ABSTRACT

This seminar paper on Third Generation (3G) services and its implementation in Bhutan will give the readers a view of what 3G service is and how does it function. This paper will also give readers the basic view of using 3G service in most beneficial way possible. In Bhutan 3G is a new technology and the progress is much slow, so this paper provides you with information about implementation of this new technology. Not only implementation of 3G service in Bhutan but also about the future of 3G in Bhutan and also around the world.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgement .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table of Contents........................................................................................................................ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ iv List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. v 1 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Evolution of Mobile System to 3G................................................................................... 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 First Generation (1G) ................................................................................................... 3 Second Generation (2G) .............................................................................................. 3 Third Generation (3G) ................................................................................................. 4

Third Generation (3G) ..................................................................................................... 5 3.1 3.2 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) ................................................................. 6 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2) ............................................................ 7

Types of 3G Services......................................................................................................... 9 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access ............................................... 9 CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000 ................................................ 10 UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System .......................................... 10 EDGE - Enhanced Data for Global Evolution ........................................................... 10

5 6

Requirements to Enable 3G Services ............................................................................ 11 Statistics of 3G Services in Bhutan ............................................................................... 13

ii

7 8

Problems Faced in Bhutan for Advancement of 3G Service ...................................... 14 Advantages and Disadvantages of 3G Services ............................................................ 15 8.1 8.2 Advantages of 3G ...................................................................................................... 15 Disadvantages of 3G .................................................................................................. 15

Application of 3G services ............................................................................................. 16

10 Future of 3G Services in Bhutan and Statistics Around the World .......................... 17 11 Fourth Generation (4G) - The Future of 3G ................................................................ 19 12 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 21 References ................................................................................................................................ 22

iii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: Evolution of 3G service. .......................................................................................... 2 Figure 2.2: Access technology of mobile service. ...................................................................... 4 Figure 3.1: 3G Network Architecture Model. ............................................................................ 5 Figure 3.2: The IMT-2000 standards .......................................................................................... 6 Figure 3.3: Maximum Data Speeds of HSDPA .......................................................................... 7 Figure 4.1: Technologies used in different generation of mobile network. ............................... 9 Figure 4.2: UMTS architrcture for 3G service ......................................................................... 10 Figure 5.1: 3G enabled device (Mobile). .................................................................................. 11 Figure 5.2: Requirements for 3G service.................................................................................. 12 Figure 9.1: Video Calling Feature ............................................................................................ 16 Figure 9.2: Various Feature in 3G service ................................................................................ 17 Figure 3: 3G suscribers by region............................................................................................. 18 Figure 4: Global Suscribers by Technology ............................................................................. 18 Figure 5: Fourth Generation (4G). ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 6: Mobility and Speed of 4G. ........................................................................................ 20

iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Terms 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G UMTS ITU GPRS EDGE FDMA TDMA WDMA IMTS AMPS GSM CDMA 3GPP 3GPP2 HSDPA 1xRTT EV-DO UMB IP WCDMA BTL Kbps Mbps Gbps MHz GHz KHz Descriptions First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Universal Mobile Telecommunications System International Telecommunication Union General Packet Radio Service Enhanced Data for Global Evolution Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access Wavelength Division Multiple Access Improved Mobile Telephone Service Advanced Mobile Phone Service Global System for Mobile communications Code Division Multiple Access Third Generation Partnership Project Third Generation Partnership Project 2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access One Times Radio Transmission Technology Evolution Data Optimized Ultra Mobile Broadband Internet Protocol Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Bhutan Telecom Limited Kilo-byte per second Mega-byte per second Giga-byte per second Mega-Hertz Giga- Hertz Kilo-Hertz

1 INTRODUCTION
3G (Third Generation) is the latest wireless technology used for telecommunication in Bhutan. It is also known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), which is an improvement over 2G (Second Generation) providing wireless access to the data and information to the users from anywhere and at anytime. It is the technology for mobile network is based on the IMT-2000 standards according to specification by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) [1]. Even though the 3G was first introduced in Japan in 2001 and have already advanced in other parts of world [2]. In Bhutan our service provider for the 3G service (Bhutan Telecom Limited) launched the trial service for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) on 5th April 2008 and 3G on 21st April 2008. This service was commercially launched only on 5th May 2008 [3]. This paper has been divided into different sections to explain the subcategory of 3G service like: Evolution of Mobile system to 3G. Working of 3G. Types of 3G services based on the technology used. Requirements to enable 3G services. Statistics of 3G service in Bhutan. Problems faced in Bhutan for the advancement of 3G technology Advantages and Disadvantages of the 3G service. Application or the uses of the 3G services. The future of this technology in Bhutan and also around the world.

