Hopfield Neural Network and Fuzzy Hopfield Neural

Network for Diagnosis of Liver Disorders

Mehdi Neshat
Department of Computer Engineering, University Islamic
Azad of shirvan branch, Iran
Mashhad, Iran
Neshat_mehdi@yahoo.com
Abas E.Zadeh
Department of medical science University Mashhad Iran
Mashhad, Iran
A_esmaelzadeh@yahoo.com
Abstract nowadays, artificial intelligence has a wide usage
especially for designing intelligent systems in medicine.
Diagnosing and determining different kinds of diseases are a part
of this system's duties. In this research tried to diagnose liver
disorders more accurate by using Hopfield neural network and
fuzzy Hopfield beside fuzzy C-Means. Requiring data including
345 records and 6 fields is chosen from valid data bank (UCI)
there are 6 inputs and the rate of network liver disorders risk is
the output. In comparison with traditional diagnoses this system
is faster, more economical, more reliable and more accurate. In
the best state of training, Hopfield neural network and fuzzy
Hopfield neural network diagnose liver disorders with the
accuracy of 88.2% and 92% respectively. These results have been
examined and proved experimentally under observation of
specialists. Regarding diverse neural networks which been
applied in diagnosing liver disorders, results have been an
agreeable improvement.
Keywords-neural network; fuzzy; Hopfield; liver disorders
I. INTRODUCTION
Despite all the standardization efforts made, medical
diagnosis is still regarded as an art Owing to the fact that that
medical diagnosis requires an expertise in handling the
uncertainty which is Unavailable in today's computing
machinery. Though artificial intelligence is not a new concept
it has been widely recognized as a new technology in computer
science. Numerous areas such as education, Business, medical
and manufacturing have made use of artificial intelligence.
Problem statement: The Proposed study investigated the
potential of artificial intelligence techniques principally for
medical Applications. Neural network algorithms could
possible provide an enhanced solution for medical Problems
[1].
In recent years, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) has
become a fascinating research area in the field of medicine. It
is believed that in near future, they will be extensively applied
to biomedical systems [2]. Diverse areas of medicine, for
instance, diagnostic systems, biochemical analysis, image
analysis and drug development has successfully applied ANN,
in the past. In the mid-1980s, an application known as the
instant physician stored a large number of medical records
by training an auto associative memory neural network.
Information regarding symptoms, diagnosis and treatment for a
particular case were stored in all the records. Once the training
is completed, a set of symptoms will be presented as input to
the net. Consequently, the full stored pattern representing the
best diagnosis and treatment is identified by the net.
The functioning of the human body is characterized by the
complex and highly interactive interplay of its organs and the
psyche. The goal of this concerted effort is homeostasis, the
equilibrium of all physiological quantities. While the actual
level at which the balance is maintained varies within
physiological bounds - from individual to individual,
deviations from it are indicative of some kind of perturbation,
be it of internal or of external cause. The identification of these
perturbations is the goal of medical diagnosis. With the
diagnostic means available today it is often impossible to look
inside a patient and determine the primary cause that led to the
(series of) effects and reactions the patient complains about.
More often than not, diagnosis is therefore based on indirect
evidence, the presence of symptoms, and the knowledge of the
medical mechanisms that relate presumed causes to observed
effects. The problems of diagnosis do not only arise from the
incompleteness of this knowledge, but also and most
immediately from the theoretical and practical limitations
associated with the reversal of the chain of implications that
lead from an initial cause to its observable effects.[3]
In the second section of this paper, structure of especial
data bank is examined. Third section is about structure of
Hopfield neural network and its features. Combination of fuzzy
logic and Hopfield network which is a powerful network with
high flexibility is discussed in the forth section and in the fifth
section experimental results and examining the diverse states of
training and testing the networks are explained.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Liver disease dataset
Liver is an effective organ in neutralizing toxics and
throwing them from the body. If the amount of toxics reaches a
level exceeding working capacity of the organ, the cells of
