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LimitsofSpeciesDistributions p
Biogeograhy,niche,factorslimitingdistribution
TaxonomyofEcosystems
Biome climograph major terrestrial biomes Biome,climograph,majorterrestrialbiomes
RegionalClimatepatterns Microclimate
Climate
Whyisthereageneralpatternforthelocationofthemajor terrestrialbiomes? Climate:theaveragestateoftheweatherataparticularlocation Weather:theinstantaneousstateoftheweatherataparticular location Fi Fivemaincomponentsofclimateandweather i f li d h
Light Energy Temperature Precipitation RelativeHumidity Wind
Temperatureandtheenergybudgetoforganismsor thelandsurfacearemeasuredbecauseofinterest:
Organismtoecosystemwaterrelations,thephysiological, phenological,andlifecyclesensitivitiesoforganismsto theirenvironment
Temperature
1. 1 Global Mean Temperature: Greenhouse effect - also affects day/night variation in temp.
AtmosphericNorthSouthCirculation:GlobalWindPatterns
Hadleycells:asoriginallyproposed
NorthSouthCirculation:GlobalWindPatternsandDistributionof TerrestrialBiomes
RotationEasttoWest
Arctic Circle 60N Westerlies 30 N 30N Northeasttrades Doldrums Southeasttrades Westerlies 60S Antarctic Circle 0 (equator) 30S
The impact of the prevailing winds and their potential to link events among continents is illustrated b m n ntin nts ill st t d by the movement of dust in the atmosphere and the enrichment of the Sargasso Sea in the western Atlantic Ocean by nutrients from Africa!
Dust storm from the Gobi Desert moving across the Korean Peninsula and Japan.
The remnants of the dust affect the air on the East Coast of the U.S.
Microclimate
RegionalEffectsonClimate g ff
Variousfeaturesofthelandscapecontributeto localvariationsinclimate
Topography(Mountains) Bodiesofwater Landcover
Mountains
Changesinaltitudeaffect:
Th Theamountofsunlightreachinganarea f li h hi Localtemperature
Mountainscauseorographic effects
Rainfallpatterns Mountainvalleyeffects
Orographic Effects
East
Coast Range
BodiesofWater
Oceansandtheircurrentsandlargelakes moderatetheclimateofnearbyterrestrial moderate the climate of nearby terrestrial environments
Landheatsupandcoolsmorequicklythandolargebodiesof water. Thehighspecificheatofwaterslowswarmingandcooling. Regionsnearwaterexperiencelessextremesintemperature Regions near water experience less extremes in temperature (Maritimeclimate)thandoregionsontheinteriorofcontinents (Continentalclimate).
Fig.5212
2 3 Cooler
airsinks overwater.
Aircoolsat highelevation.
1 Warmair
overlandrises.
4 Coolairoverwater
movesinland,replacing risingwarmairoverland.
LessVegetation
Warmer,lowerrelativehumidity,lessprecipitation , y, p p
UrbanHeatIsland
Income
IncreasingVariable
Temperature p
Vegetation
Jeneretteetal.2007
Microclimate
Microclimateisdeterminedbyfinescale differencesinabiotic andbioticfactors differences in abiotic and biotic factors
Aspect:directionofslopeface d f l f Northfacingslopesarecooler/wetter Southfacingslopesarewarmer/drier PlantShading: Underneathaplantcanopy
EarlySpringDay
Lecture3Review
GlobalClimatePatterns
Temperature,energyinput,greenhouseeffect,major atmosphericandoceaniccirculationpatterns
RegionalClimatepatterns
M Mountains,waterbodies,landcover t i t b di l d
Microclimate
aspect,plantshading
Thoughtquestion:Isanorthfacingslopeinthesouthernhemispherewarmerorcolder thanacorrespondingSouthfacingslope?