2 EVOLUTION OF MOBILE SYSTEM TO 3G

Figure 2.1: Evolution of 3G service [4].

The first radiotelephone service was introduced during the end of 1940s in United States (US). This service was mainly meant to connect the public fixed network to the mobile users. During 1960s, a new system was introduced or launched by Bell Systems which is known as Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS). IMTS brought many improvements in radiotelephone service like direct calling/dialling and higher bandwidth for the service. In late 1960s and early 1970s IMTS developed first analogue cellular systems. The systems were called cellular because coverage areas were split into smaller areas called cells, which is served by a low power transmitter and receiver [5]. The processes of evolution of Mobile system to 3G are: First Generation (1G) Second Generation (2G) Third Generation (3G)

2.1

First Generation (1G)

First Generation service is an analogue system for mobile communications. It began with commercial deployment of Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) cellular networks. Early AMPS networks used Frequency Division Multiplexing Access (FDMA) to carry analogue voice over channels in the 800 MHz frequency band.1G was replaced by 2G wireless digital standards [5]. There were improvements in 1G during the 1970s due to: The invention of the microprocessor and The digitization of the control link between the mobile phone and the cell site.

2.2

Second Generation (2G)

2G digital cellular systems were first developed at the end of the 1980s. These systems digitized not only the control link but also the voice signal. The new system provided better quality and higher capacity at lower cost to consumers [5]. 2G networks saw their first commercial light of day on the GSM standard. GSM stands for global system for mobile communications. 2G on GSM standards were first used in commercial practice in 1991 by Radiolinja, which was a Finnish GSM operator founded on Sept. 19, 1988. Radiolinja is now part of Elisa, which was known in the 1990s as the Helsinki Telephone Company [6]. In North America, some operators adopted IS-95, which used Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to multiplex up to 64 calls per channel in the 800 MHz band. Across the world, many operators adopted the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) standard, which used Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to multiplex up to 8 calls per channel in the 900 and 1800 MHz bands [7]. In the world of cell phones, 2.5G wireless technology is a stepping stone that bridged 2G to 3G wireless technology. While 2G and 3G have been formally defined as wireless standards, 2.5G has not been and was created only for the purposes of marketing. As an interim step from 2G to 3G, 2.5G saw some of the advances inherent in 3G networks (including packetswitched systems). The evolution from 2G to 3G ushered in faster and higher-capacity data transmission [8].

2.3

Third Generation (3G)

3G systems

promise faster communications

services,

including

voice, fax

and

Internet, anytime and anywhere with seamless global roaming. ITUs IMT-2000 global standard for 3G has opened the way to enabling innovative applications and services (e.g. multimedia entertainment, infotainment and location-based services, among others). The first 3G network was deployed in Japan in 2001 [5]. Each generation of mobile communications has been based on a dominant technology, which has significantly improved spectrum capacity. Until the advent of IMT-2000, cellular networks had been developed under a number of proprietary, regional and national standards, creating a fragmented market [5].

Figure 2.2: Access technology of mobile service [5].

