Graphing Relations,

Absolute Value, Transformations

Linear Relationships
 Completing the equation using the method
o The equation is of the form 𝑦𝑦 = ⋯
o Since the point (___,___) is on the line, it must satisfy its equation.
o (Simplify and isolate missing variable)
o Answer the original question: ∴ the equation (of the line) is 𝑦𝑦 = ⋯

Inequalities
 Greater-than points are always above the line
 Less-than points are always below the line
 If the inequality is an “or equal to” (≤≥):
o Solid line
 If not equal to:
o Dotted line
 Intersection and union
o Intersection = overlap
 No solid lines inside shaded region allowed
o Union = everything
 No lines inside shaded region

Absolute Value
 Size of number (distance from 0 on a number line)
o |3| = |−3| = 3
o Brackets
 Whenever possible, evaluate contents first
 Result of |𝑥𝑥| = 2 is a set or an OR statement
o {𝑥𝑥|𝑥𝑥 = 2 OR 𝑥𝑥 = −2, 𝑥𝑥 ∈ ℝ}
o 𝑥𝑥 = 2 OR 𝑥𝑥 = −2
 |𝑥𝑥| cannot be negative
o |𝑥𝑥| = −3 has no solution
 To solve |𝑥𝑥| = 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 0
o 𝑥𝑥 = −𝑎𝑎 OR 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎
 To solve |𝑥𝑥 − 9| = 9
o 𝑥𝑥 − 9 = −9 OR 𝑥𝑥 − 9 = 9
o 𝑥𝑥 = 0 OR 𝑥𝑥 = 18 always reorder so that the greater is on the right, as on a number line
 Absolute value inequalities

For |𝑥𝑥| > 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 0, 𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℝ

𝑥𝑥 < −𝑎𝑎 OR 𝑥𝑥 > 𝑎𝑎

For |𝑥𝑥| < 𝑎𝑎, 𝑎𝑎 ≥ 0, 𝑎𝑎 ∈ ℝ (double less-than)

−𝑎𝑎 < 𝑥𝑥 < 𝑎𝑎

 |𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦| = | − 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦|

Absolute Value Graphs

Square diamonds produced with |𝑥𝑥| + |𝑦𝑦| = 𝑚𝑚 with m being the radius
from the centre to any vertex.

Centre can be transformed inside absolute value.

Double-V opening to the left and right formed with

|𝑥𝑥| − |𝑦𝑦| = 𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚 > 0
touching the points (±𝑚𝑚, 0) and 2𝑚𝑚 apart.

Symmetrical; line of symmetry may be transformed.

Double-V opening up and down formed with

|𝑥𝑥| − |𝑦𝑦| = 𝑚𝑚, 𝑚𝑚 < 0
with vertices at (0, ±𝑚𝑚).

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚|𝑥𝑥|, 𝑚𝑚 > 0
produces a single-V opening up, where the slopes of the rays are ±𝑚𝑚.

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑚𝑚|𝑥𝑥|, 𝑚𝑚 < 0
produces a single-V opening down, with slopes ±𝑚𝑚.

 Backwards rule
o 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑥𝑥 + 3| moves the relation to the left by 3 units. 𝑦𝑦 = |𝑥𝑥 − 3| moves it to the right.
o 𝑦𝑦 + 3 = |𝑥𝑥| moves the relation down by 3 units. 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = |𝑥𝑥| moves it up.
 |𝑥𝑥 − 𝑚𝑚| − |𝑦𝑦 − 𝑛𝑛| = 1 produces a double-V with the vertical line of
symmetry moved 𝑚𝑚 to the right, and the horizontal line of symmetry
moved up by 𝑛𝑛.

