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Charles W Fay IV
PV = N kB T
Charles W Fay IV U4-04: Gas Processes
Thermodynamics
The study of the transfer of energy. Heat: the transfer of energy due to a temperature difference.
Q = U + WG
3 Temperature: measure of thermal energy U = 2 N kB T .
Heat is measured in Joules. If there is not transfer of heat energy the objects are in thermal equilibrium.
Ta = Tb = Tc
(2)
Charles W Fay IV
Heat
Heat is a method of transferring energy into or out of a system. Heat is energy transferred through a thermal interaction.
T1f = T2f = Tf
The heat gained by one object is the heat lost by the other object.
Q2 = Q1
Charles W Fay IV
Charles W Fay IV
m1 = m2 = 50kg T = 1 C
mw = 1kg
Vw = 1L
Charles W Fay IV
m1 = m2 = 50kg T = 1 C
mw = 1kg
Vw = 1L
Charles W Fay IV
ET H = U = Q + W
The thermal energy is sometimes called the internal energy and given the symbol U.
W > 0 work done on the system E W < 0 work done by the system E
Charles W Fay IV
Processes
A process is the method of changing from one state to another, the processes can be, 1. irreversible - A process for which intermediate steps are not equilibrium states. As such the path cannot be retraced. 2. reversible - The change of state is so slow that each intermediate step is an equilibrium state (U = 0?)
Charles W Fay IV
Ideal-Gas Processes
Quantity of a gas is xed (N=constant) Well dened initial state P1 , V1 , and T1 . Well dened nal state P2 , V2 , and T2 . in a sealed container (N=Constant)
PV T P1 V1 T1
= nR = constant = P2 V2 T2
(3)
Charles W Fay IV
PV Diagrams
It is useful to represent ideal-gas processes on a graph, PV diagram. Each point on a graph represents a single, unique state of the gas. each point represents (P, V, T) specifying the state. The path from one ideal-gas state to another ideal-gas state is called a trajectory.
Charles W Fay IV
W = F x = PAx = PV
Work done on a gas is the area under the PV curve
(4)
W is the word done on the system. WG is the work done by the system. W U = WG = Q WG
(6) (5)
Q = U + WG
Charles W Fay IV U4-04: Gas Processes
Charles W Fay IV
Isometric process
An isometric process is dened by the volume being constant. Since V2 = V1 , WG = 0.
Q = U + WG Q = U
Charles W Fay IV
T2 = 200 C = 473K
Charles W Fay IV
T2 = 200 C = 473K
P1 V1 T1 V1 T2 T2 = P1 = P1 V2 T1 T1 5 = 1.61atm = 1.63 10 kP a =
Charles W Fay IV
Isobaric Process
An isobaric process is dened by the pressure being constant.
Pf PV
= Pi
= N kB T T P = N kB V V = constant T
Wisobaric = PV Q = U + PV = U + N kB T
(7)
Charles W Fay IV
Isothermal process
Temperature is constant.
T = 0 U = 0.
The graph of P vs V for a specic T is known as an isotherm.
PV
= N kB T = constant 1 P V
Q=W
Figure: Isotherms
WIT
= N kB T ln
V2 V1
(8)
Charles W Fay IV
T1 = 0 C = 273K V2 = 2V1
Charles W Fay IV
T1 = 0 C = 273K V2 = 2V1
2V1 V1
Charles W Fay IV
T1 = 0 C = 273K V2 = 2V1
V WIB
Adiabatic Process
An adiabatic process is dened by the heat Q being constant.
Q = U + W = 0 U = Wadiabatic
(9)
Adiabatic compression raises T . Adiabatic expansion lowers T . The pressure and volume are related by,
P2 V2
= P1 V1
Charles W Fay IV
Adiabatic Process
This leads to the work for an adiabatic process being,
WA =
where,
P1 V1 P2 V2 1 = cP cV
Charles W Fay IV
Q = cV T = U + W = U U cV = cV T U = T
recall that U = 3 N kB T for a monatomic gas and 2 U = 5 N kB T . This means that the specic heat at constant 2 volume for a monatomic gas is,
3 cV = N kB 2
Charles W Fay IV U4-04: Gas Processes
QP QP cP T cP cP
= cP T = U + W = U + PV = cV T + PV V = cV + P T = cV + N kB
(10)
Charles W Fay IV
cV cP
and,
3 N kB 2
(11)
5 = 32N kB + N kB = N kB 2
5 N kB cP 5 = 2 = 3 cV 3 2 N kB
m =
For diatomic gases,
(12)
5 7 7 cV = N kB , cP = N kB , d = 2 2 5
(13)
Charles W Fay IV
n = 2.00mol m = 5/3
V2 = 3V1
Charles W Fay IV
V2 = 3V1
= P1 V1 V1 1 = P1 = P1 = 1.62 104 N/m2 V2 3 nRT = 4.82 102 m3 = P1 = 3V1 = 1.45 101 m3 P1 V1 P2 V2 = = 3.76 103 J 1
Charles W Fay IV U4-04: Gas Processes
Charles W Fay IV