To investigate whether light intensity affects the rate of transpiration Problem statement: How does the light intensity

affect the rate of transpiration? Objective: To investigate whether light intensity affects the rate of transpiration. Hypothesis: The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration. Variable-Manipulated variable: Light intensity-Responding variable : Time taken for the air bubble to travel 10 cm-Fixed variable: air movement, temperature and relative humidity Materials: 2 Hibiscus plant of similar size, tissue paper, vaseline Apparatus: Capillary tube (about 30 cm long), retort stand, 500 ml beaker, basin, scalpel, rubber tubing (about 6 cm long), stop watch, ruler, thread Technique: Measure and record the time taken for the air bubble to travel 10 cm using astopwatch and the rate of transpiration is calculated using the formula: Distance traveled by air bubble/time. Procedure 1. The leafy shoot is immersed in a basin containing water, and its stem is cut diagonally. 2. The leafy shoot is placed upright in the potometers capillary tube, through a stopper cork. 3. All equipment connection points are wiped with vaseline. 4. To trap an air bubble, the end of the capillary tube is removed from the basin, and then put back into the water. 5. A length of 10 cm is marked on the potometer. 6. The potometer is placed in the shade and using a stopwatch, record the time taken (in minutes) for the air bubble to move from point A to point B (10cm). 7. To reset the potometer, squeeze the rubber tubing so that the air bubble escapes into the beaker of water. 8. Repeat step 4 to 7 to get three readings with the same shoot in the shade and under strong sunlight respectively. 9. The average and the rate of transpiration measurement are recorded in the table. Precaution 1. The joint end of the stem and apparatus is smeared with vaseline to ensure no water leakage and the apparatus is airtight. 2. The surface of the leaves must be dry before the start of the experiment. Conclusion: Hypothesis is accepted. The higher the light intensity, the higher the rate of transpiration. Water Pollution PS: What is the level of pollution in four different sources of water? H: River water is the most polluted. MV: sources of water RV: Time takem for the methylene blue to be decolourise CV: Volume of mb LAM:Reagent water with stopper,beaker,syringes,mbs,water sample. P: Collect water sample from 4 diff. sources. Label the 4 region water with P,Q,R,S. Put river water in bottle PQ with drain water, R with pipe water and S with pond water. Each region water is closed with the stopper. Use a shringes to add 1ml of mbs in a wwater sample. Never shake the region water, All the region water are put in the cupboard and the time is recorded. The time taken for the methylene blue solution to be decolourise is recorded. Greenhouse effect The "greenhouse effect" is concerned with the infrared radiation given off by the earth. Part of this radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere, rather than being lost to space. The gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared light primarily are H2O,(CO2), ozone, nitrous oxide. The gases act as a sort of insulating blanket for the earth, in the same way they would act to lessen heat loss from a greenhouse, hence the name 'greenhouse effect'. It is estimated that the mean global surface temperature of the earth would be -25C (-13F) if not for the absorption of energy by carbon dioxide and water. The concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere is higher than that of carbon dioxide. Consequently, most of this energy conservation is attributable to water. You can see this effect when you look at how temperature drops less on nights with heavy cloud cover as opposed to clear skies or when you consider how large the temperature difference between day and night is in places with lower relative humidity, like the desert. Photosysthesis(light&dark) -light reaction occurs. Chlorophyll captures light energy. Electron of chlorophll mol. Bcome xcited. Lght energy used; split H2O mol.. into H ions & hydroxyl ions. H cmbine wth elctron rleased by chlrophl; form ATP. HL lose elctron; form HL group. HL group cmbine; form H2O&O. O release& used for cellular rspration. ATP provide energy, hydrogen atoms prvide reducing pwer fpr dark reaction. -dark H atoms used; fix CO2 in a sries of reactions catalysed by phtosnthss nzymes. CO2 rduced into glucose. Glucose mnomers undergo condensation; form starch; will be stored as stach grains in chloroplast. Formation of Interstitial fluid -High hydrostatic pressure at arterial end forces fluid into intercllular spces. Once inside it, called interstitial fluid. 85% of fluid reenters the blood circulatory system at venous end end due to the low hydrostatic pressure at venous end. 15% of fluid enters lymph capillaries. Once inside the lymp.. system call lymph. Pumping action -SA node gnerates impulses. It spread over atria making them to contract. Blood pump into vntricles. Impulses reach AV ode, then Bundle of His, Purkinje fibres & to apex of heart. Impluses spread ; vntricles causing them to contract. Blood pump out.