MenWebonlinejournalISSN:10955240 http://www.batteredmen.com/NISVS.

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NationalStudy:MoreMenthanWomenVictimsofIntimatePartner PhysicalViolence,PsychologicalAggression
Over40%ofvictimsofseverephysicalviolencearemen
ByBertH.Hoff,J.D. AdjunctFaculty,UniversityofPhoenixSchoolofCriminalJusticeandSecurity Accordingtoa2010nationalsurveybytheCentersforDiseaseControlandU.S.Departmentof Justice,inthelast12monthsmorementhanwomenwerevictimsofintimatepartnerphysical violenceandover40%ofseverephysicalviolencewasdirectedatmen.Menwerealsomore oftenthevictimofpsychologicalaggressionandcontroloversexualorreproductivehealth. Despitethis,fewservicesareavailabletomalevictimsofintimatepartnerviolence. Physicalviolence Morementhanwomenwerevictimsofintimatepartnerphysicalviolencewithinthepastyear, accordingtoanationalstudyfundedbytheCentersforDiseaseControlandU.S.DepartmentofJustice. AccordingtotheNationalIntimate Figure1 PartnerandSexualViolenceSurvey (hereinafterNISVS)releasedin December,2011,withinthelast12 monthsanestimated5,365,000 menand4,741,000womenwere victimsofintimatepartnerphysical 4,741,000 Women violence.(Black,M.C.etal.,2011, 47% 5,356,000 Tables4.1and4.2)1Thisfinding Men 53% contraststotheearlierNational ViolenceAgainstWomenSurvey (Tjaden,P.G.,&Thoennes,N., 2000)(hereinafterNVAWS),whichestimatedthat1.2millionwomenand835,000menwerevictimsof intimatepartnerphysicalviolenceinthepreceding12months.(Oneyearprevalenceareconsideredto

NISVS2010Survey IP PhysicalViolenceVictims

bemorea accurate[thanlifetimerat tes]becauset theydonotd dependonrec callofeventslongpast (Straus,2005,p.60)) Ifoneadd dsinrape(606,000victims s)thetotalis5,427,000wo omenbutth hereisanissu ueofdouble 2 countingo ofanincident tasbothrape eandintimat tepartnerphysicalviolenc Ofthelife ce. etimerape victims,82.8%werealsovictimsofphysicalviole ence.Thissug ggeststhatasizeableportionofthe606,000 msareinclud dedinthe5,427,000physic calviolencev victims.Bute evenifoneignoresthedou uble rapevictim countingo ofrapeandp physicalviolen nce,thenumberoffemale evictimsofra apeand/orph hysicalviolenceis 5,427,000 0forwomen,contrastedw with5,365,000 0malevictim msofphysicalviolence,soitissafetosa ay thatabou uthalfofthev victimsofphy ysicalviolencearemen. ThereisasignificantdifferencebetweentheNV VAWSandNIS SVSsurveys,inthenumberofvictimsof violence(4,74 41,000vs.1,300,000wome enand5,365, ,000vs.835,0 000men),for rwhichIhave eno physicalv explanatio on.Inthe200 01NVAWSsu urvey,some3 38%ofthevic ctimsofintimatephysicalv violencewere e men n,butinthe2 2011 NISV VSsurvey53% % Figure2 weremen.Thisis s cons sistentwithe earlier stud diesshowingt that betw ween1975an nd 1992(Strausand d 6,000 0,000 5,000 0,000 aus, Gelles,1988,Stra 4,000 0,000 1995),between1 1998 3,000 0,000 ano, and2005(Catala 2,000 0,000 Wo omen een 2005)andbetwe 1,000 0,000 Me en 0 2009and2010 NCVS2 2010 NVAWS NISVS2010 NISVS2010 S 0 uman,2011,T Table (Tru 509.2 230 2000 10,097,000 SeverePV 0 6)vi iolenceagainst victim ms 2,144,00 00 victims 5,429,000 wom mendropped but victims s victims viole enceagainst malesstay yedsteady.(A Asapointofreference,St tatisticsCanad da(2006,201 11)reportsth hat45.5%oft the victimsof fpresentorfo ormerspousa alviolencewe eremen.The2010NationalCrimeVictimizationSur rvey (Truman,2011,Table5 5)showsonly y407,700fem maleand101, ,530malevict timsofintima atepartner violence:forwomenth hatslessthanatenthofthevictimsreportedinNIS SVS.)