3 THIRD GENERATION (3G)

Figure 3.1: 3G Network Architecture Model [9]. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) defined the third generation (3G) of mobile telephony standards IMT-2000 to facilitate growth, increase bandwidth, and support more diverse applications. For example, GSM could deliver not only voice, but also circuitswitched data at speeds up to 14.4 Kbps. But to support mobile multimedia applications, 3G had to deliver packet-switched data with better spectral efficiency, at far greater speeds [7]. IMT-2000 offers the capability of providing value-added services and applications on the basis of a single standard. The system envisages a platform for distributing converged fixed, mobile, voice, data, and internet and multimedia services. One of its key visions is to provide seamless global roaming, enabling users to move across borders while using the same number and handset. IMT-2000 also aims to provide seamless delivery of services, over a number of media (satellite, fixed, etc). It is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum speed of 2Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 Kbit/s in a moving vehicle. Second-generation systems only provide speeds ranging from 9.6 Kbit/s to 28.8 Kbit/s. However, to get from 2G to 3G, mobile operators had make evolutionary 5

upgrades to existing networks while simultaneously planning their revolutionary new mobile broadband networks [7]. The IMT-2000 standard accommodates five possible radio interfaces based on three different access technologies (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA):

Figure 3.2: The IMT-2000 standards [5]. This lead to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2).

3.1

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of 3G networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps. Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps. UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps. High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14Mbps. LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps. 6

GPRS deployments began in 2000, followed by EDGE in 2003. While these technologies are defined by IMT-2000, they are sometimes called "2.5G" because they did not offer multimegabit data rates. EDGE has now been superseded by HSDPA (and its uplink partner HSUPA). According to the 3GPP, there were 166 HSDPA networks in 75 countries at the end of 2007. The next step for GSM operators: LTE E-UTRA, based on specifications completed in late 2008 [7].

Figure 3.3: Maximum Data Speeds of HSDPA [10]

3.2 3GPP2 (3rd Generation Partnership Project 2)

A second organization, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) -- was formed to help North American and Asian operators using CDMA2000 transition to 3G. 3GPP2 technologies evolved as follows. One Times Radio Transmission Technology (1xRTT) offered speeds up to 144 Kbps. Evolution Data Optimized (EV-DO) increased downlink speeds up to 2.4 Mbps. EV-DO Rev. A boosted downlink peak speed to 3.1 Mbps and reduced latency. EV-DO Rev. B can use 2 to 15 channels, with each downlink peaking at 4.9 Mbps. Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) was slated to reach 288 Mbps on the downlink.

1xRTT became available in 2002, followed by commercial EV-DO Rev. 0 in 2004. Here again, 1xRTT is referred to as "2.5G" because it served as a transitional step to EV-DO. EVDO standards were extended twice Revision A services emerged in 2006 and are now being succeeded by products that use Revision B to increase data rates by transmitting over multiple channels. The 3GPP2's next-generation technology, UMB, may not catch on, as many CDMA operators are now planning to evolve to LTE instead [7]. In fact, LTE and UMB are often called 4G (fourth generation) technologies because they increase downlink speeds an order of magnitude. This label is a bit premature because what constitutes "4G" has not yet been standardized. The ITU is currently considering candidate technologies for inclusion in the 4G IMT-Advanced standard, including LTE, UMB, and WiMAX II. Goals for 4G include data rates of least 100 Mbps, use of OFDMA transmission, and packet-switched delivery of IP-based voice, data, and streaming multimedia [7].

4 TYPES OF 3G SERVICES
3G is a generic term covering a range of future wireless network technologies, including WCDMA, CDMA2000, UMTS and EDGE. 3G combines high-speed mobile access with Internet Protocol (IP) based services. This doesn't just mean fast mobile connection to the World Wide Web - by liberating us from slow connections, cumbersome equipment and immovable access points, 3G will enable new ways to communicate, access information, conduct business and learn. This is summarized in the diagram on below produced by Allied Business [4].

Figure 4.1: Technologies used in different generation of mobile network [11].

4.1

WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

It is a technology for wideband digital radio communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications. WCDMA has been selected for the third generation of mobile telephone systems in Europe, Japan and the United States. Voice, images, data, and video are first converted to a narrowband digital radio signal. The signal is assigned a marker (spreading code) to distinguish it from the signal of other users. WCDMA uses variable rate techniques in digital processing and it can achieve multi-rate transmissions. WCDMA has been adopted as a standard by the ITU under the name IMT2000 direct spread [4].

