Resolution Example

Datorstdd Elektronikkonstruktion
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Signal Assignment Statement
VHDL Signal Assignment and Resolved Signals
The projected output waveform stored in the driver of a signal can be modied by a signal assignment statement. signal_assignment_statement ::= target <= [transport | [reject time _expression] inertial] waveform; waveform ::= waveform_element {, waveform_element}
1. Signal Assignment Statement
2. Delay Mechanism waveform_element ::= value _expression [after time _expression] 3. Transport Delay S<=transport 100 after 20 ns, 15 after 35 ns; S <= 1 after 20 ns,15 after 35 ns; 4. Inertial Delay
5. Resolved Signals
6. Guarded Signals
The concrete way a driver is updated as result of a signal assignment, depends on the delay mechanism (transport or inertial). The delay mechanism can be explicitly specied as part of the signal assignment; if no mechanism is specied, the default is inertial.
Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH
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Transport Delay (contd)
Transport Delay
Examples Consider the following assignments executed at simulation time 100 ns (the projected waveform, at that moment, consists of a single transaction with value 0): S<=transport 100 after 20 ns, 15 after 35 ns; S<=transport 10 after 40 ns; S<=transport 25 after 38 ns;
Transport delay models devices that exhibit nearly innite frequency response: any pulse is transmitted, no matter how short its duration. This is typical when modeling transmission lines.
No transaction scheduled to be executed before a new one is affected by a signal assignment with transport delay.
Driver for S after rst two assignments:
0 100 ns
Update rule: 1. All old transactions scheduled to occur at the same time or after the rst new transaction are deleted from the projected waveform. 2. The new transactions are appended to the end of the driver.
100 120 ns
15 135 ns
10 140 ns
Driver for S after last assignment:
0 100 ns
100 120 ns
15 135 ns
25 138 ns
Every change on the input will be processed, regardless of how short the time interval between this change and the next one.
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Inertial Delay
85 90 100 105
70 75 85 90
Inertial delay models the timing behavior of current switching circuits: an input value must be stable for a certain duration, called pulse rejection limit, before the value propagates to the output.
Transport Delay (contd)
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65
A buffer element with delay 15 ns transport delay
20 30
25
35 45
S <= reject 5 ns inertial X after 10 ns;
t=0 ns
10
Additional update rule (after update operations have been performed exactly like for transport delay): All old transactions scheduled to occur at times between the time of the rst new transaction and this time minus the pulse rejection limit are deleted from the projected waveform; excepted are those transactions which are immediately preceding the rst new transaction and have the same value with it.
Z <= transport X after 15 ns
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Inertial Delay (contd) Inertial Delay (contd) Examples Consider the assignments below, executed at simulation time 100 ns, when the driver for signal S has the following contents: If no pulse rejection limit is specied, it is considered to be equal with the time value in the rst waveform element
0 100 ns
1 110 ns
15 135 ns
S <= X after 10 ns, 0 after 25 ns; is equivalent to: S <= reject 10 ns inertial X after 10 ns, 0 after 25 ns;
S <= 8 after 20 ns,2 after 40 ns, 5 after 65 ns,10 after 100 ns; S <= reject 55 ns inertial 5 after 90 ns;
Driver for S after rst assignment:
0 100 ns
8 120 ns
2 140 ns
5 165 ns
10 200 ns
Driver for S after second assignment:
0 100 ns
8 120 ns
5 165 ns
5 190 ns
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Resolved Signals and Resolution Functions