12monthIntim matePart tnerVio olence NCVS, ,NVAWandNIS SVSSurv veys

Thisdropinintimatep partnerviolen nceagainstfemalesandste eadyrateofv violenceagainstmalesrais ses aninteres stingpolicyquestion.Giventhattherea aremanytho ousandsofsupportprograms,Websitesand publicinterestmediai itemsforfem malevictimsofdomesticvio olence,andn noprogramsa andonlyaha andful ofWebsit tesformalev victims,perha apsmales,bu utnotfemales,havegotth hemessageth hatdomestic violenceiswrong.Therearemanyp programsformentostand dupagainstd domesticviolencebymen,and noprogra amsurgingwo omentostandupagainstdomesticviolencebywom men.

ThisratioofmentowomanvictimsofintimatepartnerphysicalviolenceisnotreportedintheExecutive SummaryofotherfactsheetsoftheNISVSsurvey.Instead,theNISVSfocusesonseverephysical violencebutomitsamajorcontributortoseverephysicalviolenceagainstmenreportedintheearlier NVAWSsurvey.Some21.6%ofthemalevictimsinthat2001surveywerethreatenedwithaknife, contrastedto12.7%ofthewomen(Hoff,2001,Table1).TheNISVSomissionofthreatsbyknifeorgunis notonlycurious,butitfliesinthefaceoftheCentersforDiseaseControlsownrecommendationson dataforintimatepartnerviolence(Salzman,T.etal,1999)Thesectionofthatdocumentthatcoversthe victimsexperienceofintimatepartnerviolenceincludessectionsonsexualviolence,physicalviolence, threatsofphysicalorsexualviolenceandpsychological/emotionalabuse.(Salzman,T.,1999,3.3)3 ButNISVSsurveyrespondentswerenotaskedaboutbeingthreatenedwithaknifeorgun. Notwithstandingthatomission, theNISVS2011surveyreports thatinthelast12months,41.7% ofthevictimsofseverephysical violenceweremen.(Tables4.7 and4.8)4Ofthe4,741,000female victimsofviolence,twothirds 3,163,000 2,266,000 Women (3,163,000or66.7%)were 58.3% 41.7% Men subjectedtoseverephysical violence.(Table4.7)Formen, over4outof10(2,266,000or 42.3%)weresubjectedtosevere physicalviolence.Thenumberofmenissmaller,butthatisstill2.26millionmen.Wellover$1billionis spenttohelpfemalevictims,buttherearevirtuallynoservicesavailableinthecountryforover2million menwhoarevictimsofseverephysicalviolencebyanintimatepartner.

Figure3

NISVS2010Survey Severe PhysicalViolenceVictims

Psychologicalaggression,controlofreproductiveorsexualhealth Whatismoreviolent,brandishingaknifeatyourspouseintheheatofanargument,refusingtoweara condom,orcallingyourspousefatorstupid?NISVSdidnotaskaboutknifewielding,butdidaskabout condomsandnamecalling.Menweremoreoftenthevictimsofbothpsychologicalaggression (expressiveaggression Figure4 andcoercivecontrol)and controlofreproductiveor sexualhealth.

NISVS2010 Victimsof PsychologicalAggression

Men coercive control 33% Men expressive aggression 20% Women coercive control 24%

Women expressive aggression 23%

Namecallingisoneofthe formsofexpressive aggression,whichincludes actingangryinawaythat seemeddangerous,name callingandinsulting