4.2

CDMA 2000 - Code Division Multiple Access 2000

Commercially introduced in 1995, CDMA quickly became one of the world's fastest-growing wireless technologies. In 1999, the International Telecommunications Union selected CDMA as the industry standard for new "third-generation" (3G) wireless systems. Many leading wireless carriers are now building or upgrading to 3G CDMA networks in order to provide more capacity for voice traffic, along with high-speed data capabilities. Today, over 100 million consumers worldwide rely on CDMA for clear, reliable voice communications and leading-edge data services [4].

4.3

UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UMTS is the name for the third generation mobile telephone standard in Europe, standardized by ETSI.

Figure 4.2: UMTS architrcture for 3G service [12] 4.4 EDGE - Enhanced Data for Global Evolution

EDGE is a technology that gives GSM the capacity to handle services for the third generation of mobile telephony. EDGE was developed to enable the transmission of large amounts of data at a high speed, 384 kilobits per second. EDGE uses the same TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) frame structure, logic channel and 200 kHz carrier bandwidth as today's GSM networks, which allows existing cell plans to remain intact [4]. 10

5 REQUIREMENTS TO ENABLE 3G SERVICES

The first thing you require is a device (e.g. a mobile phone) that is 3G compatible. This is where the name 3G phone comes from - a phone that has 3G functionality; nothing to do with the number of cameras or the memory it has. An example is the iPhone 3G [13].

Figure 5.1: 3G enabled device (Mobile) [14]. 3G phones commonly have two cameras since the technology allows the user to have video calls, for which a user-facing camera is required for capturing him/her. Unlike with Wi-Fi which you can get for free in hotspots, you need to be subscribed to a service provider to get 3G network connectivity. We often call this kind of service a data plan or network plan. Your device is connected to the 3G network through its SIM card (in the case of a mobile phone) or its 3G data card (which can be of different types: USB, PCMCIA etc.), which are both generally provided/sold by the service provider. Through that, you get connected to the Internet whenever you are within a 3G network. Even if you are not in one, you can still use 2G or 2.5G services provided by the service provider [13].

11

Figure 5.2: Requirements for 3G service [15].

12

6 STATISTICS OF 3G SERVICES IN BHUTAN

In Bhutan 3G service is provided by Bhutan Telecom Limited (BTL). Bhutan Telecom Limited is the leading provider of telecommunications and Internet services in the Kingdom of Bhutan. BTL came into existence on 1 July 2000 as a fully state-owned company, with the corporatization of the erstwhile Department of Telecommunications which was established in 1970. Besides fixed line telephony, it provides GSM Mobile services under its flagship brand B-Mobile, and Internet Services under the brand name of DrukNet. It is the leading provider of both mobile telephony and Internet services in the country, and the only fixed line telephony services provider in the country [16]. As mentioned earlier that Bhutan Telecom Limited launched the trial service for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) on 5th April 2008 and 3G on 21st April 2008. This service was commercially launched only on 5th May 2008 [3]. Until March 1st 2012, 3G service was available only in core areas of Thimphu city and on March 1st 2012 Phuntsholing also joined this 3G service. As per the plan of Bhutan Telecom by the end of 2012 at least 40 locations in western and central Bhutan will have access to 3G connectivity. In Thimphu city, six more locations will be added to the existing 14 3G sites. The other 20 locations will be added in Phuntsholing, Paro and Gelephu and also at tertiary institutes like College of Science and Technology, Sherubtse College and Gedu college of business studies [17]. The present 3G sites in Thimphu are located within a 5km radius of Bhutan Telecom head office, the speed range for 3G data service is 7.2Mbps [4]. In Phuntsholing the fastest speed is 3.6Mbps. In Bhutan as there are few number of users, who uses the internet services of mobile and they are mostly office-goers and youth. Within two weeks of launch of 3G services in Phuntsholing there were about 20 new customers switching to 3G internet services [18]. The device used for the 3G service in Phuntsholing is called node B which is worth Nu. 5M (Bhutanese Currency) and four such 3G equipments are installed different areas of Phuntsholing [18]. This equipment used can have bandwidth up to 8Mbps and can also support 4G (Fourth Generation) service. The frequency used by Bhutan Telecom for mobile service is 900MHz and for 3G service is 1002 MHz.

