Assignment (01) IPM

Release date: 10.08.2011 Submission due date: 18.08.2011

Atomic Structure 1. State the units of atomic mass and atomic weight. What are the difference between these two terminology? 2. Calculate the force of attraction between a Ca2+ and O2- ion, the centres of which are separated by a distance of 1.25 nm. 3. Write short notes on metallic bond. Compare it with ionic and covalent bonds. 4. Draw the force and energy vs atomic separation diagram. How does the critical bonding energy (E 0) affect various mechanical and physical properties? 5. Calculate the bonding energy (E0) in terms of parameters A,B and n. [ Hint: E0=EA+ER, dE0/dr=0) 6. Compare between various primary and secondary bondings in solids. How does the bonding affects the melting temperature of solids? 7. Why metals are good conductor of electricity and heat? Crystal Structure Section-A :Solidification process 1. What is super cooling and discuss its role in solidification process of metals. Explain with diagram and explain the phases present in the transformation. 2. Differentiate between a crystal , a dendrite and a grain with help of neat sketch. 3. Combination of a high nucleation rate and a low growth rate yields a -------------- grain size. 4. Explain homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation with the help of suitable diagram. In a homogeneous nucleation process, the free energy decrease per unit volume is Fv and free energy required for creation of surface is per unit area. Show that the critical particle radius rc for nucleation is 2 / Fv. 5. What is allotropy transformation ? What is polymorphism ?Discuss with examples. 6. Enumerate in detail the process of solidification of metal in ingot mould Section-B :Crystal structure , crystallography and Imperfections 1. 2. 3. 4. Write the steps for determining the Miller Indices of crystallographic planes. Name the different types of Bravais lattices & give example in each case . List the point coordinates for all atoms that are associated with the FCC unit cell. Draw cubic crystals and show the following graphically i. Directions [111], [100], [110] ,[111],[120] ii. Planes whose miller indices are ( 623), (111), (011), (110),(111)

5. Sketch a tetragonal unit cell and within that cell indicate location of the 1 1 and point coordinates. 6. Draw a ( 1 1 1) and ( 100) plane inside a cubic unit cell. Determine the miller indices of the direction that is common to both these planes 7. Draw a ( 1 1 1) plane in the unit cell of a cubic crystal. Show all the [ 110 ] directions that lie on this plane. Give miller indices of each of them. 8. Draw one HCP unit cell and explain the position of each atom. How many atoms are present per HCP unit cell. Also calculate the coordination number and APF. 9. For the HCP crystal structure, show that the ideal c/a ratio is 1.633. 10. Convert the [100] and [ 111 ] directions into four index Miller Bravais scheme for hexagonal unit cell. Make the same conversion for the ( 010 ) and (101) planes. 11. If copper is F.C.C. and has atomic diameter of 0.2556 nm, calculate the lattice parameters.

12. Find out the packing factor of BCC, FCC, and of HCP metals. How many atoms are present per unit cell of a BCC and FCC metal structure ? 13. If planar density (PD) is the number of atoms centered on a plane per unit area of the plane, then calculate the planar density of a (110) plane within one FCC unit cell. ( take R as the atomic radius). 14. Niobium has an atomic radius of 0.143 nm and a density of 8.57 g/cm3 . Determine whether it has FCC or BCC crystal structure. 15. Calculate the density of Nickel which has F.C.C structure. Given the mass of nickel atom as 58.71 amu and radius of Nickel atom is 1.25 A0. 16. Uranium has an orthorhombic unit cell, with a, b and c lattice parameters of 0.286, 0.587 and 0.495 nm, respectively. Below are the physical characteristics of the element. (a) Density: 19.05 g/cm3 (b) Atomic Weight: 238.03 amu or g/mol Atomic radius: 0.1385 nm Based on this information, calculate the atomic packing factor and compare that APF quantitatively with that of a BCC metal. 17. Discuss with neat sketches the various types of defects that occur in metal. 18. Calculate the number of vacancies per cubic meter in gold at 9000C. The energy for vacancy formation is 0.98 eV/ atom. Furthermore , the density and atomic weight for Au are 19.32 g/cm3 and 196.9 g/ mol respectively. 19. Calculate the energy for vacancy formation in silver, given that the equilibrium number of vacancies at 8000C is 3.6 x 1023 m-3. The atomic weight and density ( at 8000C) for silver are 107.9 g/mol and 9.5 g/cm3. 20. Discuss briefly the various types of point defects encountered in a solid. 21. Explain edge and screw dislocations with neat sketches. What effects these will have on the material property ? 22. Explain Frenkel defect, scholtky defect and grain boundary imperfection with neat sketches Plastic deformation What is slip system ? Identify the preferred slip systems in FCC, BCC, and HCP metals. Briefly explain why HCP metals are typically more brittle than FCC and BCC metals. Distinguish between slip and twinning. U have a single crystal of BCC Fe, for which youve decided to apply a tensile stress of 52 MPa along the [010] direction. (a) What is the resolved shear stress along the [111] of a (110) plane in this crystal under these conditions? (b) If the critical resolved shear stress required to initiate yielding in this crystal is 30 MPa, will the crystal deform permanently along the [111] of a (110) plane in this crystal under the applied tensile stress youve chosen? (c) If not, what is the applied tensile stress, or y, required to initiate yielding? 6. A single crystal of zinc is oriented for a tensile test such that the normal to its slip plane makes an angle of 65 with the applied stress. Three possible slip directions make angles of 30, 48, and 78 with the applied stress. Which of these slip directions is most favored? Justify your answer. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.