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Crystallography & Mineralogy

By
BAKHTIAR KADER AZIZ Assistance professor 2010-2011

Subject 1: Introduction Lecturer: Dr. Bakhtiar Q. Aziz Objective: A brief review of the atoms and their behavior in the solid matters will discuss to the students, also they learn some terms related with crystallography science. Several slides will display to illustrate some nice natural crystal in nature forming different rocks and mineral. Scientific contents

The First Semester Crystallography

1- Crystallography difinition . 2- Atom arrangements within the solid body. 3- Abundance of the Elements. 4- The stage of the matters.

References
1. 2. 3. 4.

Introduction to crystallography, 1996, Phillips. Mjneralogy, 1997, Reynolds, J. M. Petrology and mineralogy, 1996, Arabic version, www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/states/crystals-ext.html

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Why we study Crystal?

Crystal make up Minerals

What is MINERALS?

Minerals are Crystal

Spinel

Fluorite

Garnet

Quartz

CALCITE

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Gold

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Diamond

Sulfur

Wulfenite

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Topaz

beryl Corundum

Crystals of grossularite garnet

pyrope garnet

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Matters in nature made up of atoms

Main Elements of Atoms

Electrons (E):
negative charge, very little mass

Protons (Z): positive

charge, mass 1800 times greater than electron

Neutrons (N): no
electric charge, mass 1800 times greater than electron

Atomic Structure
Negatively
charged electrons surround the nucleus.

Nucleus contains ~mass of the

atom Protons -positive charge Neutrons - no charge, i.e., neutral Electrons orbit Quarks, and more in discrete shells
- outer shell is most reactive

Fig. 3.2

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Similar Similar Periodic table of the elements properties Inert Elements gain elements electrons

Elements lose electrons

Increasing atomic number & electrons in outer shell.

Abundance of the Elements (wt. %)

Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Magnesium (Mg) Titanium (Ti) Nickel (Ni) All others Crust 46.3 % 46. 28.2% 28. 8.2% 5.6% 4.1% 2.4% 2.1% 2.3% 0.5% trace trace Whole Earth 29.5% 29. 15.2% 15. 1.1% 34.6% 34. 1.1% 0.6% 0.1% 12.7% 12. 0.1% 2.4% 2.6%

Others: Hydrogen (H), Carbon (C ), Sulfur (S), Mangenese (Mn) Lead (Pb), Uranium (U), Argon (Ar), Phosphorous (P), Zirconium

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Ions
When an atom loses or gains an electron
are called cations. cations. are called anions. anions. = 0): > Ionic Bonding

ion. to or from another atom it is called an ion.

Positively charged ions (loss of electron) Negatively charged ions (gain of electron) Ions of opposite charge attract (net charge

90% of all minerals are ~ ionic compounds. 90%

Ionic Bonding

Cation (+)

Anion (-)

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Ionic Compounds

- NaCl - Halite - Table Salt

How Crystals are formed? Electron+ Proton + Neutron Atoms

Amorphous

Crystal

Minerals

Rocks

Earth

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How are atoms arranged in solids?? 3 phases or states of matter

1-Solid 2-Liquid 3-Gas

The solid state

Atoms in solids may be randomly positioned (as in a liquid) Amorphous Solids (e.g. glasses) or Arranged in an orderly, repeating pattern within the material Crystalline Solids

The three stages of matters: A- Gaseous stage: 1-Atoms have large energy 2- Freely moved 3- Chemical bonds between atoms are very week

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B- Liquid stage: 1-Atoms have less energy 2- Freely moved 3- Chemical bonds between atoms are week

C- Solid stage: 1-Atoms have very less energy 2- Not Freely moved (Stable) 3- Chemical bonds between atoms are very strong

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The solid matters have the following names: 1- Crystalline: Atoms arranged in three dimension

2- Semi-Crystalline: Atoms arranged in one or two dimension

One dimension

Two dimension

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3- Non-Crystalline: Atoms are not arranged

Crystalline

Non-Crystalline