13

7 PROBLEMS FACED IN BHUTAN FOR ADVANCEMENT OF 3G SERVICE

The some problem faced in our country for the advancement of 3G services are: The 3G technology is new and its advantages are yet to be understood by the customers. The 3G services are available only in few parts of the country. After the service providers expand the service to other part of country there may be a good response from the users. The device required to use 3G (that is 3G enabled devices) are expensive. So only few numbers of people can afford. Also the geographic feature of our country (that is due to mountain) there is problem in the signal reception.

14

8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF 3G SERVICES

8.1

Advantages of 3G

3G networks offer users advantages such as [19]:

New radio spectrum to relieve overcrowding in existing systems. More bandwidth, security, and reliability. Interoperability between service providers. Fixed and variable data rates. Asymmetric data rates. Backward compatibility of devices with existing networks. Always-online devices. 3G will use IP connectivity, IP is packet based (not circuit based).

Rich multimedia services.

8.2

Disadvantages of 3G

There are some issues in deploying 3G [19]:

The cost of upgrading base stations and cellular infrastructure to 3G is very high. Requires different handsets and there is the issue of handset availability. 3G handsets will be a complex product. Roaming and making both data/voice work has not yet been demonstrated. Also the higher power requirements (more bits with the same energy/bit) demand a larger handset, shorter talk time, and larger batteries)

Base stations need to be closer to each other (more cost). Tremendous spectrum-license costs, network deployment costs, handset subsidies to subscribers, etc.

Wireless service providers in Germany and Britain who won spectrum licenses in auctions, paid astronomical prices for them. As a result, they have little money left for building the infrastructure. Consequently, deployment of 3G in Germany and Britain will be delayed.

15

9 APPLICATION OF 3G SERVICES
3G represents a paradigm shift from the voice centric world of the previous generations of wireless networks to the multi-media centric world of 3G. Reflecting the high 3G bandwidth and the fact that it is packet based, 3G devices will offer capabilities that are a combination of a phone, PC, and a TV. Examples of services that will be 3G networks can offer are [19]:

Always-on connection with users paying only when sending or receiving packets. Web surfing. Instant messaging and email with multimedia attachments. Location based services. Personalized services, where content can be pushed to users. Broadband multimedia data services like video conferencing and streaming video. Receiving faxes. Global roaming capability. Getting maps and directions with a multi-modal user interface. Customized entertainment. Simultaneous access to multiple services, each service offering some combination of voice, video, data, etc.

Figure 9.1: Video Calling Feature [20].

16

Figure 9.2: Various Feature in 3G service [21].

10 FUTURE OF 3G SERVICES IN BHUTAN AND STATISTICS AROUND THE WORLD

In Bhutan as this 3G service is just born and has got lot to do for its improvement. As the device used for 3G service (Node B) is capable of giving 4G service also. So the Bhutan Telecom can enable this feature of 4G. There is bright future for this service in Bhutan as now more people know about the new technologies and its advantages.

In other part of world the 3G service have been common and most of the people are using it. Japan is at the vanguard of 3G technology development, network build and commercialisation. NTT DoCoMo launched the worlds first commercial 3G network in late 2001, and while service providers in 115 other countries have since followed suit, Japan still lays claim to the largest 3G subscriber base in the world. With almost 92 million UMTS users at the end of March 2009, Japan has 50% more 3G subscribers than the United States, and three times as many as South Korea [22].

17

The 3G subscribers by region is shown below:

Figure 3: 3G suscribers by region [22].

As mentioned earlier that there are different technologies used for 3G service. So the figure below shows the subscribers around the globe as per the technology used.

Figure 4: Global Suscribers by Technology [23]. 18

11 FOURTH GENERATION (4G) - THE FUTURE OF 3G

Figure 5: Fourth Generation (4G) [24]. 4G technology is the latest technology that aims to speed up communication. 4G technology will increase speed of access for activities such as wireless broadband access and multimedia messaging and allow for widespread use of video chat and mobile television. These are just some of the common uses that developers feel 4G technology will enhance. Many people believe that the speed of 4G will make it an integral part of everyday life and may soon find its way into items such as household appliances and vehicles [24].

