JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 8, SEPTEMBER 2012 1

The Performance of Optical CDMA Access Network for Point to Multipoint Configuration using Spectral Detection Technique
M.M.Ismail, M.A.Othman, H.A.Sulaiman, M.H.Misran and M.A.Meor Said
AbstractIn this paper, we are proposing a detection scheme known as spectral direct detection technique implemented with Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) act as encoder/decoder. This FBG based is used to encode and decode the spectral amplitude coding namely modified double weight (MDW) code in Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA). This code is used due to its flexibility where its weight can be any even number that greater than two. Moreover, it can maintain the cross-correlation parameter equal to one. The simulation will be carried out using OptiSystem version 7.0 and the performance is characterized through bit error rate (BER) and power received at various bit rate Index Terms Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), Optical Code Division MuiltipleAcess (OCDMA), modified double weight (MDW) and bit error rate (BER) .

1 INTRODUCTION
Multiple access techniques are required to meet the demand for high-speed, large-capacity communica- tions in optical networks, which allow multiple users to share the fiber bandwidth [1].Optic code division multiple access (OCDMA) scheme is considered to be a viable multiple-access technique for future all-optical networks. This is mainly due to the availability of ex- cess bandwidth in a fibre-optic medium whereby CDMA technique takes advantage to construct a re- dundant signalling scheme in order to establish an asynchronous and robust multi-access system for the number of users [2].Besides, his technique becoming popular because their advantages such as the flexibil- ity in the allocation of channels, ability to operate asynchronously, enhanced privacy and increased ca- pacity in bursty networks. In all types of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) systems, spectral amplitude-coding (SAC) systems have received more attention in recent years since multiuser interference can be eliminated when a code with fixed in phase cross correlation is used [3, 4]. The elimination for MAI occurs at the receiver side depending on what detection technique is used. In op- tical CDMA systems, the detection process affects the design of receiver and transmitter. Basically, there are two types of detection technique; coherent and inco-

M.M.Ismail, M.A.Othman, H.A.Sulaiman, M.H.Misran and M.A.Meor Said are with Centre for Telecommunication Research and Innovation, Fakulti Kej. Elektronik dan Kej. Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia. 2012 JICT www.jict.co.uk

herent. The coherent detection technique refers to de- tection signal with knowledge of phase information of the carrier, while incoherent detection technique is re- versely from coherent detection technique. By referring to incoherent detection technique, this technique does not need phase synchronization. Therefore, it will re- duce the hardwares complexity of the systems. Due to this advantage, we prefer to choose incoherent detec- tion technique rather than coherent detection tech- nique for this paper. In general, there are three detection techniques for SAC-OCDMA systems; direct detection technique, complementary detection technique [5] and AND- subtraction technique [6]. At the receiver side, the se- lection of the detection technique depends on the used code to get the maximum system performance.In opti- cal systems, rectangular filters are used as the encod- er/decoder in front of LED in order to narrow down the linewidth before transmission [7]. In this paper, we used Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) as encoder/decoder because it acts as a perfect filter. In FBG based encod- er/decoder, the strain and temperature that introduced to the grating have direct effect to the Bragg wave- length [8-10]. Thus, the value of the Bragg wavelength of the FBG will be shifted by these two elements. Gen- erally, the existing Optical CDMA coding scheme are using an arrayed of FBG as the encoder and decoder to provide an all-optical signal processing to the systems and a balanced photo detection scheme at the receiver [11].

In this paper, we employed spectral direct detec- Parameter Value tion technique because we want to eliminate the mul- Length of fibre 0 to 100km tiple access interference (MAI). MAI is the dominant 10dBm source of deterioration in OCDMA systems; thus good Broad band source power Bit rate 500 to 3000Mbps design of the code sequence and detection scheme [12- Wavelength 1550nm 13] is important to reduce the effect of MAI. At the Chromatic dispersion co- 18ps/nm.km same time we used FBG as the replacement for filter as efficient encoder/decoder. This new approach is to reduce the Dark current 5nA complexity of the systems, improve the BER and at the Polarization mode disper- 0.5ps/km sion coefficient same time decrease the number of FBG as encod- Attenuation 0.25dB/km er/decoder. The implementation of spectral direct de- Cut off frequency 0.75 x bit rate tection technique is completely different from AND subtraction detection technique. Figure 1 shows the Table 1: Simulation Parameter implementation of spectral direct detection technique. 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Performance of the system is checked on the basis of BER, fiber length, and received power. Figure-3 shows, the effect of transmission length on BER. For this pur- pose fibre length is varied from 10 to 100 Km, other parameters like source power (10dbm) and bitrate (622 Mbps) are kept constant.

