIC ENERGY OF ELECTRONS VERSUS FREQUENCY
KINETIC ENERGY OF EMITTED PHOTOELECTRONS, EKMAX = HF W, USING ENERGY UNITS OF JOULE AND
ELECTRON-VOLT
EFFECTS OF INTENSITY OF INCIDENT IRRADIATION ON THE EMISSION OF PHOTOELECTRONS
! Stopping voltage is equivalent to maximum
kinetic energy of a photoelectron
! Higher stopping voltage means higher-
energy particles emitted by the
frequency of incident light
! Greater magnitude of stopping voltage
with higher frequency
! Greater photocurrent with greater
intensity
! An electron volt (eV) is the energy gained by
an electron moved through a potential of 1V
! 1eV = 1.6 x 10
-19

J
Source: Heinemann Physics 12
!!"#$$%&'!()*&+,#$!-.//! -5!
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
55
ANALYSE THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN TERMS OF
EVIDENCE FOR THE PARTICLE-LIKE NATURE OF LIGHT
EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN THE FORM OF GRAPHS OF PHOTOCURRENT VERSUS ELECTRODE POTENTIAL, AND
OF
KINETIC ENERGY OF ELECTRONS VERSUS FREQUENCY
KINETIC ENERGY OF EMITTED PHOTOELECTRONS, EKMAX = HF W, USING ENERGY UNITS OF JOULE AND
ELECTRON-VOLT
EFFECTS OF INTENSITY OF INCIDENT IRRADIATION ON THE EMISSION OF PHOTOELECTRONS
Source: http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?
doctype=3&filename=AtomicNuclear_PhotoelectricEffect.xml
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
56
ANALYSE THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN TERMS OF
EVIDENCE FOR THE PARTICLE-LIKE NATURE OF LIGHT
EXPERIMENTAL DATA IN THE FORM OF GRAPHS OF PHOTOCURRENT VERSUS ELECTRODE POTENTIAL, AND
OF
KINETIC ENERGY OF ELECTRONS VERSUS FREQUENCY
KINETIC ENERGY OF EMITTED PHOTOELECTRONS, EKMAX = HF W, USING ENERGY UNITS OF JOULE AND
ELECTRON-VOLT
EFFECTS OF INTENSITY OF INCIDENT IRRADIATION ON THE EMISSION OF PHOTOELECTRONS
! E = hf = hc/
! h = Plancks constant
! 6.62 x 10
-34