related parts in organ are destroyed. Then, some substances and
enzymes are appeared and interfere in blood. During diagnosis
of the disease, the levels of these enzymes are analyzed.
Because of the fact that effects of different
978-1-4244-5164-7/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE
Alcohol dosages vary from one person to the other as well
as the fact that there are many enzymes; there can be frequent
possible errors in diagnosis.
BUPA Liver Disorders data set which is prepared by BUPA
medical research company includes 345 samples with 6
features and 2 class labels. All of the samples are taken from
only one single male.
Two hundred samples of the whole data set belong to the
first class label and remaining 145 samples belong to the
second class label. The first five features for each sample are
obtained from blood tests. The last feature is daily alcohol
consumption. Information about this data set in detailed can be
found in:
mean corpuscular volume (Mcv);
Alkaline phosphotase (Alkphos)protein in cell
membrane of gall secretion;
Alanine aminotransferase (Sgpt)it is one of the
aminotransferase varieties which cause rising blood level when
hepatocellular necrosis is set;
Aspartate aminotransferase (Sgot)it is one of the
aminotransferase varieties which cause rising blood level when
hepatocellular necrosis is set;
C-glutamyl transpeptidase (Gammagt)this is a test
which determines the amount of GGT enzyme in blood;
drinksdaily alcohol consumption (half-pint). [4]
Table 1 includes normal amounts of each of the appointed
fields. A person is healthy and has no liver disorders if their
examination results include these results. Of course it is not
without exception.
TABLE I. NORMAL RANGE OF LIVER DISORDERS AMOUNTS
fields Normal domain
MCV 80-96fl
Alkphos 20-130IU/L
Sgpt 4-36IU/L
Sgot 8-33IU/L
Gammgt 5-40IU/L
Drink 0.2-1L
B. Previous research
As for other clinical diagnosis problems, classification
systems have been used for hepatitis disease diagnosis
problem. When the studies in the literature related with this
classification application are examined, it can be seen that a
great variety of methods were used which reached high
classification accuracies using the dataset taken from UCI
machine learning repository. Table 2 includes the comparison
of Fuzzy-AIRS and AIRS and FIS with other classifiers in UCI
web site in addition to other related with BUPA Liver
Disorders dataset classification problem. [5-13].
TABLE 2 . RESEARCH ON LIVER DISORDERS
55.90 Rules-4 2000 Pham et al
65.59 C4.5(5*CV) 2001 Cheung
63.39 Nave Bayes 2001 Cheung
61.83 BNND(5*CV) 2001 Cheung
61.42 BNNF(5*CV) 2001 Cheung
69.70 Svm with GP 2002 Van Gestel
70.33 SSVM 2001 Lee and Man
74.86 RSVM 2001 Lee and Man
73.05 MLP(3*CV) 2003 Yalcin and Yild
42.03 PNN(3*CV) 2003 Yalcin and Yild
65.55 GRNN(3*CV) 2003 Yalcin and Yild
58.55 RBF(3*CV) 2003 Yalcin and Yild
81 AIRS 2005 Polat
83.38 FW-AIRS 2007 Polat
91 FIS 2008 M.Neshat
III. METHOD
A. Hopfield Neural Network
The Hopfield neural network has been studied extensively
with its feature of simple architecture and potential for parallel
implementation. Hopfield neural network (HNN) is a
biologically inspired mathematical tool and was proposed by
Hopfield [14] in 1982.The Hopfield neural network is a well-
known technique used for solving optimization problem based
on energy function. The HNN, a feedback auto association
network, which has several characteristics [15] such as:
- Synaptic weights are stored in advance.
- Nonlinear threshold operations are used in each
layer to produce new states.
- States feedback is used to that the states of neuron
can be iteratively updated.
- The objective function is minimized until the
network converges to a stable state.
The advantage of using HNN over more traditional
optimization techniques lies in its potential for rapid
computational power when implemented in electronic
hardware, and the inherent parallelism of the network. There
are two types of Hopfield networks, discrete and continuous
models, which permit difference values for neuron states.
Biological modeling of human brain is attempted by
utilizing a fully inter connected system of N neurons. Assume
neuron i has internal state
i
U and output level
i
V . The
internal state
i
U incorporates a bias current denoted by
i
I and
the weighted sum of the output from all other neurons. Assume
the weight, which determines the strength of the connection
from neuron i to neuron j is given by
ij
W . The relationship
between the internal state
i
U of a neuron and its output level
i
V is determined by an activation function G (
i
U ) i.e.
i
V =G
(
i
U ). The nature of this activation function is used to
determine that the Hopfield neural network is discrete or
continuous .an example of an activation function, in a
continuous case, is shown as below.
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =

i
i i
U
U G V tanh 1
2
1
) ( (1)
Where is a parameter used to control the gain of the
active function. For discrete Hopfield neural network, the
activation function is usually a discrete threshold function .the
following is an example for which the threshold value is setting
to zero.

s
>
= =
0 0
0 1
) (
i
i
i i
U
U
U G V (2)
The states of the neurons on the network are updated
themselves sequentially according to the following rules.
) ( ) ( ) 1 (
1
_
=
+ A + = +
N
j
i j ij i i
I V W t t U t U (3)
)) 1 ( ( ) 1 ( + = + t U G t V
i i
(4)
Where t A is represented as a constant time-step. The
network of neurons will be converged to a local minimum of
the following energy function over time.
__ _
+ =
i j i
i i j ij i
V I V W V E
2
1
(5)
Provided the weights are symmetric i.e.
ji ij
W W = [14]. If
neurons of the network are updated in synchronously, then the
possibility of the convergence exists.
Fig. 1.applied Hopfield network for diagnosing disorders
Since the data are in a six dimensional space, three
dimensional Hopfield must be used so that the network labels
each datum regarding to three fields. Then redo this action to
compute other three fields. Resultant of these two labeled
amounts is the certain amount of each datum.
Energy function is defined as following formula:
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
) , , , , , (
2
2
+ +
=
__ ___
______
i j
ij
i j
kl
k
ij
pq kl ij
i j k l p q
V
C
V V
B
V V V q p l k j i D
A
E
(6)
In function of energy equation Function D is defined as
below:
overlap not V V V
overlap V V V
q p l k j i D
pq kl ij
pq kl ij

=
0
1
) , , , , , ( (7)
In a three-dimension space Hopfield differential equation is
calculated based on formula 8:

= =
=
=
=
+
=
c
c
=
+ + =
c
c
+ + =
c
c
__ __
____
__
__
otherwise
q p l k j i
B I
B q p l k j i AD W
C V C V B V V
q p l k j i D A
U
V
E
U
dt
dU
I V W
C
U
t
U
I V W
C
U
t
U
pq kl ij
ij
pq kl ij pq kl ij
pq kl
p q
pq kl ij
k l
kl pq KL
k l p q i
ij
ij i
ij ij
p q
kl kl pq kl
k
kl kl
k l
ij ij kl ij
i
ij ij
0
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( 1
) , , , , , (
) , , , , , (
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
o
o
o o
t t (8)
Network can be built after calculating the weights. By
primary measuring in each level output of the network's
neurons is produced. The proper activating function in
Hopfield network is sigmoid function which used in this
research. Outputs of each level are used as the inputs of the
next level in order to keep the network stable. After network
training, testing level should be done. In this research, the
network was trained and tested by different parts of data.
Outcomes are discussed and examined in experimental results
part.
B. Fuzzy Hopfield Neural Network
The idea of fuzzy Hopfield has displayed a very beneficial
function through optimization, clustering and pattern
recognition. By the combination of fuzzy logic and Hopfield
network; ability, flexibility and accuracy of network has been
improved and instead of outputs 0 and 1 Dependency rate of
each datum upon the appointed class is calculated [16-19].
Fuzzy C-Means is used for determining information
collection of X, choosing the number of the class, choosing the
amount of M which is always upper than 1 as the power of
weighting, determining the 0 > c as the error rate of
algorithm's output, determining the standard matrix of stimulus
A and primary measuring the dividing matrix [16].
The algorithm applied for liver disorders diagnosis using
fuzzy Hopfield network is discussed in ten levels. Using this
method, dependency rate of each record which in fact is the
result of suspect's examinations, is calculated regarding
patients and healthy people collection. Then final decision is
made about the suspect.
1) The history
A concept of fuzzy Hopfield neural network with the
computational functions of fuzzy logic is defined .this led us to
in the Hopfield neural model in order to realize automatic,
accurate tuning of the network coefficients. In the proposed
integration the set of fuzzy rules is determined on the basis of
example derived from the experience we have acquired in
various Hopfield network applications in several fields [20].the
rules were obtained through a supervised learning process, as
described in [21].
Over the last few years, the fuzzy Hopfield neural network
has been studied extensively with its features of simple
architecture and potential for parallel implementation .the
fuzzy Hopfield neural network is the combination of fuzzy c-
means clustering and Hopfield neural network clustering
network and it has been broadly used in various types of
unsupervised pattern recognition and specific image
segmentation problems. Cheng et al. proposed a competitive
Hopfield neural network for medical image segmentation.
Moreover; Chung et al. applied a competitive Hopfield neural
network for polygonal approximation. The winner-take-all rule
has been adopted in the two dimensional discrete Hopfield
neural network to eliminate the need for finding weighting
factor in the energy function. lin et al. proposed the
segmentation of signal and multi-spectral medical image using
a fuzzy Hopfield neural network [22,23,24].additionally ,an
edge detection algorithms based on the Hopfield neural
network were proposed by chao et al.[25].furthermore
,endocardial boundary detection using the Hopfield neural
network was described by Tsai et al .[26].amatur et al.[27] used
the two dimensional Hopfield neural network for segmentation
of multi-spectral MR images. fuzzy possibilistic neural
network to vector quantize in frequency domains was proposed
by Lin[28].Fuzzy Hopfield neural network with fixed weight
for medical image segmentation was proposed by chang and
ching[29].robust segmentation of medical image using
competitive Hopfield neural network as a clustering tool was
proposed by roozbahani et al.[30]. In additional, medical image
segmentation using a contextual constraint based Hopfield
neural cube was proposed by chang and chung [31].besides, a
new image clustering and compression method based on fuzzy
Hopfield neural network was proposed by Kaya [32] and
Image Clustering and Compression Using An Annealed Fuzzy
Hopfield Neural Network [35], stochastic stability analysis of
fuzzy Hopfield neural network with time varying delays was
proposed by He Huang [36].
2) Algorithm
1) Classifying the data fuzzy C-Means.
2) Normalizing the data (calculating each of the fields'
averages and variances and determining the unity coefficient of
fields in order to omit the sick field if recognized. [33])
3) Primary centering
0 = i
V
4) Computing the distance between each data and
appointed class
N k c i v x A v x D
i k
T
i k
s s s s = 1 , 1 ), ( ) ( )9)
Calculating the primary dividing matrix
_
=

= =
c
j
m
jkA
ikA
k i
D
D
U
1
) 1 (
2
) 0 (
,
) 0 (
) (
1
(11)
6) Computing the new cluster's centroid
m
f i f
n
f
n
h
m
h i
i
x v
,
1
1
,
1

_
_
=
=
= (12)
7) Calculating the input for each neuron (I, k)
2
1
,
1
,
,
1
(
(
(
(

=
_
_
=
=
n
f
m
f i f
n
h
m
h i
k k i
x x Net

(13)
8) Calculating the new dividing matrix (fuzzy C-Means)
1
1
1
2
,
,
,

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
_
c
j
m
k j
k i
k i
Net
Net
(14)
9) Calculate
t
J