3G technology is currently in use in the US, and the speed that it moves data is roughly 1 megabit per second. It is anticipated that the new 4G technology will move data at closer to 12Mbps. The difference in speed is not something that most people will notice when talking on the phone or even sending basic text messages, but when connecting to the internet, uploading or downloading files or using a mobile device for video purposes, the speed is important.

The industry uses a term called latency to describe the amount of time it takes for the data to travel. A simple way to understand this is by watching an internet video with a slower connection. You will probably notice skips or stops in the picture. A higher speed will prevent that from happening. That speed translates to more immediate and interactive results with data and video transfers from person to person in other functions as well [24].

19

The future of mobile internet 4G mobiles [25]

Figure 6: Mobility and Speed of 4G [25].

The marvellous wheel of technology spins us around again, introducing the new 4G internet technology for mobile phones. This new technology works four times as fast as the current 3G technology available with most mobile smart phones. With a 4G network, wireless mobile phones will be able to download at 100 mega-bytes per second soaring over the current 3G networks which can service about 2 Mbps.

This technology however is just starting to become available to the public in late 2009, but once it comes on board fully, by early 2010, it will, once again, change the face of mobile technology and again increase our abilities to access the internet from a 4G mobile phone at quickening speeds that will rival our own desktop and lap top computers.

With 4G networks, the population will be able to access the Internet on the move like never before broadening the technological horizons yet again. This new dawn of 4G technology will amp up abilities to connect to the World Wide Web from anywhere in the world, at the drop of a hat literally in less than seconds. With the abilities for business and public to take to the streets with their hand held 4G mobile phones, business takes another turn towards wireless capabilities and required faculties for staff members.The revolution of 4g will take everything to do with mobile communication and mobile internet to the next level. Surfing, skyping and streaming while in your car will become as normal as 'squat and surf'. 20

12 CONCLUSION
This paper talks about the 3G services and its implementation in Bhutan. It also shows how the different generation of mobile technology bought more effective and great improvement in the technology to provide their services. In different generations of mobile from first radiotelephone service introduced during late 1940s to 3G in 2001 in Japan and also to latest 4G at around 2007. In development of these generations of mobile services there were certain aims and objectives set by the developers also with the difference in technology and data rates used for communication and transmission purposes like: 2G Digital mobile phone technology and ability to transmit voice wirelessly. The objective of 2G was to have a clear communication as long as one wish to and being able to move without having to drop calls. There was enhancement of 2G, including the ability to transmit data as well as voice called 2.5G and it was able to send and receive media through the mobile phone network with the speed or data rate of 180kbps. 3G The 3G enhances the technology to be able to transmit data faster over the mobile phone network and be able to make use of media technology on a cell phone with a good quality (like having access to Internet, Video call or TV) with the data rate up to 7.2Mbps 4G The 4G is the ultimate mobile phone technology with broadband capacity. 4G is able to use all media seamlessly, with perfect quality. 4G technology have target of data rate of 100Mbps to 1Gbps. As in our country (Bhutan), this technology is in its tender stage and has lot to improve. The 3G requires expensive equipment for both providers and users, so the progress may have been delayed. But recently it have shown massive progress by providing the service in two other cities (Phuntsholing and Paro) than previously which was only in Thimphu. Once the people could understand more about this great and efficient technology than there would be more users.