remarks.5Theothercategoryofpsychologicalaggressioniscoercivecontrol,suchasrestricting accesstofriendsorrelativesandhavingtoaccountforallyourtime.6Inthelast12months,20,548,000 men(18.1%)and16,578,000(13.9%)womenweresubjectedtopsychologicalaggression.Forwomen, thiswassplitfairlyevenlybetweenexpressiveaggressionandcoercivecontrol,whileformen,15.2% weresubjectedtocoercivecontroland9.3%toexpressiveaggression.Themainformsofexpressive aggressionagainstwomenwereinsults(64.3%)andnamecalling(58.0%).Formenthetopitemswere beingcallednames(51.6%)andbeingtoldtheywerelosers(42.4%) NISVSdidnotpresentdetaileddataoncontrolofreproductiveorsexualhealth.Itsummarizedthat Approximately10.4%(oranestimated Figure5 11.7million)ofmenintheUnitedStates NISVSSurvey Controlof reportedeverhavinganintimatepartner ReproductiveorSexualHealth whotriedtogetpregnantwhentheydid notwanttoortriedtostopthemfrom usingbirthcontrol.(p.48). Women 10.3 Men11.7 Approximately8.6%(oranestimated million million 10.3million)ofwomenintheUnited 46.8% 53.2% Statesreportedeverhavinganintimate partnerwhotriedtogetthempregnant whentheydidnotwantto.P.48) Whatservicesareavailableformen? Studiesshowthatmenarelesslikelythanwomentoseekhelp,andthosethatdohavetoovercome internalandexternalhurdles.(Galdasetal.,2005)(Cook2009) Therehasbeenlittleresearchonresponsestomalevictimsofintimatepartnerviolence,inpartbecause agenciesrefusetofundsuchresearch.Forexample,theU.S.DepartmentofJusticesolicitationof proposalsforJusticeResponsestoIntimatePartnerViolenceandStalking(p.8)statedWhatwillnotbe funded:4.Proposalsforresearchonintimatepartnerviolenceagainst,orstalkingof,malesofanyage orfemalesundertheageof12.Inthefewstudiesdone,manymenreportthathotlineworkerssay theyonlyhelpwomen,implyorstatethemenmustbetheinstigators,ridiculethemorreferthemto batterersprograms.Policeoftenwillfailtorespond,ridiculethemanorarresthim.(Cook 2009)(DouglasandHines,2011)

In2008DouglasandHinesconductedthefirsteverlargescalenationalsurveyofmenwhosoughthelp forheterosexualphysicalintimatepartnerviolence.(DouglasandHines,2011)Some302menwere surveyed.Thisstudyfoundthatbetweenhalfandtwothirdsofthemenwhocontactedthepolice,aDV agency,oraDVhotlinereportedthattheseresourceswerenotatallhelpful.Thestudyelaborates: Alarge proportion ofthosewho Douglas,Hines(2011)Table3 soughthelp fromDV DVAgency(n=83) DVHotline(n=67) OnlineResource(n=132) agencies (49.9%),DV 78.3 hotlines 63.9 63.9 (63.9%),or online 42.9 resources (42.9%)were 32.2 27.025.8 25.427.1 told,We 18.9 onlyhelp women.Of the132men whosought Referredto Referredtohelpful Told:Weonlyhelp Givennumberfora localprogram women. batterers batterersprogram helpfroma program/Suggested DVagency, helpseekerwas 44.1%(n=86) batterer saidthatthis resourcewasnotatallhelpful;further,95.3%ofthosemen(n=81)saidthattheywere giventheimpressionthattheagencywasbiasedagainstmen.Someofthemenwere accusedofbeingthebattererintherelationship:Thishappenedtomenseekinghelp fromDVagencies(40.2%),DVhotlines(32.2%)andonlineresources(18.9%).Over25%of thoseusinganonlineresourcereportedthattheyweregivenaphonenumberforhelp whichturnedouttobethenumberforabatterersprogram.Theresultsfromtheopen endedquestionsshowedthat16.4%ofthemenwhocontactedahotlinereportedthat thestaffmadefunthem,asdid15.2%ofthemenwhocontactedlocalDVagencies.(p.7)

Figure6

Men'sHelpseekingExperience

Policearrestedthemanasoftenastheviolentpartner(33.3%vs.26.5%)7.(p.8)Thepartnerwas deemedtheprimaryaggressorin54.9%ofthecases.In41.5%ofthecaseswheremencalledthe police,thepoliceaskedifhewantedhispartnerarrested;in21%thepolicerefusedtoarrestthe partner,andin38.7%thepolicesaidtherewasnothingtheycoulddoandleft. Some68%ofthementurningtomentalhealthprofessionalssaidtheprofessionaltookhisconcern seriously,butonly30.1%offeredinformationonhowtogethelpfromaDVprogram.Although106men sufferedseverephysicalinjury,only54soughthelpfromamedicalprovider.Some90.1%wereasked