Figure 1: Spectral Direct Detection Technique [14]

2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP This system is designed and simulated, using OptiSystem Version 7.0 which is widely used for opti- cal communication system simulations. One of the simulation setup is shown in figure 2. Each chip has a spectral width of 0.4nm.PIN photodiodes are used to convert the optical signals into electrical signals. The nonlinear effects were activated according to the typi- cal industry values to simulate the real environment as close as possible. Table 1 show the parameter values used for the simulation of the OCDMA system. Figure 3: BER vs Transmission Length This graph shows that an increase in fibre length caus- es increment in dispersion of the input signal, so BER also increases with distance. Figure 4 shows effect of Bit rate on Received power, for this purpose bit rate is varied from 500 to 3000 Mb/s and other parameter like source power (10dbm) and Fiber length (10km) are kept constant.

Figure 2: Layout Design of OCDMA using Spectral Direct Detection Technique

Melaka for financing this project and also to this journal. This work was supported in part by a grant from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Short-Term Grant 2011.

REFERENCES
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Figure 4: Received Power vs Bit Rate

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[7] H. J. R. Dutton, Understanding Optical Communication, New Jersey; Prentice Hall, 1998. [8] F. Ouellette, Tutorial on Fiber Bragg Gratings, Spie's OE Magazine, January 2001. [9] M.R. Mokhtar, M. Ibsen, P.C. Teh, & D.J. Richardson,Simple Dynamically Reconfigurable OCDMA Encoder/Decoder Based on a Uniform Fiber Bragg Grating, Optical Fiber CommunicationConference and Exhibit, pp 688 690, 2002.

Figure 5: BER vs Bit Rate [10] Z. Zan, M. K Abdullah, S.A. Aljunid, R. K. Z. Sahbudin, M. H. Yaacob, M. Mokhtar& S. Shaari,Wavelength Shifting in the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) based Encoder and Decoder ModThis graph shows that when bit rate increases then ules for SAC-OCDMA System, IEEE International Conference BER of the system increase.
on Semiconductor Electronics, pp. 996 1000, October2006.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we successfully simulate the OCDMA system by using Optisystem software. Generally, performance of the OCDMA system decreases as the bit rate increases. This is due to effect of attenuation and dispersion in the fibre. In this paper, we have used spectral direct detection technique. Theoretically, for this detection scheme, the performance of OCDMA is better compared to AND subtraction detection technique. This is because effect of MAI and PIN has been eliminated.

[11] Z. Zan, S. A. Aljunid, M. H. Yaacob, M. K. Abdullah & S. Shaari, Design Configuration of Encoder And Decoder Modules for Modified Double Weight (MDW) Code Spectral Amplitudes Coding (SAC) Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) Based On Fiber Bragg Grating, Second International Conference onAdvanced Optoelectronics and Lasers, 2, September 2005, 249 - 252. [12] Lei Xu, I. Glesk, V. Baby & P.R. Prucnal, Multiple Access Interference (MAI) Noise Reduction in A 2D Optical CDMA Systems Using Ultrafast Optical Thresholding, 17th Annual Meeting of the IEEE Laserand Electro-Optics Society, 2, November 2004, 591- 592. [13] Jen-Fa Huang and Chao-Chin Yang, Reductions of MultipleAccess Interference in Fiber-Grating-Based Optical CDMA

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank Universiti Teknikal Malaysia

Network, IEEE Transactions on Communications, 50(10), October 2002, 1680-1687. [14] M. Othman , M.F.M. Rejab, R. Talib, N.A. Cholan, M.F.L. Abdullah, S.A. Aljunid and M.K. Abdullah. Comparison of Detection Techniques in Optical CDMA Access Network for Point to Multipoint Configuration, 2008 International Conference on Electronic Design,December 1-3, 2008, Penang, Malaysia