21

REFERENCES

[1] Dr. D. Tyagi, 3G mobile Network Architecture & Security Features. Internet: http://www.oppapers.com/essays/3G-Mobile-Network-Architecture-Security/775177, [March 26, 2012] [2] 3G Was Introduced in Japan in 2001 and Has to Date Attracted More Than 30 Million Subscribers. Internet: http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/June2005/1587.htm, June 14, 2005. [March 26, 2012] [3] GPRS, EDGE, DATA CARD & 3G. Internet: http://www.druknet.bt/gprsedge-3g/, [March 20, 2012] [4] Anonymous, All about 3G, Internet: http://www.3g.co.uk/All%20About%203G.htm, [April 10 2012]. [5] All about Technology, Internet: http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/3G/technology/index.html, April 4 2011, [April 5 2012] [6] Adam Fendelman, What is 3G? Definition of 3G: Cell Phone Glossary. Internet: http://cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/3g.htm, [April 5 2012]. [7] Lisa Phifer, 3G (third generation of mobile telephony). Internet: http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/3G, August 2000, [April 7 2012]. [8] Adam Fendelman, What is 2.5G? Definition of 2.5G: Cell Phone Glossary. Internet: http://cellphones.about.com/od/phoneglossary/g/2point5g.htm, [April 5 2012]. [9] Linux Devices, Carrier Grade Linux powers new NEC telecom servers for 3G mobile services. Internet: http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/Carrier-Grade-Linuxpowers-new-NEC-telecom-servers-for-3G-mobile-services/, September 11 2003, [April 7 2012] [10] Brian Klug, The iPhone 4S. HSPA+, and When HSPA+ is Real 4G. Internet: http://www.anandtech.com/news/shownews.aspx?i=23572, September 2011, [April 8 2012].

22

[11] Anonymous, What Does 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 3.5G 4G 5G Mean?. Internet: http://www.deadzones.com/2010/06/what-does-1g-2g-25g-3g-35g-4g-5g-mean.html, June 2010, [April 10 2012]. [12] Anonymous, UMTS-3G Network Architecture. Internet: http://denmasbroto.com/article-2-umts-3g-network-architecture.html, January 2009, [April 10 2012]. [13] Nadeem Unuth, 3G Technology What is 3G?. Internet: http://voip.about.com/od/mobilevoip/p/3G.htm, [April 15 2012]. [14] Anonymous, Government puts hold on 3G mobile services. Internet: http://www.mobilephone.co.in/tag/3g-services, November 2010, [April 15 2012]. [15] Simon Saunders, 3G Femtocells Gain Clarity on Standardised Network Architecture. Internet: http://www.realwireless.biz/2008/06/06/3g-femtocells-gain-clarity-onstandardised-network-architecture/, June 2008, [April 15 2012]. [16] About Us. Internet: http://www.druknet.bt/about-us/, Bhutan Telecom Ltd. [April 18 2012] [17] N. Tshoki & T. Zangmo, Bhutan Telecom to expand 3G network. Internet: http://www.kuenselonline.com/2011/?p=26550, Feb. 7, 2012. [March 22, 2012] [18] Y. C. Rinzin, Phuntsholing joins 3G club (after Thimphu). Internet: http://www.kuenselonline.com/2011/?p=28671, March 15, 2012. [March 22, 2 2012] [19] Anonymous, Third Generation (3G) Wireless Technology Brief. Internet: http://www.silicon-press.com/briefs/brief.3g/index.html, [April 15 2012]. [20] Anonymous, 3G mobile phones Mobile phone with advanced technology, Internet: http://antonioabraham.com/3g-mobile-phones-mobile-phone-with-advancedtechnology.html, December 2011, [April 18 2012]. [21] Anonymous, 3G Technology Mobiles 3G Technology Features, Internet: http://www.netguruonline.com/3g-technology-mobiles-3g-technology-features/, [April 18 2012]. [22] John Dinsdale, Number of 3G users in US to overtake Japan in 2011, but China will take top spot in 2014, August 2009, [April 15 2012]. 23

[23] Sara Harris, Global 3G Subscribers to Pass 100 Million Mark in June, 2006, [April 15 2012]. [24] Anonymous, 4G Technology, Internet: http://4gmobilephones.blogspot.com/2009/09/4g-technology-is-latest-technologythat.html, September 2009, [April 15 2012]. [25] Anonymous, The future of mobile internet 4G mobiles, Internet: http://4gmobilephones.blogspot.com/2009/09/future-of-mobile-internet-4g-mobiles.html, September 2009, [April 15 2012]. [26] Kennethmarzin, 3G on the go, 3G+ expected, Internet: http://kennethmarzin.wordpress.com/2007/11/21/3g-on-the-go-3g-expected/, November 2007, [April 18 2012].

24