howtheygottheirinjuries,and60.4%answeredtruthfully.Only14%gotinformationongettinghelp fromaprogramforintimatepartnerviolence. Thebestsourceforhelpwasfriends,neighbors,relatives,lawyers,ministersandthelike.84.9%turned tooneormoreofthesesources,and90%foundthemhelpful.Twothirdsofthemensoughtonlinehelp andsupport,withhalfthemensurveyedusingWebsitesandaquarterusinganonlinesupportgroup. Some69.1%foundonlinesupporthelpful;44.9%usedaresourceformalevictimsand42.6%foranyone experiencingpartneraggression. Thestudyconcludesthatinformalhelp,mentalhealthandmedicalserviceswerethemosthelpful.The servicesleasthelpfulwere thosethatarethecoreoftheDVservicesystem:DVagencies,DVhotlines,andthe police.Ontheonehand,about25%ofmenwhosoughthelpfromDVhotlineswere connectedwithresourcesthatwerehelpful.Ontheotherhand,nearly67%ofmen reportedthattheseDVagenciesandhotlinewerenotatallhelpful.Manyreported beingturnedaway.Thequalitativeaccountsinourresearchtellastoryofmale helpseekerswhoareoftendoubted,ridiculed,andgivenfalseinformation. Thisfailureofserviceimpactsmensphysicalandmentalhealth. Specifically,foreachadditionalnegativeexperiencewithhelpseeking,mensoddsof meetingthecutoffforPTSDincreased1.37times.Foreachadditionalpositive experience,thesehelpseekerswereabout40%lesslikelytohaveabusedalcoholinthe previousyear.Thesefindingsholdevenaftercontrollingforothertraumatic experiences,suchaschildhoodvictimizationandbeinginjuredbyapartner.(p.10) TheNISVSsurveymakesahalfheartedefforttoremedythissituation.Buriedinitsrecommendationsis thesentenceItisalsoimportantthatservicesarespecificallydesignedtomeettheneedsofawide rangeofdifferentpopulationssuchasteens,olderadults,men,gay,lesbian,bisexual,and transgenderedpeople.Wecandobetterthanthis. Publicserviceannouncementsneedtobedegendered.Rightnow,theyfocusalmostexclusivelyon intimatepartnerviolenceagainstwomen.Thereneedstobemorepubliceducationaboutviolenceto men.TherearemanyWebsitesonintimatepartnerviolenceagainstwomen.Theseareallwoman centered,orusegenderneutrallanguage.Theytendtominimizeviolenceagainstmen.Thereisonlya handfulofsitesaddressingdomesticviolenceagainstmen.Noneofthese(exceptfortheClarkCounty INprosecutorssite)receiveanygovernment,foundationorcorporatesupport. Whatshouldwedo? Weneedtorecognizeintimatepartnerviolencebywomen,understandit,andrecognizeitasaserious socialproblem.

Feministtheorystatesthatintimatepartnerviolenceisanacceptedformofpowerandcontrolby meninapatriarchalsociety.ButaccordingtoStraus(2011)thepredominantimmediatemotivesfor violence,bywomenaswellmen,arefrustrationandangeratsomemisbehaviorbythepartner.They areeffortstocoercethepartnerintostoppingsomesociallyundesirablebehaviorortopracticesome sociallydesirablebehavior.Studieshavefoundthatwomenengageincoercivecontrolasmuchas men. Further,intimatepartnerviolenceismorelikelytobemutualorfemaleinitiatedthanmaleinitiated.In ananalysisof36generalpopulationstudiesonIPVanddatingviolence,Straus(2011)foundthatwomen werehalfagainaslikelytoperpetrateseriousphysicalviolence.The14studieswhichalsoexamined whethertheviolenceresultedinphysicalinjuryshowedthatmeninflictedinjuriesmoreoftenthan women,butthedifferencewasnotthatgreat.Therateforwomeninjuringapartnerwas88%ofthe malerate.Studieswithahighpercentageofmeninflictinginjuryare,withoutexception,alsostudies withahighpercentageofwomeninjuringapartner. Strausfoundthatthetypicalpatternisthatwhentherearesevereassaults,inalmosthalfcouples,both severelyassault.Thetwostudieswithextremelyhighratesofmutualassault(68%and78%)arestudies ofveryyoungcouplesandthoseresultsareconsistentwithalargenumberofstudiesthathavefound extremelyhighratesforveryyoungcouples.Studieswhichaskedspecificallyaboutselfdefensefound thatonlyasmallpercentageoffemaleassaultswereinselfdefense,such5,10,or15.Foronestudy thatfoundhighratesofselfdefense,thepercentagewasslightlygreaterformen(56%)thanforwomen (42%)(Harned,2001). Thereisotherevidencewhichcastsdoubtontheideathatintimatepartnerviolencebywomenis primarilyinselfdefense.Eightstudiesprovidingdataonwhohitfirsthavefoundthatwomeninitiate from30to73%(median=45%)ofviolentincidents.Onefoundhighratesofviolencebywomen,even whenmaleviolencewasstatisticallycontrolled. Istheregendersymmetryinintimatepartnerviolence?AsStraus(2011)pointsout,studiesoften confoundsymmetryinperpetrationwithsymmetryineffect.Womendoexperiencemorephysical injuryandpsychologicalimpact,butmenexperiencetheseaswell(Douglas&Hines,2010).AsIPV expertStraussputsit,sayingthatviolencebywomenisnotaserioussocialproblemislikearguingthat cancerisnotanimportantmedicalproblembecausemanymoredieofheartdisease.(2011,p.284) Inthelast12months5.4millionmenwerevictimsofintimatepartnerviolence,2.3million victimsofseriousphysicalviolence,yettherearevirtuallynoprogramstoservethem. Intimatepartnerviolencebywomenincreasesthechancesthattheywillthemselvesbevictims ofintimatepartnerviolence. Intimatepartnerviolenceismorallywrongandcriminal,buttherearefewprogramsforwomen battererstoshowthembetterwaystoresolveconflictsinarelationship.