The distance away from the vertical line of symmetry is 1, and any
increase is reflected by an equal movement of the Vs away from the
line of symmetry.

|𝑥𝑥| |𝑦𝑦|
+ =1
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
produces a diamond with horizontal ‘radius’ 𝑚𝑚 and vertical ‘radius’ 𝑛𝑛.
The centre may be transformed by means of the backwards rule.

|𝑥𝑥| |𝑦𝑦|
− =1
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛
produces a set of double-Vs with slopes ± and 𝑚𝑚 away from the
𝑚𝑚
vertical line of symmetry.

|𝑥𝑥| |𝑦𝑦|
− = −1
𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
produces a set of double-Vs opening up and down, 𝑛𝑛 away from the
horizontal line of symmetry. This equation, combined with the equation
above, form shapes that indicate the diamond formed with the same
variables.

Simple Transformations
 Mappings
o Written (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (__, __)
o or with point names 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (__, __)
o May reference initial values (e.g. (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (2𝑥𝑥, 2𝑦𝑦))
 Translations
o Of the form
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎, 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑏𝑏) where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 ∈ ℝ
o Remain the same: shape, orientation, size, slopes, sense
o Change: location
 Reflections
o When drawing, always indicate mirror line, perpendicular construction lines
o Remain the same: size, shape
o Change: orientation, (location), sense, slopes of sides
 o Reflections in the x-axis
 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (𝑥𝑥, −𝑦𝑦)
o Reflections in the y-axis
 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (−𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
o Reflections in 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥
 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (−𝑦𝑦, −𝑥𝑥)
o Reflections in 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (𝑦𝑦, 𝑥𝑥)
 Rotations
o Positive angles always clockwise
o Negative angles always counter-clockwise
o 90° rotation
 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → 𝑃𝑃′ (−𝑦𝑦, 𝑥𝑥)
 Apply pattern for 180° and 270° rotations
o Remain the same: shape, sense, size
o Change: orientation, slopes, location
 Dilatations
o k value is the multiplier for the distances from the centre to any point
o Negative k values: measure in other direction
o Remain the same: slopes, orientation (+ k), sense, shape
o Change: location, area/size, orientation (- k)
 Composition of Transformations
o E.g. 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥 ∘ 𝑇𝑇0,2
o The last transformation is done first
 The Method for transformations

Let (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑥𝑥 − 2, 𝑦𝑦 + 2) = (𝑥𝑥 ′ , 𝑦𝑦 ′ )

𝑥𝑥 ′ = 𝑥𝑥 − 2 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 ′ + 2
∴� ⇒ �
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑦𝑦 + 2 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2

Since (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) is on the original line, it must satisfy its equation. (substitute second set of equations
into original equation of line)

3
𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2 = (𝑥𝑥 ′ + 2) + 3
2
3
𝑦𝑦 ′ − 2 = 𝑥𝑥 ′ + 3 + 3
2
3
𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑥 ′ + 8
2

(now drop primes for the image equation)

3
∴ The image equation is 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 8.
2
Other Transformations
 One-way stretches
o Multiplication of x value only or y value only
o E.g. (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (2𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
 2-way stretches
o Multiplication of x and y (if same factor, then it is a dilatation)
o E.g. (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (3𝑥𝑥, 4𝑦𝑦)
 Shears
o Adding x to y or y to x
o Horizontal shear: (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦, 𝑦𝑦) or even (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦, 𝑦𝑦)
o Vertical shear: (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦)

Non-Standard Transformations
(not at the origin)

 Any rotation or dilatation about a point not at the origin, or a reflection on a non-standard line
of symmetry may be solved by translating the problem to the origin or standard locations,
applying the transformation, and reversing the translation.

e.g.

rotation of 90° about (3,5)

𝑇𝑇−3,−5 : (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (𝑥𝑥 − 3, 𝑦𝑦 − 5)
𝑅𝑅90 °: (𝑥𝑥 − 3, 𝑦𝑦 − 5) → (−𝑦𝑦 + 5, 𝑥𝑥 − 3)
𝑇𝑇3,5 : (−𝑦𝑦 + 5, 𝑥𝑥 − 3) → (−𝑦𝑦 + 8, 𝑥𝑥 + 2)
∴ The rotation of point (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) about (3,5) is (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) → (−𝑦𝑦 + 8, 𝑥𝑥 + 2).