1.

The nurse helps the client to recognize and cope with the stressful psychological or social problems, to developed improved personal relationships and to promote personal growth. This role includes providing emotional, intellectual and psychological support. 2. Care was done by crusaders, prisoners, religious orders Nursing care was performed without any formal education and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses (on the job training). This kind of nursing was developed by religious orders of the Christian Church 3. Founder of the Philippine Nurses Association 4. Person This paradigm refers to the sick individual not as a "patient," but as a "subject," a person in the full sense of the word. Healthlike all meta-concepts, health is immensely general. It does not deal with health in a strictly clinical manner.EnvironmentThis metaparadigm serves to explain the full context of health care and of nursing specifically.Nursing Nursing itself is a meta-theory that seeks to help contextualize nursing. 5. She emphasized the importance of increasing the patients independence so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed 6. B 7. An open-ended question is designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject's own knowledge and/or feelings. It is the opposite of a closed-ended question, which encourages a short or single-word answer. 8. fraud is an intentional deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual; the related adjective is fraudulent. 9. B 10. : Non-maleficence means to do no harm. Physicians must refrain from providing ineffective treatments or acting with malice toward patients. This principle, however, offers little useful guidance to physicians since many beneficial therapies also have serious risks. The pertinent ethical issue is whether the benefits outweigh the burdens. 11. Tertiary -directed towards recovery or rehabilitation of a disease or condition after the disease has been developed. 12. clinical model-narrowest interpretation; medically-oriented model.health is seen as freedom from disease illness is seen as the presence of disease. 13. Assumption of sick role - acceptance of illness, sick advice. 14. The Cross-Linking Theory of Aging is also referred to as the Glycosylation Theory of Aging. In this theory it is the binding of glucose (simple sugars) to protein, (a process that occurs under the presence of oxygen) that causes various problems. Once this binding has occurred the protein becomes impaired and is unable to perform as efficiently. Living a longer life is going to lead to the increased possibility of oxygen meeting glucose and protein and known crosslinking disorders include senile cataract and the appearance of tough, leathery and yellow skin. 15. The first physical sign of puberty in girls is usually a firm, tender lump under the center of the areola of one or both breasts, occurring on average at about 10.5 years of age.[41] This is referred to as thelarche 16. D 17. C 18. During the fourth stage, the dying person begins to understand the certainty of death. Because of this, the individual may become silent, refuse visitors and spend much of the time crying and grieving. This process allows the dying person to disconnect from things of love and affection. It is not recommended to attempt to cheer up an individual who is in this stage. It is an important time for grieving that must be processed. Depression could be referred to as the dress rehearsal for the 'aftermath'. It is a kind of acceptance with emotional attachment. It's natural to feel sadness, regret, fear, and uncertainty when going through this stage 19. 9 - 12 Year Old: May see death as punishment for poor behaviour Develops morality strong sense of good and bad behaviour Still some magical thinking Needs reassurance that wishes do not kill Begins an interest in biological factors of death Theorises: People die to make room for new people Asks more about "what happened" Concerns about ritual, burying Questions relationship changes caused by death, life changes Worries about who provides and cares for them May regress to an earlier stage Interested in spiritual aspects of death. 20. is the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature, although external factors can have a significant influence.

21. A 22. During emergency procedures, a nurse is focused on rapidly identifying the root causes of concern for the patient and assessing the airway, breathing and circulation (ABCs) of the patient. Once the ABCs are stabilized, the emergency assessment may turn into an initial or focused assessment, depending on the situation. If the nurse is not in a health care setting, emergency assessments must also include an assessment for scene safety so that no other individuals, including the nurse himself, are hurt during the rescue and emergency response process. 23. d 24. POSSIBLE NURSING DIAGNOSIS It is one in which evidence about a health problem is incomplete or unclear. A possible diagnosis requires more data either to support or to refute it. For example, an elderly widow who lives alone is admitted to the hospital. The nurse notices that she has no visitors and is pleased with attention and conversation from the nursing staff. Until more data are collected, the nurse may write a nursing diagnosis of Possible Social Isolation related to unknown etiology. 25. D 26. The content is, the what and where of the order. In the preceding order, spiral bandage and left legistate, the what and where of the order. This clarify whether the foot or toes are to be left or expressed. 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. D 31. A 32. B 33. C 34. dorsal recumbent position position of patient on the back, with lower limbs flexed and rotated outward; used in vaginal examination, application of obstetrical forceps, and other procedures. 35. Rhonchi is the coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in bronchial airways. 36. Conductive hearing loss (CHL) occurs because of a mechanical problem in the outer or middle ear. The three tiny bones of the ear (ossicles) may not conduct sound properly. Or, the eardrum may not vibrate in response to sound. Fluid in the middle ear can cause this type of hearing loss. 37. D 38. B 39. B 40. When health professionals assess the rate of respiration they also examine the quality of a breath. After the rate is determined normal, rapid or slow, the quality of the breath is evaluated and labeled either normal, shallow, labored or noisy. 41. B 42. A 43. A 44. The specific defense system, more commonly the immune system, is the second type of defense system within the body. It's purpose is to comprise a specific defense measure against a pathogen. The specific defense system is not made up of actual organ structures, but it is made up of billions of cells. Thus, the specific defense system is known as a functional system, as opposed to an organ system. 45. This position should be maintained for ~15 min to allow ascitic fluid to accumulate in the dependent portion of the abdomen. 46. Gently pinch up the skin at the injection site and insert needle in a quick, smooth motion at a right angle to the site. 47. B 48. Standing orders usually name the condition and prescribe the action to be taken in caring for the patient, including the dosage and route of administration for a drug or the schedule for the administration of a therapeutic procedure. 49. Circulatory overload is characterized by acute respiratory distress and congestive heart failure. It may occur in patients with reduced cardiac capacity or chronic anemia following rapid or