Publiceducationeffortsareneedtofocusongirlsandwomen.AsStraus(2011,p.285)states,

Itisnotsufficientforpreventionprogramstobegenderneutral.Theyneedtobe explicitlydirectedtogirlsandwomenaswellasboysandmen.Inaddition,morethan justawarenessoffemaleperpetrationisneeded.Thetargetaudienceofwomenand girlsalsoneedstobeinformedthatPVbyawomanismorallywrong,acriminalact,and thatitisadangertowomenbecauseitincreasestheprobabilityofherpartnerbeing violent(Straus,2005). Statesneedtoofferdomesticviolenceservicestomen.Manysaytheydo,butnonehavedataonthe numberofmenserved.Someoftheseprogramsformenaremalebattererprograms.TheValleyOasis CenterinCaliforniaandaprograminLongview,WAaretwoofonlyahandfulofDVprogramsoffering equalservicestomen.InKingCounty(Seattle)whenIaskedaboutservicesforbatteredmenIwas referredtoamalebetterprogram.TheSnohomishCountyprogramnorthofSeattlesaystheyserve males,butmenwhohavetriedtogethelpinformmetheyweresentaway.CourtsinCaliforniaand WestVirginiahavefoundthatDVprogramsdiscriminateonthebasisofsex,inviolationofequal protectionprovisionsoftheirconstitutions.(Woodsv.Horton,2008). Inshort,weneedtorecognizethatintimatepartnerviolenceisapeopleproblem,notawomens problem. Acknowledgements IwouldliketothankDr.MurrayStraus(UniversityofNewHampshire,FamilyResearchLaboratory)and Dr.DeniseHines(ClarkUniversity,ClarkAntiViolenceEducation,CAVE)forcommentsandsuggestions whichaidedinrevisingthepaper. Maybecitedas:Hoff,B.H.(2011),NationalStudy:MoreMenthanWomenVictimsofIntimate PartnerPhysicalViolence,PsychologicalAggression.Over40%ofvictimsofseverephysicalviolence aremen.MenWebonlineJournal(ISSN:10955240http://www.batteredmen.com/NISVS.htm) BertH.Hoffteachesclassesincriminaljustice,management,politicalscienceandpolicyplanningat theUniversityofPhoenix