Js
! 4.14 x 10
-15

eV s
! K
Emax
= hf W, where W = work function of metal
! Gradient gives Plancks constant
! Threshold frequency is x-intercept
! Work function is magnitude of y-intercept
!!"#$$%&'!()*&+,#$!-.//! 0/!
MATTER AS A WAVE
61
INTERPRET ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS AS EVIDENCE FOR THE WAVE-LIKE
NATURE OF MATTER
COMPARE THE DIFFRACTION PATTERNS PRODUCED BY PHOTONS AND ELECTRONS;
CALCULATE THE DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH OF MATTER, = H/P;
! De Broglie suggested that matter has a wavelength
! De Broglies wavelength formula: = h/p
! Large masses do not have a readily observable wavelength
! Best observed with electrons (9.1 # 10
-31
kg)
Source: Heinemann Physics 12
MATTER AS A WAVE
62
COMPARE THE MOMENTUM OF PHOTONS AND OF MATTER OF THE SAME WAVELENGTH
INCLUDING CALCULATIONS
USING P = H/;
! Electron diffraction pattern through a crystal is very
similar to photon diffraction pattern if wavelength is
the same
!"#$#%&'()
LlecLromagneLlc waves wlLh Lhe same *+,-.,%'/)and are ln 0"1(,)are '#",+,%$, lf Lhey are nelLher of Lhese,
or only have one of Lhese properLles, Lhe waves are &%'#",+,%$)
2&3,4(0,'$+.5)6&7"$)(#.+',()are &%'#",+,%$, because Lhey produce llghL of more Lhan one frequency)
o 1hese lnclude such ob[ecLs as candles, llghL bulbs and sLars)
o LlecLromagneLlc radlaLlon ls emlLLed 8",%) ,6,'$+&') '"1+7,) 1'',6,+1$,(. Any maLLer wlLh
$,50,+1$.+,) 19#:,) 19(#6.$,) ;,+# wlll emlL $",+516) +13&1$&#%, whlch ls a form of elecLromagneLlc
radlaLlon. 1hls ls due Lo Lhe random colllslon beLween aLoms: :16,%',) ,6,'$+#%( are acceleraLed ln
each colllslon, resulLlng ln emlsslon of phoLons. 1he varlaLlon of acceleraLlon beLween each
lndlvldual colllslon glves dlfferlng energles beLween emlLLed phoLons)
<&7"$),5&$$&%7)3&#3,()produce %1++#84(0,'$+.5=)&%'#",+,%$)llghL. 1he semlconducLor maLerlal ln a LLu has
Lwo bands: Lhe :16,%',)91%3, whlch conLalns a large number of elecLrons, and Lhe '#%3.'$&#%)91%3, whlch
has very few. When a currenL ls passed Lhrough a *#+81+349&1(,3) <>?, elecLrons drop ln energy level from
Lhe conducLlon band Lo Lhe valence band. A phoLon ls emlLLed ln Lhls process, and lLs energy ls Lhe dlfference
beLween Lhe valence and conducLlon bands. 1hls dlfference ls called Lhe 91%3) 710) ,%,+7/, and slnce lL
corresponds Lo Lhe energy of Lhe phoLon, can be used Lo calculaLe frequency and wavelengLh wlLh Lhe
followlng formula: !
!!!"!#!
!! !
!"#$%!&'"#
!! !
!"#$%&$
! !! !!
!!
!
)
o ulfferenL band gaps resulL ln dlfferenL wavelengLhs/frequencles, glvlng dlfferenL '#6#.+()
<1(,+()emlL '#",+,%$)llghL: phoLons are ln phase and of Lhe same wavelengLh)
o Laser ls an acronym for 6&7"$)1506&*&'1$&#%)9/)($&5.61$,3),5&((&#%)#*)+13&1$&#%)
o When exclLed aLoms are sLlmulaLed by phoLons wlLh energy equal Lo Lhe exclLed sLaLe and a lower
energy level, Lhls phoLon can sLlmulaLe an elecLron Lo reLurn Lo Lhe lower level, emlLLlng a phoLon
wlLh Lhe (15,)81:,6,%7$"=)3&+,'$&#%=)1%3)&%)0"1(,)wlLh Lhe lncldenL elecLron)
o 1hls emlLLed phoLon can Lhen lnLeracL wlLh oLher exclLed aLoms, causlng a chaln reacLlon)
o 1he maLerlal belng sLlmulaLed musL be kepL energlsed by an exLernal source, Lo keep elecLrons ln Lhe
hlgher energy level)
o 1he wavelengLh and frequency of Lhe lncldenL and requlred phoLons can be calculaLed wlLh Lhe
formula: !
!!!"!#!
!! !
!"#$%!&!!"#"$
!! !
!"#$%!!"!#$%!!"#"!
! !! !!
!!
!
)
@0$&'16) *&9+,() use Lhe speclflc properLles of lasers Lo LransmlL large quanLlLles of lnformaLlon over long
dlsLances and aL very hlgh speeds)
o LlghL does noL Lravel ln a sLralghL llne
down Lhe enLlre lengLh of Lhe cable, lL
bounces off Lhe boundarles. CpLlcal flbres
have Lwo maLerlals: one lnslde (Lhe '#+,)
and one surroundlng lL (Lhe '6133&%7),
and Lhese have dlfferlng #0$&'16)
3,%(&$&,(. 1hese are chosen so LhaL llghL
wlll undergo $#$16) &%$,+%16) +,*6,'$&#%,
raLher Lhan belng refracLed ouL of Lhe
flbre, Lo ensure Lhe lnformaLlon reaches lLs desLlnaLlon: Lhe flbre ls acLlng as a 81:,)7.&3,)
o lor Lhe llghL Lo lnLernally reflecL, Lhe llghL musL be aL a greaLer angle from Lhe normal Lhan Lhe
'+&$&'16) 1%76,. 1he refracLlve lndlces of Lhe maLerlals used, as well as Lhe crlLlcal angle, can be
calculaLed uslng Snell's law: !"# !
!
!!
!
!
!
!
, where n
1
ls Lhe refracLlve lndex of Lhe core, and n
2
ls Lhe
refracLlve lndex of Lhe claddlng)
o lor lnformaLlon encoded ln llghL Lo enLer an opLlcal flbre, lL musL enLer aL an angle where lL can
propagaLe by LoLal lnLernal reflecLlon. 1he maxlmum angle aL whlch llghL can enLer Lhe opLlcal flbre
ls called Lhe 1'',0$1%',)1%76,, and lf lL enLers aL a greaLer angle, lL wlll be refracLed lnLo Lhe claddlng)
)
hLLp://www.paclflccable.com/llber-CpLlc-1uLorlal.hLml