MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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TITLE Pelton Wheel

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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OBJECTIVE : To determine the characteristic of performance and torque of Pelton Wheel.

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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THEORY The Pelton Wheel is a hydraulic turbine. It is also known as Impulse Turbine. In the Pelton Wheel a jet of fluid issuing from a nozzle impinges on vanes of the turbine wheel or runner, thus producing power as the runner rotates (see Figure1).

Figure 1: Pelton Wheel Figure 2 shows a runner for the Henry Borden hydroelectric plant in Brazil. In primary feature of the impulse turbine with respect to fluid mechanics is the power production as the jet is deflected by the moving vanes.

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

Figure 2: Spare runner for the Henry Borden power plant in Brazil (Courtesy of Voith Hydro Inc.) When the momentum equation is applied to this deflected jet, it can be shown for idealized conditions that the maximum power will be developed when vane speed is one half of the initial jet speed. With such conditions the existing jet speed will be zero- all the kinetic energy of the jet will have been expended in driving the vane. Thus if we apply the energy equation between the incoming jet and the exiting fluid (assuming negligible head loss and negligible kinetic energy at exit), we find that the head given up to turbine is hi = V2j /2g and the power thus developed is P=Qht ..(1)

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

Where Q is the discharge of the incoming jet, is the specific weight of jet fluid, and hi = V2j /2g, or the velocity head of the jet. Thus equation (1) reduces to P=Q V2j /2 ..(2) To obtain the torque on the turbine shaft, we apply the angular-momentum equation, to a control volume, as shown in Figure 3. Then for steady flow we have M = ( r x v ) V.A (3) or Tshaft = ( r x v) V.A (4)

Figure 3: Control volume approach for the turbine using the angular-momentum principle. Now if we consider the angular momentum about the axis of the turbine shaft, we see that r x v for the entering jet will be simply rVjk and that V.A for the entering jet will be VjAj or Q. In addition, we are assuming that the exiting jet has negligible angular momentum. 5

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

Hence the torque acting on the system-that is, the torque on the shaft at the section where the control surface passes through the shaft-is given by T = - QVrk. The absolute value of the torque is simply T=QVjr .(5) The power developed by the turbine is T, or P= QVjr ...(6) Furthermore, if the velocity of the turbine is Vj for maximum power, as noted earlier, we have P = QV2j /2, the same as equation (2). However in this experiment the equation that used for Torque and Turbine Power as below: Torque T=[(F1-F2)] r ....................(7) Where: r F1 F2 Turbine Power P = 2NT ...........................(8) 60 Where: N T P = Speed (rev/ min) = Torque (Nm) = Power (W) = brake wheel radius (m) = 0.025m = force on spring balance (0 25N) = force on spring balance (0-15N)

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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DATA/ RESULTS:

4.1 Data for calculation Travel of spear Diameter of the nozzle outlet : 6- 7mm (approximation) : 10 mm

Listed below are positions of the spear with its corresponding nozzle area Position of spear (Number of turn or mm) Closed turn or 0.75mm 1 turn or 1.50mm 1 turn or 2.25mm 2 turn or 3.00 mm 2 turn or 3.75mm 3 turn or 4.50mm 3 turn or 5.25mm 4 turn or 6.00mm 4 turn or 6.75mm Table 1: Nozzle are4 details However, just the position 2 turn or 3.00mm and 4 turn or 6.00mm only are choose to use in this experiment. Area at nozel (mm2) 0 9.4 18.3 26.5 34.4 41.1 47.7 53.5 58.7 63.3

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

Figure 4: Outlet position from the bucket and wheel centreline 4.2 Results No VALVCE POSITION : 2 turn NOZZLE AREA : 34.4mm2 PRESSURE : 0.46 bar Wheel Force,F1 Speed, N (N) (rpm) 1000 0 886 1.0 820 2.0 707 3.0 644 4.0 621 5.0 541 6.0 457 7.0 399 8.0 312 9.0 251 10.0 245 11.0

Force,F2 (N) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.0 5.6 6.4 7.1

Torque, T (Nm) 0 0.013 0.025 0.038 0.045 0.055 0.063 0.070 0.075 0.085 0.090 0.098

Power, P (W) 0 1.206 2.147 2.813 3.035 3.577 3.569 3.350 3.134 2.777 2.366 2.514

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Table 2: Results of 1st position

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

No

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

VALVE POSITION : 4 turn NOZZLE AREA : 58.7mm2 PRESSURE : 0.40 bar Wheel Force,F1 Speed, N (N) (rpm) 1015 0 837 1.0 740 3.0 623 5.0 574 7.0 483 9.0 436 10.0 394 11.0 370 12.0 310 13.0 280 14.0 247 15.0

Force,F2 (N) 0 0.4 1.6 2.7 4.1 5.5 6.2 6.9 7.6 8.5 9.2 10.0

Torque, T (Nm) 0 0.015 0.035 0.058 0.073 0.088 0.095 0.103 0.110 0.113 0.120 0.125

Power, P (W) 0 1.315 2.712 3.784 4.388 4.451 4.337 4.250 4.262 3.668 3.519 3.233

Table 3: Result of 2nd position

MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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OBSERVATION

Our observations are the experiment done successfully. These experiments are start with the introduction about the safety by the technician. First, the spear valves are closed and the water supply switches on. After this step, the water can see in the pipe that continued to the Pelton Wheel, but the spear valve still not open so the Pelton Wheel still not rotate. Before that, the both spring balance are set to the zero position. After that, the spear valves are slowly open allowing the jet to drive the Pelton Wheel. The spear valve are open by the number of turn (refer to the Table 1). At this position we can see the Pelton Wheel are rotates with faster. After this, the speeds of the Pelton Wheel are measured with use optical Tachometer. At the Tachometer we can see the speeds of the Pelton Wheel are not constant, so to solve this problem we take the average speed. After that, the loads are increased by adjusting the knob above the spring balance F1 at desired interval. At this time we can see the changes of the load at the spring balance F2. The value of the both spring are record and the speed of the Pelton Wheel are measured again, or with the simple to say at each interval, the wheel speed, both spring balances and jet inlet pressure are recorded. These experiments are repeated with the four turn of the spear valve. When the spear valves are turned to the four turn, we can see that the Pelton Wheel rotates very faster than the second turn. Besides, the maximum loads of the spring balance F1 are larger than experiment before.