References Black,M.C.,Basile,K.C.,Breiding,M.J.,Smith,S.G.,Walters,M.L.,Merrick,M.T.,Chen,J.,&Stevens, M.R.(2011).TheNationalIntimatePartnerandSexualViolenceSurvey(NISVS):2010Summary Report.Atlanta,GA:NationalCenterforInjuryPreventionandControl,CentersforDisease ControlandPrevention. Catalano,S.(2005).IntimatepartnerviolenceintheUnitedStates19932005.U.S.BureauofJustice Statistics.Retrievedfrom:http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/intimate/table/vomen.cfmNational CrimeVictimizationSurveydata. Cook,P.W.(2009).Abusedmen:Thehiddensideofdomesticviolence(2nded.).Westport:Praeger. Douglas,E.M.andHines,D.(2011)Thehelpseekingexperiencesofmenwhosustainintimatepartner violence:Anoverlookedpopulationandimplicationsforpractice.J.Fam.Vio.2011 Aug;26(6):473485Publishedonline04June2011.NationalInstituteofMentalHealthGrant Number5R21MH074590.Retrievedfrom: http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhines/Douglas%20%20Hines%202011%20helpseeking%20expe riences%20of%20male%20victims.pdf Galdas,P.M.,Cheater,F.,&Marshall,P.(2005).Menandhealthhelpseekingbehaviour:literature review.JournalofAdvancedNursing,49(6),616622 Hines,D.A.,Brown,J.,&Dunning,E.(2007).Characteristicsofcallerstothedomesticabusehelplinefor men.JournalofFamilyViolence,22(2),6372 Hoff,B.H.(2001),TheRiskofSeriousPhysicalInjuryfromAssaultbyaWomanIntimate:ARe ExaminationofNationalViolenceAgainstWomenSurveyDataonTypeofAssaultbyan Intimate.MenWebonlineJournal(ISSN:10955240http://www.menweb.org/NVAWSrisk.htm) RetrievedfromWebonJan.18,2011. SaltzmanLE,FanslowJL,McMahonPM,ShelleyGA.IntimatePartnerViolenceSurveillance:Uniform definitionsandrecommendeddataelements,Version1.0.Atlanta(GA):NationalCenterfor InjuryPreventionandControl,CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention;1999.Thisisthe mostcurrentversionofthisdocument,asofJanuary19,2011. StatisticsCanada(2011January).FamilyViolenceinCanada:AStatisticalProfileCatalogue no. 85-224-X, pp. 7-8.Retrievedfromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85224x/85224x2010000eng.pdf StatisticsCanada(2006,October).Measuringviolenceagainstwomen:Statisticaltrends2006(Catalogue No.85570XIE).Ottawa,ON:Author.Retrievedfrom http://www.statcan.ca/english/research/85570XIE/85570XIE2006001.pdf(654,000women and546,000menmen45.5%)

Straus,M.A.(2011).Gendersymmetryandmutualityinperpetrationofclinicallevelpartnerviolence: Empiricalevidenceandimplicationsforpreventionandtreatment.AggressionandViolent Behavior16(2011)279288 Straus,M.A.(2005).Women'sviolencetowardmenisaserioussocialproblem.InD.R.Loseke,R.J. Gelles&M.M.Cavanaugh(Eds.),Currentcontroversiesonfamllyviolence,2ndEdltlon(2nd Editioned.,pp.5577).NewburyPark:SagePublications.RetrievedJan.20,2012from: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/VB33R%20Women's%20Violence%20Toward%20Men.pdf Straus,M.A.(1995).Trendsinculturalnormsandratesofpartnerviolence:anupdateto1992.InS. Stith&M.A.Straus(Eds.),Understandingpartnerviolence:Prevalence,causes,consequences, andsolutions(pp.3033).Minneapolis:NationalCouncilonFamilyRelations. Straus,M.A.,&Gelles,R.J.(1988).HowviolentareAmericanfamilies?:EstimatesfromtheNational FamilyViolenceResurveyandotherstudies.InG.T.Hotaling&D.Finkelhor(Eds.),Familyabuse anditsconsequences:Newdirectionsinresearch(pp.1436).ThousandOaks:SagePublications. Tjaden,P.G.,&Thoennes,N.(2000).FullReportofPrevalence,IncidenceandConsequencesofViolence AgainstWomen:FindingsfromtheNationalViolenceAgainstWomenSurvey.U.S.Department ofJustice,NationalInstituteofJustice&CentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionResearch Report,Nov.2000.NCJ183781 Truman,J.S.,(2011).NationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey:CriminalVictimization,2010.U.S.Department ofJustice,OfficeofJusticePrograms,BureayofJusticeStatistics.NCJ235508 U.S.DepartmentofJustice,OfficeofJusticePrograms,NationalInstituteofJustice(2005,Nov.). SolicitationforProposals:JusticeResponsestoIntimatePartnerViolenceandStalking.Catalogof FederalDomesticAssistance(CFDA)Number:16.560CFDATitle:NationalInstituteofJustice Research,Evaluation,andDevelopmentProject.GrantsGrants.govFundingNo.2006NIJ1207 SL000734.The2007solicitation,IntimatePartnerViolenceandStalking:ResearchforPolicyand Practice,CFDANo.16.560,thelastyearoftheresearchforpolicyandpracticefunding,states: Withinthesepriorityareas,applicantsmaysubmitproposalsthatexaminethecriminaljustice responsetointimatepartnerviolenceand/orstalkingasitoccurswithindiversepopulations. Thismightinclude,butisnotlimitedto,studiesthatfocusonethnic,racial,andlanguage minoritygroupsincludingimmigrants;NativeAmericanwomen;womenwholiveinruralareas; womenwithcognitive,developmental,orphysicaldisabilities;womenwithvisionimpairments; elderlywomen;womenlivingininstitutionalsettings;womenwhoaremigrantworkers;women involvedinprostitution;andhomelesswomen.(p.5) Woodsv.Horton(2008),167Cal.App.4th658CACt.ofAppeal3rdDist.08C.D.O.S.13247Wefindthe genderbasedclassificationsinthechallengedstatutesthatprovideprogramsforvictimsof domesticviolenceviolateequalprotection.Wefindmalevictimsofdomesticviolenceare similarlysituatedtofemalevictimsforpurposesofthestatutoryprogramsandnocompelling stateinterestjustifiesthegenderclassification.Wereformtheaffectedstatutesbyinvalidating