X Z1 <= reject 8 ns inertial X after 15 ns Z1
Inertial Delay (canto)
Z <= inertial X after 15 ns Z
Resolved signal: a signal for which several drivers exist (several processes assign values to that signal). For each resolved signal the designer has to specify an associated resolution function.
The resolution function computes the value which is used to update the current signal value, depending on the actual values of the drivers.
A buffer element with delay 15 ns inertial
70 75 85 90
The resolution function is automatically called by the simulation kernel every time the signal value has to be updated.
65
50
20 30
Z1
t=0 ns
10
25
35 45
45
65
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Resolved Signals and Resolution Functions (contd) Example: A resolved signal, Line, which models an interconnection line to which the output of several devices is connected. Each device is modeled by one process. The resolution function implements a wired or. Example (contd)
signal Line: Wired_Or Bit4; begin P1: process begin - - - - - Line <= 1; - - - - - end process; P2: process begin - - - - - Line <= 0; - - - - - end process; end Example.
architecture Example of ... is type Bit4 is (X,0,1,Z); type B_Vector is array(Integer range <>) of Bit4; function Wired_Or(Input: B_Vector) return Bit4 is variable Result: Bit4:=0; begin for I in InputRange loop if Input(I)=1 then Result:=1; exit; elsif Input(I)=X then Result:=X; end if; end loop; return Result; end Wired_or;
Each time a resolution function is invoked by the simulation kernel, it is passed an array value, each element of which is determined by a driver of the corresponding resolved signal.
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Guarded Signals
Guarded Signals (contd) What means a driver of a guarded signal to be disconnected? A disconnected driver does not inuence the current value of the signal.
A guarded signal is a resolved signal which has been declared to be of class register or bus. subtype BIT_8 is BIT_VECTOR(7 downto 0); signal Connect: Bus_resolution BIT_8 bus;
this is the name of the resolution function
Why do we need something like this? Guarded signals are an elegant way to model devices which are driven by several sources some of which can, temporarily, be turned off.
Only resolved signals can be guarded signals
The special thing about guarded signals: Guarded signals (and only they) can have drivers disconnected!
How can we disconnect a driver? A driver is disconnected by assigning to the guarded signal the value null in a sequential signal assignment. A driver is automatically disconnected as result of a guarded signal assignment (inside a block statement), whenever the guard associated to the block is false (we have not discussed block statement and guarded signal assignments here).
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Guarded Signals (contd)
Guarded Signals (contd)
signal Connect: Bus_resolution BIT_8 bus; architecture Example of ... is subtype BIT_8 is BIT_VECTOR(7 downto 0); type B8_Vector is array(Integer range <>) of Bit_8; function Bus_resolution(Input: B8_Vector) return Bit_8 is variable Result: Bit_8:=00000000; begin -- if Input is void (InputRange=0), -- because all input drivers are dis-- connected, the for is not executed for I in InputRange loop . . . . . . . . Result := ....... . . . . . . . . end loop; return Result; end Bus_resolution; begin P1: process begin - - - - - Connect <= null after 10ns; - - - - - end process; P2: process begin - - - - - Connect <= 01010010 after 20ns; - - - - - end process; end Example.
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Guarded Signals (contd) Guarded Signals (contd)

Process P4
. . . . . X:=S1+S2+S3;
At activation of the resolution function, disconnected drivers (whose current value is null) are ignored.
Current 5 S1 150 S2 f(1) S3 signal values
What happens if all drivers are disconnected?

R
5 10ns 100 35ns 0 100ns 10 110ns
i funct tion esolu
on
This is the situation where there is a difference between resolved signals of class register and bus. Bus signals: the resolution function is activated with a void argument; the function returns a value which becomes the new current value of the signal. Register signals: the resolution function is not activated; the signal keeps its current value.
Dr_S1P1
150 20ns 55 130ns
null 15ns 0 50ns 88 100ns
1 20ns 0 40ns null 60ns
Dr_S2P2
Dr_S3P2
Dr_S3P3
. . . S1 <= . . . S1 <= . . ... . . ... . . . S2 <= . . . S3 <= . . ... . . ... . . . . . S3 <= ... . . . . .
Process P1
Process P2
Process P3
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Summary
Signal assignment statements can be executed according to two different delay mechanisms: transport and inertial. Transport delay, models devices with nearly innite frequency response. Such are e.g. interconnection lines. With inertial delay, an input value must be stable for a certain duration before it propagates to the output. A signal to which several processes assign values is a resolved signal. For such a signal several drivers are created. A resolution function has to be dened for each resolved signal. It is automatically activated by the simulation kernel every time the signal value has to be updated. Guarded signals are a special category of resolved signal. They can have their drivers disconnected. A disconnected driver will be ignored when activating the resolution function A guarded signal of class register keeps its current value when all its drivers are disconnected. A signal of class bus, with all drivers disconnected, will get a new value which is determined by the resolution function

Resolution Example

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Datorstdd Elektronikkonstruktion

Signal Assignment Statement

VHDL Signal Assignment and Resolved Signals

1. Signal Assignment Statement

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Transport Delay (contd)

Driver for S after rst two assignments:

Driver for S after last assignment:

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Transport Delay (contd)

A buffer element with delay 15 ns transport delay

S <= reject 5 ns inertial X after 10 ns;

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Z <= transport X after 15 ns

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Driver for S after rst assignment:

Driver for S after second assignment:

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Resolved Signals and Resolution Functions

Inertial Delay (canto)

Z <= inertial X after 15 ns Z

A buffer element with delay 15 ns inertial

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

this is the name of the resolution function

Only resolved signals can be guarded signals

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Guarded Signals (contd)

Guarded Signals (contd)

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Guarded Signals (contd) Guarded Signals (contd)

Current 5 S1 150 S2 f(1) S3 signal values

What happens if all drivers are disconnected?

i funct tion esolu

150 20ns 55 130ns

null 15ns 0 50ns 88 100ns

1 20ns 0 40ns null 60ns

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

Petru Eles, IDA, LiTH

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