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MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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CALCULATION

Torque T=[(F1-F2)] r ....................(7) Where: r F1 F2 = brake wheel radius (m) = 0.025m = force on spring balance (0 25N) = force on spring balance (0-15N)

Lets take the data from Table 2 which is for Valve Position 2 turn, F1=1.0N and F2=0.5N So, Torque,T = {1.0-0.5) x 0.025 = 0.013Nm This calculation are repeated until the value of F1 = 11.0N The same calculation also use to calculate Torque,T for Table 3 ( Valve Postion 4 turn). The calculation are repeated until the value of F1=15.0N Turbine Power P = 2NT ...........................(8) 60 Where: N T P = Speed (rev/ min) = Torque (Nm) = Power (W)

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MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

Lets take the data from Table 2 which is for Valve Position 2 turn, F1=1.0N and F2=0.5N which is the value of Wheel Speed, N=886rpm and Torque,T = 0.013Nm. So, Power,P = 2(886)(0.013) 60 = 1.206W

This calculation are repeated until the value of F1 = 11.0N The same calculation also use to calculate Power,P for Table 3 (Valve Position 4 turn). The calculation are repeated until the value of F1=15.0N

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MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

7.0

DISCUSSION

7.1 Discuss the results from the graph The graph for 2 turn, the shape graph for Torque,T against Measured Speed,N are linear. The sketch of this graph has some points that not touch the line. This caused the experiment are influencing by some error that happened while the experiment. Refer to this graph, it shows us that when the T is small value, hence the N is small value too. So, that can say the value of torque,T depends to the Measured Speed,N. Refer to the graph Power,P against Measured Speed,N, the shape of graph is parabolic. The maximum value of power,P is 3.58W when Torque,T equal to 0.089Nm. This graph shown us that when the torque,T and Speed,N are added, the Power,P are followed add too. But when the power achieve the maximum value, the power decrease. So, the correlation between two graph are when the Speed, N up so, the torque,T increase. When torque,T increase the power,P increase until the power maximum, the power will decrease but at the same time the torque,T and speed,N are still increase. Lets refer to the graph for 4 turn, the shape of this graph are same like graph for 2 turn, but the different between both are the slope of the graph. Without calculation, we can see the different of the slope. For 4 turn graph the slope are higher than 2 turn. This caused when the spear valve are open 4 turn, the wheel rotates highly. So, this can give more torque,T and power to the wheel. But the same case had happened which is when the power achieves maximum state, the power will decrease automatically. Besides, we can see the power maximum for 4 turn are greater than 2 turn, it is equal 4.45W at torque equal to 0.111Nm.

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MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

7.2 What suggestions do you have to improve the experiment? 1. Use the spring that have the small scale. 2. Ensure that the space between tachometer with wheel is same while measure the speed of wheel, or use the equipment that when the spear valve are opened and drive the wheel the equipment can measure the speed automatically. 3. Ensure the bucket is clean and avoid of dirty. 4. The water out from the spear valve must through the bucket exactly.

7.3 Give suggestion to reduce the friction in the experiment. 1. Make sure the water that use must clean without dirty. 2. Ensure the bearing at the wheel are working. 3. Put the lubricant to the bearing to reduce the friction. 4. Ensure the water does not dirty. 5. The pressure that out of the nozzle must invariant. 6. The casing of the Pelton Wheel must enlarge than before.

7.4 State four of error in the experiment This experiment we can see that some of the errors are happened that gives the effect to the data of this experiment. The errors are: 1. Parallax error = this error caused the wrong position of the eyes of the observatory while take the data, it is mean the eyes position is not parallel while take the data from measure scale. The examples in this experiment are while reading the measure at the spring balance.

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MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

2. System error which is this error caused by the damage or some error at the equipment In this experiment the both spring not work very well, it means when the spring does not have any load, the spring shown the measure. This maybe caused the spring are used for long time. 3. Error when measure the speed of the wheel use tachometer, it is the space between the tachometer and wheel is not constant. So this error can give different measurement for each interval. 4. The water those out from spear valve are not constant. 5. The error at the rope. It is the rope has dirty and the dirty can cause the friction between rope and wheel. So the suggestion to solve this is use the new rope for one experiment.

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MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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CONCLUSION

The objectives of this experiment are achieved. However, have some error that gives effect to the data of this experiment. The value of power,P refer to the torque,T and wheel speed,N. The torque,T depend to the wheel speed,N. When the speed,N increase the torque,T increased and when the torque,T increase, the power,P increase, but when power achieves the maximum point, the power will increase. The value of torque can calculated if we know the force of F1 and F2. The power can be calculated if we got the value of torque,T and wheel speed,N.

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MUHAMAD RIDZUAN BIN ARIFIN CD 060091

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REFERENCES

John A. Roberson and Clayton T. Crowe 1997.ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons.

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