BekkTech Notes Water Vapor Calculations

This spreadsheet illustrates how to convert between water vapor and dew point. Blue = Calculated Values, Red = User entered values

Conversions / Constants
Degrees F= 32+1.8 * C Degrees C= (Degrees F-32)/1.8 From CRC 70 F354 1000Pa / 1kPa then 1000millibar/bar then From CRC 70 F356 Atmospheric Pressure C= F= 100 Pa / millibar 0.1 kPa/millibar = 100 kPa/bar 6.89476 kPa / psi 101.325 kPa = 22 70 71.6 21.1 10 F C millibar / kPa

14.696

psia

Standardization Values
When specifying flows of gases, it is often convenient to assume we are using an ideal gas, then convert the volume flows into a standardized flow. This makes the volume flow more like a molar flow. This practice can be confusing as there are many different standardization temperatures. (i.e. 25 C, 22.2 C, 0C, etc.). It is important for you to determine the standard to which your flow meters are calibrated and convert the other parameters you use appropriately. Standard Temp. 0.0 C Convert Temp to K; 0.0 + 273.15 = 273.15 K Ideal Gas Constant ('R) 8.31411 J / (mole K) = N m / (mole K) Standard Pressure (see CRC 70 F-78) 101,325 Pa = N / m^2 (There are 6,895 Pa/PSI) Ideal gas constant (V / n=R*T / P) 0.0224 m^3 / mole Same as-> 22,413.0 cc / mole

Water Constants
Density of Liquid Water 1.00 g / cc =g / ml The atomic mass of water = 2 * 1.007 + 15.9994 = 18.015 g / mole Using the standardization values calculated above, and the atomic weight of water, the density of water vapor at the specified standard conditions can be calculated. Keep in mind this may not be a physical situation (i.e. water will not be a vapor at 0C). This is because a standard volume flow is more like a molar flow than a volume flow. The density of water vapor at 0.0 C is equal to 18.02 / 22413 = 8.0E-04 g / scc 1 / (Density H20 Vapor at 0.0 C) = 1 / 8.0E-04 = 1244.1 scc / g H2O

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Calculation of Water Vapor Pressure from a Dew Point

The saturation water vapor pressure is only a function of temperature. The equations below are from, "The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam" 1997. The equations presented are reduced equations based on the IAPWS-IF97 standard. The errors resulting from these reduced equations are less then 0.2% Difference from the full equations. The equation given on page 33 can be reduced to. A= T^2 + 1,713 * T - 330,882 B = -17.07 * T^2 +2,694 * T - 1,222,898 C = 14.9 * T^2 +3,325 * T +200,461 Saturation Pressure = ( 11.247 * C/(-B + Sqrt(B^2 - 4 * A * C)))^4 Enter Dew Point Saturation Vapor Pressure = 60.0 19.943 C kPa

To use these equations in a spread sheet situation the following column form of the equations may be helpful Temp Sat Vapor ('C) (kPa) 64.0 23.938 65.0 25.036 100.0 101.376

Calculation of Dew Point from Water Vapor Pressure

The IAPWS-IF97 standard refers to these as the backwards equations E = 0.0316 *Ps^0.5 - 3.036 * Ps^0.25 +14.915 F = 36.9 * Ps^0.5 + 2,137.8 * Ps^0.25 - 4,823.3 G = -22,901 * Ps^0.5 -574,881 * Ps^0.25 + 405113 D = 2 * G / (-F - Sqrt(F^2 - 4 * E * G)) Ts = 51.94 + D / 2 - Sqrt( 0.25 * D^2 - 325.09 * D + 105,682) Saturation Vapor Pressure = Calculated Dew Point 101.00 99.9 kPa C

To use these equations in a spread sheet situation the following column form of the equations may be helpful Vapor Press Temp (kPa) ('C) 40.00 75.85 90.00 96.68 101.25 99.95

Calculation of Relative Humidity

Relative Humidity is the Actual Water Vapor Pressure within a system divided by the Water Vapor Pressure of the system at its Dew Point. As discussed above, the Saturation Vapor Pressure (the vapor pressure of water, at its dew point temperature) is only a function of temperature. This means we can ignore pressure when calculating Relative Humidity. But it also means that Relative Humidity does not account for pressure.

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Thus if a gas is being saturated to a given dew point, and then heated up, we can calculate the Relative Humidity as follows: Gases saturated to a dew point of 60.0 C Saturation Vapor Pressure = 19.943 kPa The gas is then heated to Saturation Vapor Pressure = Thus the Relative Humidity = 19.9 kPa / 47.4 kPa = 80.0 47.401 42.1% C kPa RH

Calculation of Dewpoint to achieve a given Relative Humidity

The gas is heated to Saturation Vapor Pressure of Gas = Desire a Relative Humidity of 60.0% RH times Vapor Pressure of 19.94 = Water Vapor Pressure of This can be converted into a dew point using the backward equations Thus for a system at 60.0 C and an RH of 60%, requires a dewpoint = 60.0 19.943 60% 11.97 49.4

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Calculation of Concentration of Water

Using Dalton's Law, the Concentration of Water in a stream of ideal gas is equal to the Water Vapor Pressure divided by the Total Pressure of the Gas. Thus: Total Pressure of System 101.32 kPa Dew Point of Gas 60.0 C Water Vapor Pressure of Gas = 19.943 kPa Concentration of Water = 101.32 / 19.94 = 19.7% Mole Fraction Water

Converting Relative Humidity into a Water Concentration

If given the relative humidity and the pressure and temperature at which the relative humidity was measured, the mole fraction of water can be calculated as follows: Temperature of the system 60.0 C Saturation Vapor Pressure of Gas = 19.943 kPa Relative Humidity 100% RH Vapor Pressure of Water = 100% * 19.94 = 19.94 kPa Pressure of the System 101.32 kPa Concentration of water = 19.94 / 101.32 = 19.7% Mole Fraction Water

Calculation of Total Water in a Stream of Gas

Given the concentration of water and the dry flow rate of gas, the total amount of water in the gas stream can be calculated. Solve the following two equations for Water Flow as a function of Dry Gas Flow and Concentration of Water. Equation 1). TotalFlow = WaterFlow + DryGasFlow and Equation 2). WaterFlow / TotalFlow = ConcentrationWater The result is Water Flow = DryGasFlow / ( 1/ConcentrationWater - 1) Concentration of Water (use above calculations) 19.9% Mole Fraction Water Dry Gas Flow Rate 1000.0 sccm (Standard temp of 0.0 C) Water Flow = 1000.0 / (1 / 0.199 - 1) = 248.4 sccm water vapor (Standard temp of 0.0 C) (248.4 SCCM water vapor) / (1244.1 scc/g H20) = 0.200 g H20/min = 199.6923 (0.200 g H2O / min) / (1.00 g H20 /cc) = 0.200 cc liquid H20/min

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millibar / kPa

deal gas, then re like a molar

, the density of his may not be a volume flow is

scc / g H2O

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ns below are

The equations resulting from

he Water Vapor

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C kPa RH kPa C

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water in the gas unction of Dry GasFlow and

ard temp of 0.0 C) temp of 0.0 C) mg H20/min

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