theexemptionofmalesandextendingthestatutorybenefitstomen,whomtheLegislature improperlyexcluded.SeeMen&WomenAgainstDiscriminationv.TheFamilyProtection ServicesBd.,KanawaCounty(VWA)CircuitCourt,CivilCauseNo.08C1056.DecisionfiledOct. 2,2009.

RespondentsweresurveyedbetweenJanuaryandDecember,2010andaskedaboutvictimizationwithinthe12 monthsbeforebeingsurveyed. 2 Thenumberofwomenwhowereraped,subjectedtophysicalviolenceand/orstalkedis6,982,000accordingto NIPSVSTable4.1,butwhenoneaddsthethreeindividualitemsinTable4.1thesumis8,780,000.Thereareno datatodifferentiatedoublecountingofrapeandphysicalviolence,physicalviolenceandstalking,oranyother combination.Overtheirlifetimes,4.4%offemalevictimsofrape,physicalviolenceorstalkingweresubjectedonly torape.Another8.7%weresubjectedtophysicalviolenceandrape,and12.5%subjectedtorape,physical violenceandstalking.Thus,83%oftherapevictimswerealsosubjectedtophysicalviolence,andappearinboth therapeandphysicalviolencecategories. 3 Similarly,theCDCdefinitionofphysicalviolenceincludesthrowinganobjectwhichcouldcauseharm.(Salzman, T.,1999,3.1)IntheNVAWsurveythishappenedin59%ofthecasesofviolenceagainstmenintheNVAWsurvey (Hoff,B.H.,2001,Table1)butnoquestionsaboutthrowinganobjectwereaskedintheNIPSVSsurvey. 4 Tables4.7and4.8showthattherewere5,429,000victimsofseverephysicalviolence.Ofthese,3,163,000 (58.3%)werewomenand2,266,000(41.7%)weremen. 5 Expressiveaggressionincludesactingangryinawaythatseemeddangerous;beingtoldtheywerelosers,a failureornotgoodenough;beingtoldtheywereugly,fat,crazyorstupid;beinginsulted,humiliatedormadefun of;orbeingtoldnobodyelsewouldwantthem. 6 Coercivecontrolconsistsofthefollowing,roughlyinorderoffrequency:beingkepttrackofbydemandingto knowhisorherwhereabouts(63.1%ofmen,61.7%ofwomen),makingdecisionsitwastheotherpersonsto make,tryingtokeepsomeonefromseeingfamilyorfriends,makingthreatsofphysicalharm,threateningtoharm onesselforcommitsuicide,destroyingsomethingimportant,beingkeptfromleavingthehouse,sayingifIcant haveyou,nobodycan,keptfromhavingyourownmoneytouse,threateningtotakethekidsaway,threatening totakeapetaway,andhurtingsomeoneyoulove.Inthelast12months. 7 Oneauthorinformsmethatthedifferencehereisnotstatisticallysignificant.Hines,D.,personalcommunication, Jan.23,2012.
1