__
= =
=
n
k
c
i
k i
m
k i
t
D
N
J
1 1
2
, ,
1

(15)
10) If c <
+ t t
J J
1
go to level 6 else go to end.
11) End
IV. SIMULATIONS ANDRESULTS
Hopfield network has been trained by different data. For
designing this neural network, MATLAB software is used.
TABLE 3.DIFFERENT KINDS OF GROUPS USED FOR NETWORK TRAINING
# CLASS EXPLANATION
1 ALL(BUPA) All data for training
2 C1( ) Only data related to patients' class
3 C2( ) only data related to healthy People's class
4 F1_MCV() training the network without field MCV
5 F2_ALK() training the network without field ALK
6 F3_SGPT() training the network without field SGPT
7 F4_SGOT() training the network without field SGOT
8 F5_GAM() training the network without field GAM
9 F6_RANDOM() Half of data (50%) is chosen randomly
Since the most important part of neural networks is network
training this action was done in different forms to recognize the
impact of each field on the training.
After training the network, testing and determining the
accuracy rate must be done. In this research, training was done
by every different group of data in table 4 and for testing the
network other data that have not attended in training has been
used of. Also the training error is calculated. Outcomes indicate
that the network is trained better without field GAM therefore
this field must be omitted from the bank.
TABLE 4.RESULTS OF TRAINING AND TESTING THE HOPFIELD NETWORK
%TEST %TRAIN CLASS #
84.6% 90.5% ALL(BUPA) 1
78.2% 83.4% C1( ) 2
76.6% 81% C2( ) 3
81.7% 90% F1_MCV() 4
84.1% 88.1% F2_ALK() 5
82.5% 89.3% F3_SGPT() 6
82.6% 90% F4_SGOT() 7
88.2% 91% F5_GAM() 8
85.2% 89.5% F6_RANDOM() 9
Using of fuzzy neural Hopfield network for diagnosing
liver disorders displayed a very satisfactory manner. The
appointed algorithm of repetition number, classification
rapidity in comparison to the methods k Means and fuzzy C-
Means, or fuzzy Hopfield[34] has been better and has
diagnosed more accurate than other works have done up to
now. Table 5 shows the outcomes of fuzzy Hopfield network
and table 6 shows results of several neural networks.
TABLE 5.RESULTS OF TRAINING AND TESTING THE FUZZY HOPFIELD
NETWORK
%TEST %TRAIN CLASS #
88.7% 92% ALL(BUPA) 1
83.5% 87% C1( ) 2
83% 86% C2( ) 3
85% 89% F1_MCV() 4
90% 91% F2_ALK() 5
87% 90.5% F3_SGPT() 6
87.2% 90% F4_SGOT() 7
92% 96% F5_GAM() 8
91.5% 94% F6_RANDOM() 9
TABLE6.RESULTS OF TRAINING AND TESTING SEVERAL NEURAL NETWORKS
%TEST %TRAIN Class Neural network
79.4% 84% F5_GAM() MLP
69.5% 73.5% ------- RBF
71.5% 79% ------- GRNN
60.6% 65% -------- PNN
81.7% 86% ------- LVQ
88.2% 91% ------- Hopfield
V. CONCLUSION
In this research, using neural Hopfield and fuzzy Hopfield
networks and according to the valid data bank UCI, diagnosis
of liver disorders done under the observation of liver specialist.
The network trained and tested in different arms and in the best
state, Hopfield network succeed in diagnosing the liver
disorders with the accuracy of 88.2%. Fuzzy Hopfield network
in the best state of training and testing diagnosed the liver
disorders with the accuracy of 92% which is a good
improvement over the works have been done up to now but if
the better accuracy of the fuzzy network is at the expense of
worse efficiency . The combination of a 3D Hopfield and fuzzy
C-Means has had successful outcomes and as a result has had a
better function than other used neural networks.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is meritorious to appreciate all the guidance and efforts
given by residents and doctors of Imam Reza hospital,
department liver biopsy, Mashhad Iran.
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