massive transfusion, although it may also occur after transfusion of even a small volume, especially in infants. Adults over 60 and infants are particularly susceptible, as are any patients with severe chronic anemia (e.g., sickle cell anemia, thalassemia) in whom low red cell mass is associated with high plasma volume. 50. Hold objects as close to you as possible. This reduces stress on the back. 51. isokinetic exercise dynamic muscle activity performed at a constant angular velocity; torque and tension remain constant while muscles shorten or lengthen. isometric exercise active exercise performed against stable resistance, without change in the length of the muscle. isotonic exercise active exercise without appreciable change in the force of muscular contraction, with shortening of the muscle. aerobic exercise that designed to increase oxygen consumption and improve functioning of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. 52. Females usually assume the dorsal recumbent position. 53. The patient is placed in a dorsal recumbent position to facilitate drainage. 54. B 55. 56. Vital capacity (VC) is the the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled from the lung. It is one of the measurements taken during spirometry or pulmonary function testing. 57. A 58. C 59. B 60. Over 1.025 could indicate Diabetes mellitus, underhydration 61. 62. 63. A 64. D 65. Theoretically softens stool. Allow water and fat to penetrate the fecal mass.Effect probably due to induced Secretory Diarrhea 66. 67. Purulent or suppurative exudate consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells. This kind of exudate is consistent with more severe infections, and is commonly referred to as pus. 68. Temperature for a hot sitz bath is started at 35C (95F) and gradually increased to 40 to 43C (104 to 110F). 69. Stage 2. Partial thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both. The ulcer is superficial and presents clinically as an abrasion, blister, or shallow crater. 70. Stage 2 no eye movement occurs, and dreaming is very rare. The sleeper is quite easily awakened. EEG recordings tend to show characteristic "sleep spindles" and "K-complexes" during this stage. 71. B 72. Pattern theories consider that peripheral sensory receptors, responding to touch, warmth and other non-damaging as well as to damaging stimuli, give rise to non-painful or painful experiences as a result of differences in the patterns [in time] of the signals sent through the nervous system. 73. Ablation is removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes. 74. D 75. C 76. 77. C 78. A Novice Nurse is simply just that: a novice; a new comer; a rookie. This period of time at the start of every nursing career is typically one that needs extra special care and guidance. It is not

surprising that the most stressful time during a nurse's career is the first 3-4 months of initial employment. 79. C 80. 81. C 82. B 83. D 84. C 85. A 86. CNS is continuous improvement of patient outcomes and nursing care. Key elements of CNS practice are to create environments through mentoring and system changes that empower nurses to develop caring, evidence-based practices to alleviate patient distress, facilitate ethical decision-making, and respond to diversity. The CNS is responsible and accountable for diagnosis and treatment of health/illness states, disease management, health promotion, and prevention of illness and risk behaviors among individuals, families, groups, and communities." CNSs are clinical experts in a specialized area of nursing practice and in the delivery of evidence-based nursing interventions. 87. A 88. D 89. D 90. A placebo is a simulated or otherwise medically ineffectual treatment for a disease or other medical condition intended to deceive the recipient. Sometimes patients given a placebo treatment will have a perceived or actual improvement in a medical condition, a phenomenon commonly called the placebo effect. 91. B 92. B 93. C 94. D 95. A 96. The anterolateral thigh is the preferred site for IM injection in infants under 12 months of age. Medications are injected into the bulkiest part of the vastus lateralis thigh muscle, which is the junction of the upper and middle thirds of this muscle. 97. D 98. 99. B 100. d